CHAPTER V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE. The period between the end of the Indus Civilization (1500 BCE) and the beginning

CHAPTER V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE The period between the end of the Indus Civilization (1500 BCE) and the beginning of the historical period ( 600 BCE) used to be regarded as the Dark Ages of India s past from archaeological view point. This veil of darkness was, however, lifted in 1947 with the discovery of Painted Grey Ware culture which was first reported from Ahhichatra its lowest level and its upper limits determined it as pre-nbpw culture. It was Hastinapur where from its complete coloronological position was ascartained. In the area under present study hundreds of P.G.W. siteswere explored and later excavated. In following going pages a breaf description of excavated sites is given. Excavated sites A number of Painted Grey Ware sites in the region were subjected to scientific excavations which provided us large quantum of data for the study of various aspects of this culture. On the basis of these evidences, both micro and macro level studies pertaining to the political, social, economic aspects of this culture along with the man-land relations can be studied in details. The sites are discussed alphabetically. Since the excavations were conducted long ago when geocoordinates were rarely recorded and hence, the researcher revisited most of the sites and has recorded the location properly. 198

Abhaipur Village Abhaipur falls in the Bisalpur tehsil of Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh. The site is further 11.5 km. west of the village and to the west of river Deoha. The site yielded the remains of Ochre Colour Pottery culture of land NBPW culture is locally known as Nakatikhera. The site is now disturbed and only about one hectare is left which is partially intact. The site was subjected to the excavations from 2001-02 to 2005-06 (Mishra and Arora 2006:76-92). The earliest remains (Period-I) at the site are of OCP culture which are comparable with the earliest remains of Hastinapur. Period-II has predominantly Black and Red Ware remains along with associated wares. Painted Grey Ware culture was the main culture at the site which made its presence in Period-III. The people in this period lived in wattle and daub houses and later on made mud-wall houses with mud plastered floors. The presence of a large number of pits in this phase is conspicuous. A bones tool making workshop was found where in both finished and unfinished bone tools and beads along with equipments were found. The excavators are of the view that mainly hunting, gathering, fishing contributed to the economy, while iron and copper metallurgy, pottery making and trade played subsidiary role. Beads of agate, carnelian, jasper, crystal, led us to assume the existence of long distance trade. Normal P.G.W. shapes with paintings are common. On some sherds stamped decoration was also noticed. A low bund or dump like structure alongwith moat is noteworthy another P.G.W. site, which had moat, is Hatt in Jind District of Haryana (Kumar 2010:229-230). Post holes and circular wattle and daub structure give us an idea about their houses. 199

Numerous floors and a few underground storage pits are important structure. Similar evidences have also been reported from Hatt (Kumar 2010:229-230). Circular and oval furnaces with iron objects, slag, bin shaped ingots and a chunk of magnetite ore points to the local manufacturing facilities. Copper metallurgy and gold smelting were well developed. Bone objects making industry was quite proliferated one along with ivory working. Terracotta human, animal, birds figurines and other objects arecommonly found in the PGW levels. The last period at the site, is represented by the presence of NBPW. The site was finally destroyed by massive floods. Ahichchhatra The site Ahichchhatra is located in the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. It is first reported site which yielded Painted Grey Ware. It was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India from 1940-44 (Ghosh and Panigrahi 1946:37-59). The lowest level here has yielded the sherds of Painted Grey Ware. This period was then dated to pre 300 BCE. The site was again taken up for exacavtions in 1964-65 under the direction of N.R. Banerjee and four fold cultural sequence was encountered (IAR 1963-64:43-44; IAR 1964-65:39-40 ). Like Hastinapur and Abhaipur, the earliest remains here belong to OCP culture which has about 50 cm deposits. Period-II has a deposit of about one metre and belongs to Painted Grey Ware culture. People in this period lived in huts and mud-brick houses. A broken brunt brick is also reported in this phase. The Painted Gery Ware is accompanied here by plain red ware of coarse fabric. Some of the PGW were found over-heated resulting in brownish red colour which the excavator 200

