Types of Operating Systems

Operating Systems Chap 02 Sem 1 Jun 2017 Types of Operating Systems 1

Classification 1: Based on the way Programs are Run Real Time OS Small, very fast, and must respond to hardware events or signals before a given deadline. Has a dedicated purpose (not a general purpose OS cannot run just any program) and doesn t interact much with users. Runs either a single dedicated task, or multiple simultaneous dedicated tasks Used in: Cars, Aircraft, Industrial Machinery, Medical Diagnostic Equipment, Robots EG: MINIX, VxWorks Single User/Single Tasking OS Allows a single user to perform just one task at a time. A Task is a function such as printing a document, writing a file to disk, editing a picture, or downloading a file over the network. A task can also refer to a process. EG: MS-DOS, Palm OS. Single User/Multi Tasking OS Allows a single user to perform two or more tasks at once, ie, Multi Tasking. EG: Windows OS, Mac OS Multi User/Multi Tasking OS Allows multiple users to simultaneously run multiple programs on a single computer. Usually this computer is a Network Server (also called Terminal Server) and each user connects to this master computer from his dedicated client (or Terminal Client). This is not the same as multiple users connecting to a server to access files or printers. EG: UNIX, LINUX, VMS, MVS. 2

Classification 2: Based on Size of The Computer Mainframe Operating System Simultaneously allow hundreds of users to login to the computer. Security and reliability is paramount. Run for weeks, months or years without being shutdown. Server Operating System These run on servers servers are those computers that store files/applications etc and share them over a network with other PCs. Security, Sharing of resources (files, applications, printers) over a network. Network capability is the most important feature. PC Operating System Ease of Use by a single user, run variety of applications, audio video and gaming capability Embedded Operating System Small Size, Must use Little CPU and memory Mobile Operating System These basically do what a PC OS does, but with more limited screen and CPU/Memory. Also the User Interface is a lot simpler than on PCs. Classification 3: Based on Type of Computer Batch OS Multiprogramming OS Multithreading OS Multiprocessing OS Timesharing OS Network OS Distributed OS 3

PC Operating Systems These are the OSes that run on Desktop and Laptop Computers Most Popular: Windows Family UNIX/Linux Family Mac OS Family Microsoft Windows OS Developed by Microsoft Corporation First Version released in 1985 Commercial and Closed-Source Runs on PCs. Other Versions that run on Mobiles (Windows CE, Windows Phone, Windows 7/8 Mobile, Windows 10 Mobile) For Servers they have a different version of Windows (Windows Server) 4

Microsoft Windows First version (Windows 1.0) released in 1985 1985 Windows 1.0 1992 Windows 3.1 1994 Windows NT 1995 Windows 95 1996 Windows CE 1.0 1998 Windows 98 2001 2003 2006 2009 2012 2012 2015 Windows XP Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows Server 2012 Windows 8 Windows 10 GUI & CLI Interfaces Operating Systems have 2 types of Interfaces: GUI (Graphical user Interface) CLI (Command Line Interface) Windows, Mac OS & Linux have both GUI and CLI interfaces Windows is predominantly a GUI based OS. 5

GUI Interface GUI = Graphical User Interface Is an interface based on Windows, Icons and Menus and can be controlled with a pointing device (e.g. mouse). WIMP Windows GUI 6

CLI Interface CLI = Command Line Interface Uses a Command Prompt on which the user types commands. Windows CLI (Command Prompt) 7

The Windows Desktop Elements Desktop: the work screen that is displayed by Windows OS after a user logs in. Icons Wallpaper/Background Start Button Start Menu Task Bar Notification Area Start Menu: is used to launch programs. Windows 7 Desktop 8

Windows 7 Start Menu H1 Windows 8.1 (Desktop) 9

Slide 18 H1 HP, 6/19/2017

Windows 8.1 (Start Screen) Windows 10 10

Classic Windows Classic Windows 2 11

Ribbon Style Windows Ribbon The ribbon interface replaces menus and toolbars with a: Tab Bar Tabs Groups And Commands 12

