Moving Forward to Next Generation from 802.11ac Brian Su brian_su@keysight.com Sr. Project Manager Jan, 2014
IEEE Standards Committee Overview WAN, PAN, Thank you, MAN Standards Committees Formed in 1980 by the Computer Society Develops PHY & MAC specifications for LAN, MAN and PAN 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Networks (WMAN) 802.21 Medium Independent Handovers 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) Technical Advisory Groups 802.18 Spectrum and Regulatory Issues 802.19 Co-existence 802.24 Smart Grid IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 2
WLAN Market Growth Drivers Integration of WLAN into more consumer products Smartphones, digital cameras, e-readers, media players, gaming consoles, Blu-ray players, HDTVs Increasing adoption and use of WLAN in the Enterprise BYOD: Enterprise shift toward use of tablets and smartphones Use of WLAN to offload data from cellular networks Up to 65% of mobile data traffic can be offloaded to Wi-Fi Multi-media Sharing and Streaming Displays, TV, Upload/Downloads, Printing, Camera, Gaming The Internet of Things - New applications keep coming Health/fitness, medical, smart meters, home automation, M2M IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 3
Modulation and Coding Techniques Used in the Various 802.11 Standards Frequency CCK Complementary Code Keying FHSS / DSSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum FHSS DSSS Time Time PBCC Packet Binary Convolution Coding OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 4
IEEE 802.11ac Enhancements for Very High Throughput IEEE 802.11ac-2013 is an amendment to IEEE 802.11, approved on January 7, 2014, that builds on 802.11n. Minimum very high throughput goal of 1 Gbps Changes compared to 802.11n include: wider channels (80 or 160 MHz vs. 40 MHz) in the 5 GHz band more spatial streams (up to 8 vs. 4) higher order modulation (up to 256-QAM vs. 64-QAM) addition of Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Wave 1: 80 MHz channels, 3 spatial streams, and 256-QAM data rate of up to 433.3 Mbit/s per spatial stream, 1300 Mbit/s total There are already announced plans for release of "Wave 2" devices with support for 160 MHz channels, four spatial streams, and MU-MIMO IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 5
Connected Everywhere to Everything All the Time HOME Future MANUFACTURING Today RETAIL HEALTH CARE URBAN MANAGEMENT TRANSPORTATION IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 6
WiFi s opportunities Internet of things Tablet PCs Smartphones Personal computers Page
What is IoT? Internet Page 8
What is IoT? Internet of Things A set of technologies, system and design principles associated with the emerging wave of Internetconnected things that are based on the physical environment Page 9
Internet of Things will lead to data explosion from intelligent devices
What is IoT? Simple IoT Architecture Data Encryption, Device and Application Identity and Access Management Big data management Event processing High-speed, real-time data capture Supports high throughput Value-Add event rates Services CRM, Service, Billing Network Cloud Event processing query language based on standard SQL syntax Analytics Integration Pre-integration Industry with bestin-class Specific core Java Embedded Industry Solutions, solutions and External Systems platforms external/custo mer systems Devices Gateway Data Center Applications Page 11
IoT Enabling Technologies Interconnection of different jobs, works and businesses, ability of elasticity in deployment Clouding Computing Autonomou s System / Machine Robot, industrial machine, Self-Driving Car High-speed digital processing power, memory, networking, I/O Embedded Processing Smart Energy / Energy Storage Smart Grid, Advanced battery power Material Science IoT Wireless Connectivity??? MEMS, Sensor, Actuator, Tag, SoC, Wearable Devices 12 Page 12 5G and IoT
What is IoT? Wireless Point of View - Internet of Things The system where Things in the world, and sensors attached to the Things, are connected to the Internet via WIRELESS and wired connections, which includes M2M to connect sensors and other devices to ICT system via wired and wireless networks Page 13
Internet of Things Gartner Group predict 26 billion units installed in 2020 Page 14
IoT Enabling Technologies Wireless Technologies So Far WLAN Bluetooth Low Energy Zigbee (IP / RF4CE) Z-Wave NFC RFID Cellular- 3G and 4G And More Page 15