included in a separate category. Different shapes and forms of PGW were found in this category also. Polished frinding objects fixed in a mosaic pattern are the interesting finds of this period. Terracotta animal figurines, spindle whorls, beads etc are other important finds. Copper and iron objects points to the metallurgical technology of the people who were mostly agro-pastoral. Period III at the site is represented by NBPW culture, while the Period-IV belongs to the Kushana period. Alamgirpur Village Alamgirpur is located at a distance of 25 km. west of Meerut. The archaeological site is located close to the village towards south. This site is located about km. east of river Hindon and is locally known as Kaltumpur Uphlina. This site was excavated by Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of Y.D. Sharma in 1958 (IAR 1958-59:50-55). The site was recently excavated by R.N. Singh in 2007-08. The earliest period at the site is represented by the Harappan culture, Period-II belongs to Late Harappan-PGW over lap phase, while Period-III is represented by PGW culture which has about 4.5 feet habitational deposit. Iron and copper is found in all the layers of the period. Terracotta animal figurines, toy cart wheels and frames, bone points, spearheads, etc. are other antiquities of this period which also has beads of Jasper and glass. Mud reed houses were made in this period which had thatched roofs. A pottery kiln was also encountered in the latest 201

excavations. Period-IV belongs to early historic period and the last period represented here belongs to the late medieval period. Ambakheri Situated in the Saharanpur district (UP) on the bank of Saluni a tributary of Ganga, N. N. Deshpande (1965:129) excavated the site and he reported that the earliest period represented here has red ware and PGW as the main ceramics. Atranjikhera This site is situated on the right bank of Kali river in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh and. It excavated by R.C. Gaur (IAR 1962-63:34-36; IAR 1963-64:45-49; IAR 1965-66: 44, IAR 1968-69 : 37-38). This is the most important PGW site in India. Period-I here is represented by OCP culture followed by BRW culture. After that flood deposit was encountered and next period-ii belongs to PGW whose deposit is upto 2.20 m. Earlier the excavator had divided the deposist into two phases but in the final report (Gaur 1983) two sub phases of true PGW and one phase of Late PGW were added. Some sherds of PGW show fabric impression. A good number of iron objects like shaft, axes, clamps, hooks, borers, chisels, knives, needles, bangles and a pir of domestic tongs were found in this period. Use of copper is found in the form of toiletries, ornaments and fish-hook etc. Houses were made of mud and reed, post holes indicates the presence of huts, whose floosr were made of yellowish rammed earth. Terracotta beads, toys, discs, along with hand made human figurines were found. Remains of a mud bund were also encountered. Unfortunately this could not stop flood from washing way the final deposites of this period. Agriculture, cattle rearing, fishing and hunting were the bases of economy here. 202

In the final layers of PGW period, NBPW sherds started making appearances which culminated in the full fledged, Period IV. Batesvara J.S. Nigam of the Archaeology Survey of India excavated this site in 1974 (IAR 1975-76: 42-43). The earliest period here is represented by the PGW and associated red ware followed by NBP ware period and historical period. Dadupur Village Dadupur is situated about 10 km. west of Bauthara and is about 23 km. south west of Lucknow. The site is further east of the village across Nagwa nullah. U.P. State Archaeology Department, under the direction of Rakesh Tiwari excavated the site. Period-I was marked by the preseance of Red ware, BSW and Black and Red ware. Period-II belongs to the PGW culture and the average deposit is 35 cm. Normal shapes of PGW with painted motifs is the hall mark of this period which has other associated wares like Grey Ware, Black and Red Ware, Black Slipped Ware and associated Red Ware (Tiwari et al :99-116). Three successive floor levels were encountered, which were made of mud rammed, mixed with pot sherds. Brunt clay lumps with reed impression indicate that wattle and daub houses were made. Bone artifacts, terraccota hopscotches, bead along with iron objects were found. A bone tool making workshop was also found at the site from where finished and unfinished produced were found. 203

Period-III is marked by the presence of NBP ware and associcated wares, a few sherds of PGW continued in this period. Hastinapur This famous site is located about 96 km.north-east of Delhi in Mawana Tehsil of Meerut district. This is a signature site of PGW culture which was excavated by B.B. Lal (1955). Here five occupational deposits were excavated with a definite gap between each. Period-I: In the lowest level Ochre Coloured Pottery was found during the excavations. There was a gap between periods I & II. The PGW is the main ware of the period-ii which is of fine fabric and most of the pots were wheel made, though hand made specimens were also encountered. Common shapes are bowls and dishes, painted with black, chocolate and reddish brown pigment. Mud wall or mud brick houses were made. Use of copper and iron was attested by the presence of various objects. Chert and jasper was also used for making beads. Terracotta objects in the form of animal figurines, discs, stamps, pendent, beads; glass objects mainly beads; bone objects like styli, beads, points etc. were main antiquities of this period (Lal 1955). A huge flood destroyed the settlement of PGW and inthe next period, people using NBPW inhabited this site. There is hitus between this period and next period which belonged to 3 rd centaury AD. 204

