MICROPROCESSOR B.Tech. th ECE Submitted by: Er. Amita Sharma Dept. of ECE 11/24/2014 2
Microprocessor Architecture The microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory. The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation specified. The result is either stored back into memory or displayed on an output device. 3
The 8085 Architecture The 8085 uses three separate busses to perform its operations The address bus. The data bus. The control bus. 4
The Address Bus 16 bits wide (A 0 A 1 A 15 ) Therefore, the 8085 can access locations with numbers from 0 to 65,536. Or, the 8085 can access a total of 64K addresses. Unidirectional. Information flows out of the microprocessor and into the memory or peripherals. When the 8085 wants to access a peripheral or a memory location, it places the 16-bit address on the address bus and then sends the appropriate control signals. 5
The Data Bus 8 bits wide (D 0 D 1 D 7 ) Bi-directional. Information flows both ways between the microprocessor and memory or I/O. The 8085 uses the data bus to transfer the binary information. Since the data bus has 8-bits only, then the 8085 can manipulate data 8 bits at-a-time only. 6
The Control Bus There is no real control bus. Instead, the control bus is made up of a number of single bit control signals. 7
Operation Types in a Microprocessor All of the operations of the microprocessor can be classified into one of three types: - Microprocessor-Initiated Operations - Internal Operations - Peripheral-Initiated Operations 8
Microprocessor-Initiated Operations These are operations that the microprocessor itself starts. These are usually one of 4 operations: Memory Read Memory Write I/O Read (Get data from an input device) I/O write (Send data to an output device) 9
Internal Data Operations The 8085 can perform a number of internal operations. Such as: storing data, Arithmetic & Logic operations, Testing for condition, etc. To perform these operations, the microprocessor needs an internal architecture similar to the following: Accumulator Flags B C D E H L Program Counter Stack Pointer Address 16 8 Data 10
Registers Six general purpose registers used to store 8-bit data during a program execution The registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H, and L They can be combined as register pairs: BC, DE, and HL to perform 16-bit operations Accumulator 8-bit register that is part of the ALU Used to store 8-bit data and in performing 8-bit arithmetic and logical operations, and in storing the results op operations 11
The Internal Architecture Flags will be discussed later The Program Counter (PC) This is a register that is used to control the sequencing of the execution of instructions. This register always holds the address of the next instruction. Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide. 12
The Internal Architecture The Stack pointer The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is used to point into memory. The memory this register points to is a special area called the stack. The stack is an area of memory used to hold data that will be retreived soon. The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion. 13
Externally-Initiated Operations External devices can initiate (start) one of the 4 following operations: Reset All operations are stopped and the program counter is reset to 0000. Interrupt The microprocessor s operations are interrupted and the microprocessor executes what is called a service routine. This routine handles the interrupt, (perform the necessary operations). Then the microprocessor returns to its previous operations and continues. 14
The Tri-State Buffer This circuit has two inputs and one output. The first input behaves like the normal input for the circuit. The second input is an enable. If it is set low, the output looks like a wire connected to nothing. Input Output OR Input Output Enable Enable 15
A Memory Register If we take four of these latches and connect them together, we would have a 4-bit memory register I 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 WR D D D D Q Q Q Q EN EN EN EN EN RD O 0 O 1 O 2 O 3 16
A group of Memory Registers If we represent each memory location (Register) as a block we get the following I 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 WR Input Buffers EN 0 EN 1 EN 2 EN 3 Memory Reg. 0 Memory Reg. 1 Memory Reg. 2 Memory Reg. 3 RD Output Buffers O 0 O 1 O 2 O 3
The Design of a Memory Chip So, the previous diagram would now look like the I following: 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 WR Input Buffers A 1 A 0 A d d r e s s D e c o d e r Memory Reg. 0 Memory Reg. 1 Memory Reg. 2 Memory Reg. 3 RD Output Buffers O 0 O 1 O 2 O 3 18
The Design of a Memory Chip Since we have tri-state buffers on both the inputs and outputs of the flip flops, we can actually use one set of pins only. WR Input Buffers A 1 A 0 A d d r e s s D e c o d e r Memory Reg. 0 Memory Reg. 1 Memory Reg. 2 Memory Reg. 3 D 0 D 1 D 2 D 3 A 1 A 0 D 0 D 1 D 2 D 3 RD Output Buffers RD WR 19