Contents Preface... xv Prerequisites... xv Who Should Study This Course?...xvi Key Topics...xvi Course Objectives...xvi How Do I Use This Course?...xvii Real-World Scenarios...xvii Pedagogy...xvii Key Terms...xvii Resources Available in Instructor-Led Settings...xviii Why Choose WestNet?...xviii Introduction... xix Overview...xix Module 1 Review of LAN Fundamentals...1 Network Classifications and Topologies...6 Network Classification...6 LANs...7 Campus Networks...8 MANs...9 WANs...10 Network Topologies...11 Bus Topology...11 Star Topology...12 Ring Topology...13 Star Ring Topology...14 Mesh Topology...15 Partial Mesh Topology...15 Network Cloud...16 Activities...18 i
ii Programs, Processes, Protocols, and Layers...22 Programs, Processes, and Protocols...22 Protocols...23 Communication Between Processes...23 Master/Slave Communication...23 Peer-to-Peer Communication...24 Client/Server Communication...24 Three-Tier Communication...26 Comparing Communication Methods...27 Layers of Protocols and Services...27 Logical and Physical Addresses...28 Activities...32 The OSI Model...35 Protocols and Layers...35 Primary Functions of OSI Model Layers...37 Physical Layer...38 Data Link Layer...38 Network Layer...39 Transport Layer...39 Upper Layers: Session, Presentation, and Application...40 Activities...42 Summary...44 Quiz...46 Module 2 Connecting Computers...51 NICs...62 NIC Connectivity...62 NIC Considerations...63 NIC Connectivity in a PC...64 NIC Bus Architectures...64 Activities...66 Review of Cable Properties...67 Coaxial Cabling...67 Physical Properties...68 Transmission Method...69 Coaxial Cable Transmission Span...69 Coaxial Cable Bandwidth...69 Coaxial Cable Topology...70 Coaxial Cable Security...70 Coaxial Cable Noise Immunity...70
Contents Coaxial Cable Installation Considerations...70 Twisted Pair Cabling...71 Twisted Pair Properties...71 Twisted Pair Transmission Method...71 Twisted Pair Transmission Span...71 Twisted Pair Bandwidth...71 Twisted Pair Topology...71 Twisted Pair Security...72 Twisted Pair Noise Immunity...72 Twisted Pair Installation Considerations...72 UTP Cable Categories...73 Fiber Optic Cabling...74 Optical Fiber Properties...74 Optical Fiber Transmission Method...76 Optical Fiber Transmission Span...76 Optical Fiber Topology...76 Optical Fiber Security...77 Optical Fiber Noise Immunity...77 Fiber Optic Installation Considerations...77 Activities...78 WLANs...81 802.11 Equipment and Operating Modes...82 The 802.11 Physical Layer...83 FHSS...83 DSSS...84 The 802.11 Data Link Layer...84 The Near/Far Problem...85 The Hidden Node Problem...86 Error Correction and Reduction...87 Enhancements to the 802.11 PHY Layer...87 802.11b...87 802.11a...88 No Common Ground...90 Wireless Security...90 WEP...90 MAC Address Filters...91 802.1x...91 WPA...92 Activities...93 Lesson 4 Media Selection and Installation...96 TIA/EIA Cable Standards...97 ANSI...97 TIA/EIA-568 Intrabuilding Wiring Standard...97 TIA/EIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces...98 iii
TWSS Standard...98 NEC...99 NEBS...99 FCC...100 Cable Properties...101 Site Surveys...102 Cable Applications...103 Coaxial Cable Applications...103 Optical Fiber Applications...103 Twisted Pair Cable Applications...103 WLAN Applications...103 Comparing Media...104 General Installation Guidelines...104 Activities...107 Lesson 5 UTP Patch Cables and Connectors...111 UTP Wire Pairs...111 RJ-45 Connectors...112 Two Types of UTP Cables...112 Crossover Cables...112 Patch Cables...113 Connector Pinout Patterns...114 Activities...116 Summary...117 Quiz...118 Module 3 Ethernet LANs...123 Review of Ethernet...131 MAC: CSMA/CD...131 Sending a Frame...132 Receiving a Frame...134 Older Bus Configurations...134 Thinnet Configuration...135 Thicknet Configuration...137 Star Configurations...138 Hub-to-Hub Connectivity...139 Activities...141 Ethernet Frame Format...145 Ethernet Version 2 Frame...145 IEEE Ethernet Frame...147 Activities...148 iv
Contents Fast Ethernet...149 The Need for Speed...149 Fast Ethernet Over Twisted Pair...151 Fast Ethernet Over Fiber...152 Mixed Ethernet Networks...152 Activity...154 Lesson 4 Gigabit Ethernet...158 The Gigabit Ethernet Standard...159 Gigabit Ethernet Cabling and Distance Specifications...160 Fiber Cabling Specifications...161 Copper Cabling Specifications...163 Implementing Gigabit Ethernet in a Network...163 Gigabit Ethernet and Link Aggregation...163 Gigabit Ethernet Migration Scenario...164 Initial Configuration...164 Phase 1 Upgrade...165 Phase 2 Upgrade...166 Activities...168 Lesson 5 10 Gigabit Ethernet...170 10GbE Uses...170 802.3ae Interfaces...171 10GBase-LR...171 10GBase-ER...171 10GBase-SR...171 10GBase-LX4...172 10GBase-EW/LW/SW...172 MSA Formats...172 Xenpak...173 Xpak...173 X2...173 XFP...173 10G over Copper...174 10GBase-CX4...174 10GBase-T...174 10GbE over FDDI-grade MMF...175 Activities...176 Extended Activities...177 Lesson 6 Switched Ethernet Configurations...178 Review of Collision Domains and Traffic Isolation...179 Switch Operation...180 Switched Ethernet Backbone...182 Ethernet Backbone and Router Connectivity...184 v