Windows GUI Components List: 1. Textbox 2. Textbox with autocomplete 3. Tooltip 4. Spinner 5. Button 6. Button with Dropdown 7. Button with different shapes 8. Checkbox 1. 2. 3. 4. Selected Unselected Partially Selected Disabled 9. Radio Button 1. Selected 2. Unselected 3. Disabled 10. Search Box 11. Drop Down List 12. Progress Bar 13. Slider 1. Vertical 2. Horizontal 14. Group 15. Label Buttons Buttons are meant to be clicked to perform actions 13

Buttons with Dropdown When clicked, this button displays a list of options in a dropdown menu Buttons with Different Shapes/Sizes 14

Textbox A Textbox is meant for entering text Types of Textbox: Single Line Multiline Password Textbox.. Multiline Textbox (also called Text Area) allows entry of multi-lined text. 15

Checkbox A checkbox is meant to turn an option on/off Checkboxes can have 4 states: 1. 2. 3. 4. Checked Unchecked Partially Checked Disabled You can check None, One or more checkboxes in a group. Meaning, you can leave all checkboxes unchecked. Or you can check one Or more than one Or all Radio Buttons Radio Buttons are meant to choose ONE option from out of many. Radio buttons can have 3 states: 1. 2. 3. Checked Unchecked Disabled Radio buttons are always found in groups: You must select one radio button You cannot select more than one Ie, One-and-Only-One 16

Drop Down List When clicked the dropdown opens and shows a list of options, one of which you must select. Search Box Used to search in a window 17

Slider Can be Horizontal or Vertical slider Is used e.g. to set the zoom factor, etc Scroll bars Scrollbars are Vertical/ Horizontal and are used to display content that does not fit on the screen 18

Progress Bar A progress bar displays progress of an ongoing operation with an animated bar that fills up as the operation completes. Label A label is put next to some control (e.g. a textbox, drop down or spinner, etc) to describe its purpose 19

Group Box A groupbox is used to arrange a group of controls together. It just serves as a visual aid to the user and has no other function. Windows OS 20

Installation of OS Installing an OS An OS like Windows or Linux has to be Installed on your computer. Usually done by the manufacturer of your laptop or desktop but you can do it yourself too. Re-installing the OS If your OS becomes corrupt or does not boot, you can reinstall the OS yourself. Changing the OS You can also erase (format) your hard disk and install a different OS on it (e.g. Linux) How an OS is Installed Step 1 Computer Assembly Step 2 Installation of OS Step 3 Booting 21

Booting Powering On the computer is called booting 1. 2. 3. 4. Press Power On button: BIOS performs P.O.S.T Boot loader runs and loads the OS OS Displays Login Screen Enter Username (and password) to Login 5. OS Displays Desktop Boot Process is complete Booting. Step 1 Power On 22

Booting. Step 2+3 POST (Power on Self Test) + Operating System Load Booting. Step 4 Login Screen 23

Booting Step 5: The Desktop The Start Menu 24

Opening and Closing Programs A program can be Opened (Launched) by: Double Clicking its Icon on the Desktop Right Clicking its Icon and selecting Open Clicking its name in the All Programs list in Start Menu From Run Dialog From Command Prompt A program can be closed by: Clicking the close button (X) on its Window Right clicking its Icon in the Taskbar and selecting Close Using Task Manager Using Alt + F4 (Keyboard Shortcut) Mouse A Computer Mouse has: 1. 2. 3. Left Button Right Button Scroll Wheel Left Button is used for Selection Double Clicking Dragging Right Button is used for: Right Clicking --- to open the Context Menu or Right Click Menu Dragging Selection Scroll Wheel is used to move the Vertical Scroll bar 25

Mouse Operations Mouse Actions Click Selects an icon or menu Double Click Opens an icon Right Click Opens the context menu Left Drag Used to draw or to move/copy files Right Drag Used to move/copy files Scroll Up / Scroll Down Used to move the vertical scroll bar (but NOT horizontal scroll bar) 26