Wi-Fi Evolution Path 1999 2002-2006 2007-2011 2012 2013 2014 and beyond 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g 802.11n 802.11n Widely adopted and large installed base 5 GHz 802.11a/j/p 802.11n 802.11ac 60 GHz 802.11ad <1 GHz 802.11ax 802.11aj 802.11ah 802.11af 802.11ac/ax Higher capacity, higher data rate for mobile, computing and CE devices 802.11aj China (59-64 & 45 GHz) 802.11ad/WiGig Wireless docking, in-room wireless display, audio and more 802.11ah Multi-year battery life, Home/building automation, sensors and more 802.11af TV white space Page 16
IEEE 802.11ah Early 2016 Enabling IoT IoT (Internet of Things) applications IEEE 802.11ah PHY and MAC has special features specifically for IoT type of applications. envisioned to provide IP connectivity to all types of devices that are currently not connected to the internet and yet-to-be-invented devices 11a/g/n/ac AP Target use cases: large scale sensor networks and meters extended range hotspot outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading [Some of these use cases drive the need for large numbers of devices per Access Point. ] Enhancements to address internet of Things (IoT) PHY/MAC trade-off of power, range, rate Sub-1 GHz license-exempt bands - limited bandwidth/lower data rates. Low Power Range up to 1 km. - favorable propagation characteristics to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands OFDM Data rates > 100kbps 11ah AP Indoor Page 17
IoT Enabling Technologies 802.11ah Bandwidth and Data Rates Mandatory & Globally Interoperable modes optimized for sensor networking 11ah Bandwidth Modes 1 MHz 2 MHz Extended range 150Kbps* 4Mbps 650Kbps 7.8Mbps 4 MHz 1.35Mbps 18Mbps Optional higher data rate modes for extended range WLAN 8 MHz 16 MHz Minimum 11n/ac bandwidth 20 MHz 2.9Mbps 39Mbps 5.8Mbps 78Mbps High data rates 6.5Mbps 78Mbps Page 18
802.11ah Channelization in Worldwide Max. BW 16 MHz 4 MHz 2 MHz 8 MHz 1 MHz 4 MHz Page 19
802.11ah Use Case1: Indoor Low Power Sensors Extended range Reach garage, backyard, basement, attic 1 MHz and 2 MHz mandatory modes Battery operated sensors No power amplifiers Ultra-low power consumption Optimized for small packet size Multi-year battery life Long sleep time Burst traffic IP connectivity Page 20
802.11ah Use Case2: Backhaul Sensors and Meter Data Backhaul aggregation of Smart Grid Meter data Backhaul aggregation of Industrial Sensor data Page
802.11ah Use Case3: Extended Range Wi-Fi Extended range Wi-Fi hotspots Extended range for cellular traffic offloading Page
The PHY difference between 802.11ac and 802.11ah Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group Feature 802.11ac 802.11ah Channel bandwidth 20/40/80/160MHz 1/2/4/8/16MHz FFT size 64/128/256/512 32/64/128/256/512 Data subcarriers / 52/108/234/468 24/52/108/234/468 Pilot Sub-carriers 4/6/8/16 2/4/6/8/16 Pilot Type Fixed pilot Fixed pilot or Traveling pilot* Subcarrier spacing 312.5KHz 31.25KHz OFDM symbol duration 4.0/3.6us 40/36us Guard interval 0.4/0.8/1.6us 4/8/16us Preamble duration 16us 320us(1M BW)/160us Modulation types BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2 rep2, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 MCS 0-9 MCS0-9, 10 Transmission Mode VHT mode, non-ht duplicate Mode Normal Mode S1G, 1 MHz Duplicate Mode, 2 MHz Duplicate Mode Duplicated PPDU Non-HT PPDU S1G_DUP_1M, S1G_DUP_2M MIMO Up to 8 Up to 4 Multi-user Up to 4 Up to 4, only available in S1G_LONG PPDU Beamforming Support Support Page
802.11ah RF Test Requirement Modulation Accuracy 802.11ah EVM Requirement 802.11ac EVM Requirement Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group Source: IEEE P802.11ac TM /D5.0 Transmit center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance The symbol clock frequency and transmit center frequency tolerance shall be ±20 ppm maximum. The transmit center frequency and the symbol clock frequency for all transmit antennas and frequency segments shall be derived from the same reference oscillator. Spectral Flatness Wi-Fi Evolution 802.11ah Page 24