Broadcast Domains...185 PoE...186 Activities...188 Lesson 7 VLANs...189 Switched VLANs...189 Routed VLANs...191 VLAN Tagging...191 802.1Q-1998 VLAN Tag...192 ISL...193 QoS...193 802.1p Traffic Prioritization...194 The Future of VLANs...196 Activities...197 Lesson 8 Layer 3 Switches...199 Evolution of the Layer 3 Switch...199 Overview of Layer 3 Switching...202 Examples of Layer 3 Switching Techniques...203 Proprietary Methods...203 Packet-by-Packet Switching...204 Layer 3 Switch Configurations...204 Activities...206 Summary...208 Quiz...209 Module 4 ATM LANs...215 Introduction to ATM...226 ATM Defined...227 STM...227 PTM...227 ATM...227 Summary of Transfer Modes...228 Comparing ATM and Traditional Networking Technologies... 229 Scalable Bandwidth...229 Switched Parallel Point-to-Point Access...230 Connection-Oriented Mode...231 Fixed-Length Data Cells...233 Elimination of Link-by-Link Error Correction and Flow Control...233 Activities...235 vi
Contents ATM Standards, Interfaces, and Virtual Circuits...237 ATM Standards Groups...237 ATM Network Interfaces...238 UNI...238 NNI...239 How an ATM Network Operates...239 VCs and VPs...241 Activities...243 ATM Architecture...246 ATM Protocol Reference Model...247 Physical Layer...249 ATM Layer...251 AAL...254 Typical ATM Network in Action...259 Activities...261 Lesson 4 LAN Emulation...265 Bridging the Gap Between ATM and LANs...265 LANE Sublayer...266 VLANs...268 LANE Components...269 LE Server...269 LAN Emulation Configuration Server...270 LE Client...270 BUS...270 Activities...271 Lesson 5 ATM Devices...274 ATM Products...275 ATM Switches...275 Types of ATM Switches...275 VP Switch...276 VC Switch...279 Interaction Between VC and VP Switches...281 ATM Switch Designs...282 ATM Routers...285 Hardware Interface...286 Software Interface...286 Frame Relay Interface...287 Intelligent Hubs...288 Local Switching Systems...288 Workstation Adapter Boards...292 Data Service Units...293 Activities...294 vii
Lesson 6 ATM Deployment...297 ATM in Building and Campus Networks...298 Migrating a Building/Campus Network to ATM...299 Goals of an ATM Migration...300 Preparing for the Arrival of ATM...301 Activities...302 Summary...305 Quiz...306 Module 5 LAN Networking Software...311 Review of Client/Server and NOS Fundamentals...318 Client/Server Communication...318 LAN Services...320 NOS Components...321 NOS Platform...321 Network Services Software...322 Network Redirection Software...322 Communication Protocol Software...322 Common NOSs...322 Activities...325 RPCs...328 Local Procedure Calls...328 RPCs...329 Application-to-Application Software Components...331 Activities...333 File Servers...336 From PC to File Server...336 File Access Attributes...338 Synchronization...339 Semaphores, or Flags...339 Activities...341 Lesson 4 Print Servers...343 Print Servers...343 Activities...345 viii
Contents Lesson 5 Web Servers...346 Web Server Concepts...346 Web Server Platforms...348 UNIX/Linux-Based Systems...348 Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003...349 Macintosh...349 Activities...351 Lesson 6 Other Common Servers...353 Application Servers...353 Application Platforms...354 Types of Applications...354 Application Licensing...354 Communication Servers...356 RAS Platforms...356 VPN...356 NAT...357 Address Servers (DHCP Servers)...359 Activities...360 Lesson 7 Backup and Disaster Prevention...363 Policies for Backing up Information...363 Types of Backups...364 UPS...365 Fault Tolerance...366 RAID...366 Disaster Recovery Plan...369 Activities...370 Summary...372 Quiz...373 Module 6 The Novell Platform...379 NetWare 6.x Overview...383 A History of Novell and NetWare...383 NetWare 6.x Features...384 Novell Storage Solutions...385 NetWare Management Tools...386 NetWare Web Services...387 Other NetWare Features...389 Activities...390 ix
