Introduction to Matlab
What is Matlab? Matlab is a commercial "Matrix Laboratory" package which operates as an interactive programming environment. Matlab is available for PC's, Macintosh and UNIX systems. Matlab is well adapted to numerical experiments. Matlab program and script files (m-files) always have filenames ending with ".m"; The programming language is exceptionally straightforward since almost every data object is assumed to be an array. Graphical output (figure) is available to supplement numerical results. Online help is available from the Matlab prompt (a double arrow) by typing help.
What kind of graphics are possible in Matlab? Polar plot: t=0:.01:2*pi; polar(t,abs(sin(2*t).*cos(2*t))); Line plot: x=0:0.05:5;,y=sin(x.^2);,plot(x,y); Stem plot: x = 0:0.1:4;, y = sin(x.^2).*exp(-x); stem(x,y)
What kind of graphics is possible in Matlab? Mesh plot: z=peaks(25);, mesh(z); Quiver plot: Surface plot: z=peaks(25);, surf(z);, colormap(jet); Contour plot: z=peaks(25);,contour(z,16); 28 January 2003, Matlab tutorial: Joanna Waniek (jowa@soc.soton.ac.uk)
Using Help in Matlab Online help is available from the Matlab prompt (>> a double arrow), both generally (listing of all available commands): >> help [a long list of help topics follows] and for specific commands: >> help fft [a help message on the fft function follows].
What is Matlab? MATLAB consists of: The MATLAB language a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. The MATLAB working environment the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer, including tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling Handle Graphics the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for twodimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. (cont d)
What is Matlab? The MATLAB function library. a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms as well as special image processing related functions The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API) a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
What is Matlab? Some facts for a first impression Everything in MATLAB is a matrix! MATLAB is an interpreted language, no compilation needed (but possible) MATLAB does not need any variable declarations, no dimension statements, has no packaging, no storage allocation, no pointers Programs can be run step by step, with full access to all variables, functions etc.
What does matlab code look like? t = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(t); plot(t,y)
What does matlab code look like? t = 0:pi/100:2*pi; Remember: y = sin(t); EVERYTHING plot(t,y) IN MATLAB IS A MATRIX! creates 1 x 200 Matrix Argument and result: 1 x 200 Matrix
Rows and columns are always numbered starting at 1 A single number is really a 1 x 1 matrix in Matlab! Matlab variables are not given a type, and do not need to be declared Any matrix can be assigned to any variable
Building matrices with [ ]: A = [2 7 4] A = [2; 7; 4] A = [2 7 4; 3 8 9] B=[AA] 2 7 4 2 7 4 2 7 4 3 8 9 2 7 4 2 7 4 3 8 9 3 8 9
A matrix can be indexed using another matrix, to produce a subset of its elements: a = [100 200 300 400 500 600 700] c = a(b): 300 500 600 b = [3 5 6]
Matrices a vector x = [1 2 5 1] x = 1 2 5 1 a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2-1] x = 1 5 3 2 1 2 3 4-1
Matrices x(i,j) subscription y=x(2,3) y = 4 whole row y=x(3,:) y = 3 y=x(:,2) whole column y = 2 1 2 2-1
Operators (arithmetic) + addition - subtraction * multiplication / division ^ power complex conjugate transpose.*./.^. element-by-element mult element-by-element div element-by-element power transpose
Operators (relational, logical) == ~= < <= > >= equal & ~ AND OR NOT not equal less than less than or equal greater than greater than or equal pi 3.14159265 j imaginary unit, i same as j ١
Generating Vectors from functions zeros(m,n) MxN matrix of zeros ones(m,n) MxN matrix of ones rand(m,n) MxN matrix of uniformly distributed random numbers on (0,1) x = zeros(1,3) x = 0 0 0 x = ones(1,3) x = 1 1 1 x = rand(1,3) x = 0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
M-files Executing commands in the command window is fine for short scripts; but when dealing with long scripts for complex problem-solving (or when programming) M-files is a must. It allows the user to write MATLAB command in a text file (called M-file) and then MATLAB will open the file and execute the commands exactly as it would if the user typed them at the MATLAB Command Window. The M-file editor is the MATLAB s tool for creating M-files.
m-files % My first M-file We wish to write a MATLAB code (script) to plot f(x) and g(x) on a single graph with labels, title and legend. Where f(x) = sin(x),g(x) = cos(x) x=0:pi/10:2*pi; f=sin(x); g=cos(x); plot(x,f,x,g, ) xlabel( x') ylabel( y') title( sin(x) and cos(x) ) legend( sin(x),'cos(x) )