IoT Enabling Technologies IEEE 802.11af a.k.a. White-Fi or Super-Fi Enables WLAN operation in TV white space spectrum (unused TV channels) in the VHF and UHF bands between 54 and 790 MHz. Range in UHF and VHF bands is potentially farther than 2.4 and 5 GHz bands due to lower propagation path loss. Requires cognitive radio technology and geolocation database (GDB) to establish available channels in a given location at a given time. Basic channel units (BCU) of 6, 7 or 8 MHz. Depending on the regulatory domain, up to four channels may be aggregated in one or two contiguous blocks: TVHT_2W: 2 contiguous BCUs (12, 14, or 16 MHz) TVHT_W+W: 2 non-contiguous BCUs (6+6, 7+7, or 8+8 MHz) TVHT_4W: 4 contiguous BCUs (24, 28, or 32 MHz) TVHT_2W+2W: 2 non-contiguous segments composed of 2 BCUs (12+12 MHz, 14+14 MHz, or 16+16 MHz) Physical layer uses OFDM and is based on 802.11ac 40 MHz (VHT) parameters with sampling clock change to fit within each of the BCU bandwidths. MIMO operation is possible with up to four streams used for either space time block code (STBC) or multi-user (MU) operation. The achievable data rate per spatial stream is 26.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 35.6 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels. With four spatial streams and four bonded channels, the maximum data rate is 426.7 Mbit/s for 6 and 7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for 8 MHz channels. [28] IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 25
What is White Space? There are gaps and unused channels in the broadcast spectrum White Space uses these gaps to provide unlicensed services: Cognitive radio techniques will be used to avoid interference with digital TV and wireless microphones, these include: Beacons/Enablement and Geo-location US FCC has provided final rules for TV White Spaces Other countries are closely watching and are working on similar plans The official spectrum allocation and real usage are dramatically different 26 Page S800 WLAN 2013 November 2013
TV White Spaces Spectrum Details for the US (FCC) The UHF TV bands have better propagation characteristics compared to the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands 47 TV channels (6, 7 & 8 MHz wide) all are available for unlicensed operation when unused by incumbents 28 of these are available for portable device use - 33 UHF channels 470 to 692 MHz - 7 VHF-III channels 172 to 217 MHz - 3 VHF-I channels 54 to 60 MHz, and 76 to 88 MHz 6 MHz channels (Wi-Fi usage will be in 5, 10, 20, and 40 MHz increments) 4W max for fixed use (and no adjacent channels) 100 mw for portable devices (40 mw if adjacent channel) Use of spectrum must protect incumbents Incumbents are digital TV broadcast and microphones Protection is currently by database lookup for incumbent locations or by detecting beacons of device that have geo-location Page 27
Geolocation Scenarios for TV Band White Space Devices (FCC Definitions) FCC granted nation-wide WS operation January 29, 2013 White Space (WS) Database Certification o Spectrum Bridge - certification complete o iconnectiv - certification complete o Google - certification complete o Key Bridge - in-process (45d trial ended April 24, 2013) o LS Telcom - in-process (45d trial will end August 8, 2013) o Comsearch - in-process (45d trial not set yet) FCC actively certifying WS devices Fixed Fixed Fixed-to-Fixed Geo-location or professional installer Secure access to TVB Database with device Id 4W max power (EIRP) Fixed Mode II GPS Fixed-toPortable Geo-location +/- 50m, check every 60 seconds Secure access to TVB Database with device Id 100mW power, 40mW when adjacent to incumbent TV channels useable: 21-36, 38-51 (470-692 Mhz) Secure access to TVB Database with device Id Mode I Mode II GPS Mode I Portable-to-Portable Mode II device MUST access database Initiates network on open channel Beacons indicate channel availability to Mode I Page 28
Cont. Multiple Channels TVWS channels are divided into an even number of tones. This enables transmission and reception of multiple contiguous channels using one IFFT/FFT as in 802.11ac. 144 tones were chosen to meet the desired signal BW. The PHY for multiple channels is based on the PHY for one channel. This concept is similar to the 802.11ac design of 160MHz and 80+80MHz whereby the tone location of DATA and pilots are the same as in 80MHz. All basic channel units (termed frequency segments in clause 23) are connected via a single encoder and interleaver in order to maximized frequency diversity gain (11af channels are much narrower than 11ac and 11af can be used in lower delay spread environments such as indoors where diversity in one channel is lower) Page 29