Hulas: This ancient site falls in the Kakur Tehsill of Sharanpur district and is about 8km. west of Manauta. The site measures about 5.1 hectare and is about 5 m. high from the surrounded field level. The Archaeological Survey of India under the direction of Sh. K.N. Dikshit undertook excavations at the site. Which have revealed five fold cultural sequences. The earliest period here is represented by the typical Late Harappan wares. The PGW people of period-ii did not settle on the Harappan deposits but settled on the virgin soil to the north and east of Harappan settlement (IAR 1978-79:60-61, IAR 1979-80:82; IAR 1980-81:75-76; IAR 1981-82: 73-74). Typical PGW shapes and painted designs were found represented on the pot sherds. The structural activities of the people were attested by the discovery of successive mud floors with post holes. These huts had thatched roofs,bone stylus, point, copper antimony rods, iron slag, terracotta ghata shaped beads, spindle wholes, discs, bangles, etc. Stone objects were also found. Important finds include iron spear head and a tall bone pin having circular drum like ends decorated with incised design. Period-III is represented by NBPW and associated wares, while Sunga- Kushana remains are found in Period-IV. Gupta to early Medieval remains were found in Period-V. 205

Jakhera: This site is located in Etah district of Uttar Pradesh on the left bank of Kali nadi at a distance of 8 km. north-west of Kasganj tehsil headquarter. This site is spread over an area of about 25 hectare and was excavated by MDN Sahi of Aligarh Muslim University in 1988-89. Four fold cultural site was unearthed here. Period-I is distinguished by occurrence of the Ochre Coloured Pottery pieces (Sahi 1994). Black and Red Ware having the deposit of 30 to 50 cm. thickness is found in Period-II along with associated red ware. Next period IIIA is named as proto PGW. In this period BRW, BSW and Red slipeed ware having painted designs were introduced (Sahi 1994, Pl II-V). The slipped red ware s colour ranges from deep brown thorough red to orange. This pottery was labelled as Proto PGW. Similarity of pottery was also reported from Ahichachhatra of Period-II. The colour of this pottery is due to careless firing as a result of which sherds intend to be of grey colour were reduced red due to reducing heat technique. To call it Proto PGW is just a wild imagination. Period-IIIB is laballed as mature PGW and has deposits varying from 50 cm to 2 m. This period is characterised by the continuation of BRW, BSW and red ware along with PGW and grey ware. Normal PGW paintings are found on the sherd and, some sherds were found decorated with stamped design. Kampil Situated in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. the site was identified by Cunningham with ancient Kampilya capital of South Panchal (CASIR No. 1: 255). 206

In 1976, excavations were conducted here which revealed it to be a single culture site yielding 1.30 to 2 m deposits of PGW and associated red ware. Mud embedment was also noticed here. Other antiquities are terracotta balls, beads, copper pins, balls were also found (Tripathi 2013: 77). Kaseri About 2 km. north of Mohannagar in Ghaziabad district, this site is located on the right bank of Hindon. The excavations conducted, here, revealed five fold cultural deposits. This period - I OCP is followed, by PGW usersafter a gap. Other associated wares were also encountered. Period III is not much different from period II exept that main pottery now is plain grey ware. Next period belongs to the early centuries of Christian era. and period V belongs to Gupta and post Gupta period (IAR 1963-64: 92, 1969-70: 43). Katingara The excavations conducted here revealed three fold cultural sequence. Period I (1200-800B.C) yielded PGW and associated red ware. Both Iron and Copper were used throughout this period as well as other typical PGW antiquities were found here. Period II yielded NBPW along with a few sherds of PGW. Period III belongs to 200 BCE to 600 CE. 207