NetWare 6.x Server...392 Hardware Requirements...392 Installation, Migration, and Upgrade Methods...393 Installation...394 Migration...394 Upgrade...395 NetWare Loadable Modules...395 Other Server Functions...395 NetWare Volumes...396 Network Communications...397 NetWare Licensing...397 Post-Installation Tasks...397 Activities...399 Novell edirectory...401 History and Description of Directory Services...401 Accessing the Network with edirectory...403 The edirectory Structure...404 edirectory Naming...405 Distinguished Names...405 Relative Distinguished Name...406 Object Location...406 Partitioning and Replication...406 ConsoleOne...408 Activities...409 Summary...410 Quiz...411 Module 7 Network OS Software The 32-Bit Windows Family...415 The 32-Bit Windows OS Architecture...423 Modules...424 Network Model and Interconnectivity...425 Workgroups and Domains...426 Windows 2000...428 Windows 2000 Professional...429 Windows 2000 Server Products...430 Windows XP...432 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition...433 Windows Server 2003...434 Microsoft Server System...436 Activities...438 x
Contents Windows Server 2003 Basic Features...440 Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition...440 Internet Authentication Service...441 ICS...443 IIS 6.0...444 Windows Media Services...445 Automatic Update...447 Small Business Server 2003 Standard Edition...448 Activities...452 Windows Server Clustering...454 Windows Server 2003 Clustering Services...454 Clustering...454 Creating a Server Cluster...457 Configure the Cluster Service...458 Cluster Administrator...460 NLB...460 Configuring NLB...461 Network Load Balancing Manager...465 Activities...466 Extended Activities...468 Lesson 4 Windows Server Tools...469 Event Viewer...469 Performance Monitor...471 Task Manager...472 Network Monitor...473 Registry Editor...474 Activities...477 Extended Activities...479 Summary...480 Quiz...482 Module 8 Linux...489 Linux Architecture...495 Linux Overview...496 Linux Attributes...497 Linux Architecture...498 Shells...499 The Kernel...500 Filesystems...501 xi
Activities...503 Extended Activities...504 Linux Features...505 Open-Source Linux Applications...505 Other Common Open-Source Network Applications...508 A Selection of Proprietary Linux Applications...509 Activities...510 Linux Distributions...512 Red Hat and Red Hat-Like Distributions...513 Mandrake...514 SuSE (and UnitedLinux)...514 Lycoris...515 Debian and Debian-Like Distributions...515 Knoppix...516 Lindows...516 Other Linux Distributions...517 Slackware...517 Gentoo...517 Activities...519 Lesson 4 Linux Desktops...520 X Window...520 KDE...521 GNOME...522 KDE vs. GNOME...522 Bluecurve...522 Applications...523 Mail Clients...523 Web Browsers...524 Other Applications...524 Activities...526 Extended Activity...527 Lesson 5 Linux Networking...528 Basic Networking...528 Ifconfig...529 DHCP...530 DNS...531 Utilities...532 Routing...534 Static Routing...534 IP Forwarding...535 xii
Contents Security...535 Host-Based Security...535 Firewalls and NAT...538 Apache Web Server...539 Activities...542 Extended Activity...543 Lesson 6 Linux Interoperability...544 Windows Interoperability...544 Samba...544 Configuring Samba...546 WINE...549 Macintosh Interoperability...549 UNIX Interoperability...549 NIS/NIS+...549 NFS...550 Activities...552 Extended Activities...553 Summary...554 Quiz...555 Module 9 Analysis of LANs...561 Overview of the Network Development Process...564 Process Phases...564 Deliverables...565 Phase 1: Requirements Gathering...566 Requirements for All Types of Needs...566 Qualities of Good Requirements...566 Phase 2: Analysis of the Existing Network...568 Phase 3: Logical Design...569 Phase 4: Physical Design...569 Phase 5: Installation and Maintenance...570 Installation...570 Maintenance...570 Activities...572 Working with Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers...573 Decimal to Binary Conversion...574 The Divide by Two Process...575 Binary to Decimal Conversion...576 Converting a Dotted Decimal Address to a Binary Value... 576 Converting a Binary Value to a Dotted Decimal Address... 578 xiii
Hexadecimal Numbering...578 Hexadecimal Values...579 Hexadecimal for Condensed Binary...580 Converting Binary to Hexadecimal...581 Converting Hexadecimal to Binary...582 Activities...583 LAN Analysis and Testing Tools...585 Baselining...586 Software Tools for Baselining and Testing...588 Built-In NOS Utilities...588 Protocol Analyzers...588 Types of Protocol Analyzers...589 Components of a LAN Protocol Analyzer...590 Protocol Analyzer Traces...590 The Dark Side of Protocol Analysis...591 Reading a Protocol Analyzer Trace...592 Simulation Tools...596 Testing Physical Media...596 Copper Cables...597 Optical Fiber...598 Wireless LANs...600 Activities...601 Summary...605 Quiz...606 Course Quiz...611 Glossary...623 Index...659 xiv