Keyboard A Standard US Keyboard has 104 Keys Keyboard Layout The 104 Keys US Keyboard has: 1. Character Keys 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Alphabet Keys A-Z Numeric Keys 0-9 Special Character Keys []; \?.,-= Function Keys Control Keys Navigation Keys Numeric Keypad Other Keys 27

Character/ Alphanumeric Keys Include the keys which are used for typing characters: 1. Alphabet Keys 2. Number Keys 3. Special Character Keys Function Keys These are 12 Keys (F1 F12) that don t have a fixed function. They perform different operations depending on the program you are using 28

Navigation Keys These keys are used for moving the cursor while typing: Arrow Keys (left, right, up, down) Page Up, Page Down, Home, End Insert, Delete, Back Space Control Keys These keys are used to form Keyboard Shortcuts: Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Win 29

Numeric Keypad Other Keys Esc Enter Windows Key Right-Click Menu Key TAB Caps Lock Scroll Lock, Num Lock Prt Scr Pause 30

Windows Programs My Computer/This PC This Icon on the Windows Desktop opens the Windows Explorer. Windows Explorer is a file manager used to: navigate between files and folders stored on storage devices and perform file and folder operations like copying, moving, renaming, deleting, etc. 31

Windows Explorer Drives, Folders, Files, Shortcuts Drives A drive represents a CD, DVD, Pen Drive, Memory Card, Hard Disk or simply a single storage device The drives in your computer can be found in My Computer Each drive is named with a unique drive letter like C: D: and so on A drive can also represent a Partition of the Hard Disk Partition: A hard drive can be divided into multiple drives which appear as different hard disks in My Computer. 32

Drives Drives, Folders, Files, Shortcuts Folders A folder is another name for a directory A folder is a container for storing related files on disk 33

Drives, Folders, Files, Shortcuts Files A file is a logical container for storing data (definition 1) A file is a related collection of data (definition 2) Every File or Folder has Name Path Data Attributes or Properties File Names File Name: Consists of 2 Parts: Name Extension File Names in Windows: can be up to 255 characters long Are case insensitive Cannot contain following 9 characters: \ / : *? < > Folder Names: Are similar to file names, but don t have any extension 34

File Extensions File extensions Are added to the end of a file name by Windows Indicate what type of data the file stores Every file in Windows has a file name that ends with a dot (.) and a file extension. Example: FamilyPic01.jpg Letter to Principal.txt Chrome.exe The file extension tells Windows what type of file it is. Common File Extensions Extension Which type of file it is TXT Plain Text File (Notepad) DOC DOCX Microsoft Word Document XLS XLSX Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet PPT PPTX Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation HTM HTML MHT HTML File or Web Page (Internet Explorer/ Mozilla Firefox/Chrome) MP3 M4A WAV Audio Files JPG PNG BMP GIF Picture Files MP4 MKV AVI 3GP Video Files PDF Portable Document Format or EBook (Adobe Reader) EXE COM BAT Executable Programs LNK Shortcut 35

File/Folder Path Every File and folder has a path which is the full address of the file or folder on the disk. The path begins with a drive letter and ends with the name of the file/folder. EG: C:\Users\Suhail\Documents\ExamResult.txt A folder path looks like this: C:\Users\Suhail\Documents\ File/Folder Path in Windows Explorer Windows Explorer Displays the Folder Path in the Address Bar [DEMO] The File Path can be then obtained by adding the File Name to the Folder Path (or, you can see it on the File Properties [DEMO]) 36

File/Folder Properties The File or Folder Properties refer to metadata which is stored along with the file/folder contents. These include: File or Folder Attributes: Hidden System Read-only Archive File/Folder Size Location (Parent Folder Name) Created On Last Modified On. Other Properties: Windows Explorer: File/Folder Properties These can be viewed by Right Clicking the File/Folder and selecting Properties in Windows Explorer 37