Khalaua Village Khalaua is located 16 km. from Agra on Agra-Jagner road. The village has an ancient site which is known as Gwal Khera. 3.45 m. deposit here belongs to a single culture which is PGW. A mud brick platform is the only evidence of structural activity. Painted designs included a new type of motif like criss-cross and leaf filled with parallel hatching. Other antiquities include copper bangles, bone arrow heads, ivory discs, beads; beads of terracotta and carnelian. Madanpura This site is situated about 6 km. of Pawayan tehsil of Saharanpur. The extensive mound was excavated by D.P. Tewari and D.K. Srivastav in 2005. The mound is reported to be of 369750 sq. m. in size (Tewari and Srivastav 2005:). This single culture site with deposit of 1.70 m. was taken up for excavation in 2002-03. The pottery mainly is PGW and its associated ware includes so called Orange Red Ware which is akin to jakhera pottery. The only metal object was found here was a piece of iron blade. The inhabitant of the site grew barley, wheat, rice, millet pulses, oil seeds and reared cattle. Hunting and fishing also contributed in the economy. Mathura The ancient mounds at Mathura were subjected to excavations in number of seasons starting from 1954-55 and again from 1972-76. The excavation at Ambarish Tila during 1975-76 yielded a few PGW sherds in the small area of the huge mound in 208

the northern side. Phase 1A has a few sherds of PGW but bulk of pottery is BSW, GW, B&RW and Red Ware. Out of painted designs, special mention may be made about a ladder design. Normal PGW antiquities were found here. Phase - I started making its presence with NBPW while period II purely have NBPW. Period-III belongs to the period followed by Kushan period (IAR 1954-55:15-16, Joshi & Aggarwal 1994:89-93). Musanagar Located in Kanpur Dehat in Bhoginipur tehsil the site was excavated from 1994-95 and 1995-96 (Tewari et. al, 95-96:67-73). The excavation here was conducted here under the direction of Rakesh Tewari. Five fold cultural sequences were encountered during the excavations. Period-I is dominated by hand made and wheel made red ware wheel thrown BSW and BRW. Period II with 30 cm. thick deposit was characterized by the occurrence of PGW sherds along with BSW, GW, B & R ware and red ware. Through the PGW sherds had black paintings but one sherd has horizontal stroke in white pigment. PGW shapes and designs are normal. Terracotta and bone objects form cultural reportair of the period. Period III is marked by NBPW, though sherds and PGW continued in this period also (Tewari 1995-96, 67-73). Period III has NBPW with grey ware, B & R ware and red ware. Period IV is characterized by the historical period red ware, while period V belongs to still later period. 209

Sachankot Village Sachankot is situated on the right bank of river Sai. This ancient site falls in the revenue jurisdiction of Rankot village of Safipur tehsil of Unnao district. Cunningham reported this site and the excavations were conducted here by Tiwari (2004-05: 186-190). Consequently three fold cultural sequence was unearthed. The earliest period is characterized by the PGW deposits of 1.50 m. thickness. The PGW sherds has black and brown paintings. Associated red ware and grey ware, B & R ware, BSW etc. are also included in the pottery assemblage. The antiquities include terracotta beads, discs along with copper objects and iron slags. Period II is dominated by NBPW while period III has rich deposits of Sunga- Kushana period. Sankisa The present village Sankisa is located on a high mound measuring 400x300 m. in size with 12 m. height. The site falls in the Farrukhabad district of U.P. The excavations conducted here under the direction of B.R. Mani in 1995-96 and a four fold cultural sequence was encountered here. The layers of period-i have yielded PGW and associated ceramics (IAR 1995-96, 89-97). Red ware is both hand made and wheel made various having coarse to fine fabric. Clay lumps with reed marks give us an idea about their houses. Normal PGW, shapes and painted designs are found here along with some coarse B & R ware sherds. A large number of terracotta discs with a variety of decorations 210