802.11af Channel Definitions Data Rate Channel Configuration Description One Spatial Stream 4 Spatial Streams BCU (6) 6 MHz Channel 26.7 Mbps BCU (7) 7 MHz Channel 26.7 Mbps BCU (8) 8 MHz Channel 35.6 Mbps TVHT_2W TVHT_W+W TVHT_2W+2W 2 contiguous BCUs (12, 14, or 16 MHz) 2 non-contiguous BCUs (6+6, 7+7, or 8+8 MHz) 2 non-contiguous segments composed of 2 BCUs (12+12 MHz) 426.7 Mbps 14+14 MHz 426.7 Mbps 16+16 MHz 568.9 Mbps e.g. X (26.7 Mbps/Channel) x (4 BCUs) x (4 antennas) = 426.7 MHz IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 30
IoT Enabling Technologies 802.11p Frequency: 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) 1 control and 6 service channels with 10MHz bandwidth 802.11p vs. 802.11a : Targets the reliable connection rather than higher data rates Physical parameters comparison between 802.11a and 802.11p standards Parameters 802.11a 802.11p Bit Rate (Mbps) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27 Modulation Type BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Code Rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 # of Subcarriers 52 52 Symbol duration 4 µs 8 µs Guard Time 0.8 µs 1.6 µs FFT period 3.2 µs 6.4 µs Preamble duration 16 µs 32 µs Subcarrier Spacing 0.3125 MHz 0.15625 MHz 5G and IoT Page 31
802.11af RF Test Requirement Modulation Accuracy Transmitter constellation error same test limitation as 11ac / 11a For all modes defined in TVHT PHY, the requirements for transmit constellation RMS error is same as defined in 22.3.18.4.3(11ac). Transmit center frequency and symbol clock frequency tolerance: +/-25ppm Spectral Flatness Source: IEEE Std 802.11af TM -2013 Keysight Confidential Page Page 32
802.11p Overview 802.11p is an approved amendment to the 802.11 to add wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE, aka ITS, DSRC, V2X) Application: communications between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) or vehicle to vehicle (V2V) etc. V2X Vehicle safety services Commerce transactions via cars Toll collection Traffic management Keysight Confidential Page 33
802.11p WAVE 1 /DSRC 2 Vehicular Environment Channel Allocation 3 1 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment 2 Dedication Short Range Communication 3 High Availability and Low Latency IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 34
802.11p RF Test Requirement - SEM 802.11p SEM Requirement for 10M signal BW 802.11a SEM Requirement for 10M signal BW Source: IEEE Std 802.11 TM - 2012 Keysight Confidential Page Page 35
N7617B Signal Studio for WLAN 802.11a/b/g/j/p/n/ac and 802.11ah Key features Simplify WLAN signal creation for 802.11a/b/g/j/p, 802.11n, 802.11ac and 802.11ah Use basic options to provide partially-coded signals for testing components Use advanced options to provide signals with full channel coding, flexible configuration of MAC headers, spatial stream mapping, and application of channel models for testing receivers packet-error-rate (PER) analysis Support beamforming and MIMO testing with up to 8 streams/antennas Hardware support RF vector signal generator: MXG-A/B, EXG, ESG and PSG Wireless test set: E6640A EXM Wi-Fi Evolution 802.11ah Page 36
N9077A 11ah WLAN Measurement Application For X-series Signal Analyzers (PXA/MXA/EXA) One-button, standard-based measurements with pass/fail tests Swept spectrum measurements including: Spectrum emission mask with save/recall mask feature Spurious emissions Occupied bandwidth Channel power I/Q demodulation measurements including: Modulation accuracy with Burst Info view & results Power vs time with Burst and Rise & Fall views Spectral flatness Power Stat CCDF I/Q impairments trace Auto-Ranging (Optimize EVM automatically) Additional Speed improvement with Multi-burst acquisition 37 Wi-Fi Evolution 802.11ah Page 37 Page
Keysight in IoT Signal Studio Software Signal Generators Signal Analyzers 89600 VSA/WLA For Signal Analyzers, Scopes, LA SystemVue and ADS 3D EM Simulation SystemVue (BB) ADS/GG (RF/A) Design Simulation Baseband Generator and Channel Emulator RF Module Development RF Proto RF Chip/module BTS and Mobile BB Chipset Development L1/PHY FPGA and ASIC Protocol Development L2/L3 PXI Modular Solutions N7109A Multi-Channel Signal Analyzer RF and BB Design Integration L1/PHY DigRF v4 BTS or Mobile Scopes and Logic Analyzers System Design Validation System Level RF Testing Battery Drain Characterization Pre-Conformance Conformance Manufacturing Network Deployment N4010A Wireless Connectivity Test Set Signalling RF, Protocol and Function Test NFC R&D Test System RF Handheld Analyzers Power Measurement Manufacturing Test Cellular / Bluetooth Conformance Test System 5G and IoT Page 38
IEEE 802.11 Overview Page 39