Windows Explorer: Attributes Hidden: This attribute can be set to hide the file in Explorer. Practical: Hide a file. Practical: Change Explorer Setting Show or hide hidden files Practical: Unhide a file. Read-Only: This attribute can be set to prevent changes to the file (File cannot be edited and saved) Practical: Set a file as Read-Only Practical: Try editing the read only file Practical: Remove the Read-Only attribute from the file System: This attribute is for super-hidden files that are both Read-Only as well as Hidden. Practical: Show and Hide System files in Explorer. Drives, Folders, Files, Shortcuts Shortcuts: A shortcut is a special file that points to or links to another file or folder (or program). The shortcut file has the same icon as the Target file, except that there is a small blue and white arrow on it. Opening the Shortcut Opens Target File Deleting the Shortcut No Effect on Target File Renaming the Shortcut No Effect 38

Windows Explorer: Folder Views 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Extra Large Icons Small Icons Tiles Large Icons List Content Medium Icons Details Windows Explorer: File/Folder/Drive Operations (right click menu) Open opens file/folder Open With Opens file with another program Send To Opens the Send To menu Cut Copy Paste Delete Rename Properties 39

Windows Explorer: Selecting Files If you want to select one file, you just click it. If you want to select more than one file, there are multiple methods: Selection Method Description Left Drag or Right Drag to draw SHIFT + Click This will draw a rectangular selection region. All files and folders in this region will get selected CTRL + Click This will select individual files and folders. (ie, only those which you click on) [Non Contiguous Selection] This will select all files and folders in a range. (ie, all files between the first file you click on and the last one you click on) [Contiguous Selection] Windows Explorer: Moving Files Moving a file deletes the file in the Source folder and moves it to the Destination or target folder. Methods of moving a file from a Source folder to Destination folder: 1. Select and Drag Drop with Mouse 2. Cut and Paste using Context Menu 3. Cut and Paste using Keyboard Shortcuts 40

Windows Explorer: Copying Files Copying a file or folder makes 2 copies. Original file is not deleted. Methods of Copying a file from a Source folder to Destination folder: 1. Select and Drag Drop with Mouse 2. Copy and Paste using Context Menu 3. Copy and Paste using Keyboard Shortcuts Windows Explorer: Left Dragging Files/Folders Dragging files/folders with the left mouse button will either Copy OR Move the selected files/folders: Left Drag When: Result Source and Destination Folders are on same drive MOVE Source and Destination Folders are on different drives COPY 41

Windows Explorer: Right Dragging Files/Folders Dragging files/folders with the right mouse button will open a context menu: This menu allows you to: Copy the selected files Move the selected files Create a shortcut to the source files in the target folder Windows Explorer: Formatting Formatting: Formatting a drive erases all files on it, and creates a new File System. 42

Windows Explorer: Safely Removing/Ejecting Drives Ejecting Only for Removable Drives Safely unplugs the drive If not safely ejected, data loss is possible Windows Explorer Settings Folder and Search Options: 43

Shutdown Options Shutdown Completely Turns off the computer. All programs are unloaded from RAM. Restart Turns off the computer and the turns it on again. Windows is reloaded from Disk. Sleep System enters a low power state where only Processor and RAM are ON. The rest of the hardware devices are OFF. All open programs are still in RAM but just paused. Hibernate System saves a snapshot of RAM to a file on disk and then shuts down. When it it turned off, the contents of the previous snapshot are loaded back into RAM and execution resumes. Effectively, your open programs and files are not closed. Common Keyboard Shortcuts Shortcut Command Ctrl + X Cut Ctrl + C Copy Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + Esc Task Manager Ctrl + Z Undo F1 Help F5 Refresh F11 Full Screen 44

Shortcut Command Ctrl + O Open File Ctrl + S Save File Ctrl + N Create New File Ctrl + P Print Alt + F4 Close Alt + Tab / Alt + Shift + Tab Switch Between Windows Win + E Windows Explorer Win + D Show Desktop Control Panel Is used to change Windows Settings 45

Command Prompt Is the CLI (Command Line Interface) in Windows 46