and other antiquities were found in this period along with a few semi precious stone beads and two bone objects. Period II represented the NBPW period. Normal NBP ware along with grey ware, BSW and associated red ware were also found. Period III yielded remains of Sunga period, while Kushan remains dominate the next period. Saunphari This village is located at a distance of 1.5 km. from Khutar market in Pawayan tehsil of Sahajahanpur district of U.P. The site measuring 530x430 m was taken up for excavations by Rakesh Tewari in 2002-03 and four fold cultural material was found here. Period IA has grey ware, Orange Slipped Ware and PGW as main ceramics. Houses in this phase have wattle-and-daub structures with dung plastered floors and U shaped hearths. Terracotta beads, bangle pieces, toy cart frames decorated discs are the other antiquities of the period. Noteworthy are the terracotta bird figurines, hubbed wheels and cakes. Period IB is characterized by NBPW along with PGW, BSW, B& R ware. Plain grey ware Period II belongs to Kushana (Tewari 2004). Sonkh Located in the Mathura district of U.P, the site was excavated by Hartel (1993). It measures 320x280 m. and had 17.20 m. thick deposit. The earliest period here belongs to the PGW period followed by Mauryan, Sunga and Kushana deposits. 211

The lowest deposit here belongs to the PGW using people who lived in thatched huts resting on post holes. A noteworthy fortune here is the parallel running ditches between a small rampart in between. Other ware of the period include BRW, Red Ware and Grey Ware, Iron objects, terracotta figurines, discs, balls, bangles et. Beads of carnelian, agate and copper are the other antiquities found in this phase. Map 5.1: showing PGW sites in study area 212

Table 5.1: List of Painted Grey Ware sites in the Study Area S.No Site name Lat Long Cul. Sequence Reference 1 Abhipur 28 18 00 79 05 00 PGW Arora et al 2002:122-126 2 Acheja 28 3542.70 77 29 42.16 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 3 Adinga 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP, BSW, RW IAR 1982-83:99 4 Ahichchhaatra 28 22 00 79 07 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW, RW IAR 1963-64:43-44 5 Ahir 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68: 48 6 Ahirwa Rajarmpur 27 07 20 79 28 30 PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004:219-224 7 Ahmadgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37 8 Ainti 26 22 00 80 10 00 PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW Lal 1984:61-80 9 Akabarpur thaska 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Tripathi 2012,318 10 Akhbai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 11 Alamgirpur 29 00 00 77 30 00 HARAPPAN, PGW, KUSHAN IAR 1958-59:50-55 12 Alampur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 13 Aliapur 28 32 35 79 49 20 PGW, GW, BSW Tewari 2004:229-232 14 Alinagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 15 Allahpur 28 52 00 72 25 00 PGW IAR 1970-77:40-41 16 Ambakheri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Deshpande 1965:129 17 Anawa 28 05 00 80 55 00 PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW Tewari 2004:5-21 18 Ankin 26 56 00 80 02 00 PGW, NBPW, POST NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 19 Antapur 26 24 00 79 43 00 PGW, NBPW,POST NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 20 Aong 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 21 Aronj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 22 Arsara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 23 Asai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW,RW IAR 1987-88:108-109 IAR 1967-68: 24 Asawala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW 48 213

25 Asawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 26 Atasar 28 01 55 80 12 35 PGW, GW, BSW,ORSW,RW Tewari 2004:224-229 27 Atranjikhera 27 12 00 78 44 00 OCP, BRW, PGW, NBPW, RW IAR 1962-63:34-36 28 Atrara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW and other associated ware IAR 1966-67:33 29 Atwa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 30 Aun 28 03 10 80 02 10 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 Makhan Lal 31 Auran Tahirpur 26 47 00 80 00 00 PGW 1984:61-80 Makhan Lal 32 Bachna 26 49 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW 1984:61-80 PGW and other 33 Badla 00 00 00 00 00 00 associated ware IAR 1979-80:78 214 Ancient India 10-11:138 34 Baghpat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW 35 Baijnathpura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 36 Bajhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 37 Bakanda-Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76 38 Bakarka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, Sunga- Kushan and mushlim ware IAR 1964-65:76 39 Balai-kot 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 Baleni 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1958-59:75 41 Bamnauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 42 Bamnikhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71 43 Banthra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68: 47 44 Barauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 45 Barauna Khurd 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76 46 Barnawa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Ancient India 10-11:139 47 Barner Sharif 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BR, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33 48 Barnoli-ki-Dai 27 36 26 77 44 32 PGW, BRW, BSW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 IAR 1975-76:42-43 49 Batesvara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW 50 Bautha 28 31 35 79 50 30 PGW, GW, Tewari

BSW, 2004:229-232 51 Behman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 52 Behsi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 53 Belhar Jungle 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 54 Beman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 Bhadarban Chakrbarti et 55 /Ramnagla 27 40 49 77 42 46 BRW, PGW al.,2004:57-69 56 Bhagner 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 57 Bhanwant 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 58 Bharatpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW IAR 1962-63:31 59 Bhatasa 27 30 40 79 21 30 PGW, GW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004:211 60 Bhatpura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43 61 Bhishmpur 27 23 50 79 34 15 PGW, RW- Medieval, Glazed ware Tewari 2004:211 62 Bhoganipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BRW, NBPW IAR 1992-93:93 63 Bhogpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 64 Bhura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:70 65 Bidhuna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1978-79:22 PGW, GW, Tewari 66 Biharipur 28 44 30 79 52 30 ORSW, RW 2004:229-232 PGW, GW, Tewari 67 Bilai 28 38 20 79 42 50 BSW, RW, BW 2004:229-232 PGW, GW, BSW, BRW, Tewari 68 Bilaspur 28 46 40 79 44 10 ORSW 2004:229-232 69 Binawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, GW IAR 1978-79:21 70 Birupur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:34 PGW, NBPW, GW, ORSW, BSW, RW Tewari 71 Bishungarh 27 06 25 79 25 30 2004:219-224 Acient India 72 Bisrakh 28 34 00 77 26 00 PGW 2010-11:139 73 Budgara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1982-83:95 74 Budhakhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:44 75 Budher 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43 76 Bujhera-Hujhera 27 55 50 79 58 00 PGW, GW,NBPW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 215

77 Buland khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 LATE HARAPPAN, PGW R.N.SINGH etal.,2008:71-87 RW,Kushan 78 Burrn Phaphund 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76 79 Chakarnagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, RW IAR 1987-88:108-109 80 Chak-Patna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 81 Chandidiha 00 00 00 00 00 00 Corded Ware, BRW, PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW Tewari & Srivastava 1994:13-39 82 Chandpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37 83 Chandpura 27 02 50 79 38 20 PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004:219-224 84 Chauriari 27 07 50 77 38 49 BRW, PGW, BSW Chakrbari et al.,2004:57-69 85 Chhata 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71 86 Chouradeo 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48 87 Churyali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Kushan IAR 1986-87:122 88 Chutmalpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 89 Club Ghar Tila 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, EH IAR 1978-79:22 90 Dabathua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1969-70:43 91 Dabka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:36 92 Dadupur 26 42 00 80 49 00 PGW IAR 1999-2000:180-181 93 Dalelganj 27 29 40 79 26 40 PGW, NBPW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:211 94 Dalippur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1971-72:80 95 Dariyapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:39 96 Dauki 27 45 01 78 11 22 PGW, BSW, GW, Later Historical IAR 1981-82:100 216

97 Daultabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1957-58:69 98 Dayal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Black Polished Ware, Grey Ware, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 99 Debipur 26 20 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 100 Deoha 26 52 00 80 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 101 Dhai 27 37 20 79 32 05 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 102 Dhanawali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 103 Dhaurau 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:33 104 Dholapara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:43 105 Dhulia 28 11 20 79 50 00 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 106 Durganpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80 107 Eka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 Fathpurnarain PGW, BRW, 108 Ferozpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW,RW IAR 1962-63:36 109 Firozabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, Tewari 110 Firozpur(Amari Ghat) 27 54 45 80 17 15 ORSW 2004:224-229 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari 2004:5-111 Gadai-Ghat 28 11 00 80 09 50 RW 21 112 Galatha 26 13 00 80 17 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 113 Gandharpur 28 15 00 80 01 40 PGW, NBPW, GW, BSW, RW Teawri 2004:5-21 114 Ganwaria 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1971-72:79 115 Geherra-Khurdrra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 116 Ghalibpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 117 Ghatampur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BRW, NBPW, Sunga- Kushan RW IAR 1992-93:93 118 Ghat-am-wala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 119 Ghiana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Sunga- Kushan IAR 1985-86:85 120 Ginoli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 121 Golanath 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 122 Goni-Umargarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 123 Gosna 27 31 24 77 44 01 BRW, PGW, Chakrbatri et 217

124 Govardhan 27 29 29 77 28 15 PGW 218 Later Historical Ware al.,2004:57-69 Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 125 Gulariya 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, EH, M IAR 1978-79:21 126 Gunj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1971-72:79 127 Gutaiya Ghat 28 09 25 80 11 45 PGW, GW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 128 Gwaidam 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22 129 Halwana-Ahatmal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:41 130 Harbhanpur 27 00 45 79 30 50 PGW, BSW, ORSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:219-224 Harya 131 Khera(Durjanpur) 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80 132 Hastinapur 29 09 00 78 03 00 PGW Ancient India 2010-11 133 Hathras Fort 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, BRW, RW,Medieval Ware IAR 1966-67:33 134 Hazipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:24 135 Hulas 29 42 00 77 22 00 PGW IAR 1978-79:60-61 136 Hulaskhera 26 41 00 81 01 00 PGW, BSW, NBPW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 137 Humanyupur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP IAR 1982-83:95 138 Iddu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, OCP IAR 1982-83:95 139 Ijaur 27 31 10 79 19 15 PGW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:211 140 Inayatpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1982-83:90 141 Indayan 26 30 00 79 57 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 142 Isai-Khas 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 143 Isapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 144 Isopur 00 00 00 00 00 00 Late HARAPPAN, PGW, Historical IAR 1977-78:84 145 Itoura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 146 Jagos 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, Kushan Sharma 2008:181-186 147 Jahangirabad 26 12 00 80 11 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80

148 Jaigara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW IAR 1981-82:100 149 Jajmau 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW IAR 1961-62:57 150 Jakhera 27 50 00 78 41 00 OCP, PGW Sahi 1994 151 Jalalabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW V.D. Misra 1977:122-128 152 Jalesar Fort 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, R, M IAR 1966-67:33 153 Jangara 27 04 49 77 48 41 PGW, RW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 154 Jarauthi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 155 Jaswantpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW IAR 1981-82:70 156 Jat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 157 Jaunra 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW IAR IAR 1965-66:49 158 Jehra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 159 Jhinjhana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:70 160 Jodhakan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1983-84:31 161 Jorasi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Sunga-Kushan, EM IAR 1984-85:92 162 Junsuty 27 27 53 77 34 23 PGW, BRW, NBPW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 163 Kaila Kunehra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47 164 Kailakhedi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 165 Kailapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 HARAPPAN, PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37 166 Kairana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:70 167 Kaitbora 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37 168 Kaithora 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:37 169 Kaithwada 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other associated ware IAR 1979-80:78 170 Kakor 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Bharti 31:181-186 171 Kalai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 172 Kalina 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47 173 Kamasia 26 36 00 79 50 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 174 Kampil 27 36 00 79 16 00 PGW IAR 1975-76:51 175 Kannauj 27 03 22 79 57 06 PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR 1955-56:19 176 Kansi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other IAR 1979-80:78 219

associated ware 177 Karankhera 26 23 00 80 29 00 PGW, NBPW Man & Environment VIII-1984:61-80 178 Karchalipur 26 11 00 80 19 00 PGW, NBPW Man & Environment VIII-1984:61-80 179 Karhra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 180 Kaseri 28 21 00 77 15 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW IAR 1963-64:92 181 Kashipur-A 26 34 00 79 56 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 182 Katauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 183 Katingara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 2001-02: 238-41 184 Katka 26 37 00 79 45 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 185 Katmata 28 48 40 79 44 05 PGW, GW, BSW, BRW Tewari 2004:229-232 186 Katrana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 187 Kaurara-Buzurg 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 188 Kausambi 25 20 00 81 23 00 PGW Sharma 1960 189 Kenduli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 190 Khaga 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 191 Khairabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 192 Khajuri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 193 Khajuri 27 47 30 79 23 35 PGW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 194 Khal(Barle-ke-Qila) 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:80 195 Khalana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 196 Khalaua 27 06 07 77 53 34 BRW, PGW IAR 1965-66:41 197 Khariad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 198 Kheera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, GW, RW IAR 1975-76:78 199 Khera-Bajhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 200 Sheragarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 201 Gvarkhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 Pandey 202 Hushain kabra 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW 2001:190-207 220

203 Nighohi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, GW Pandey 2001:190-207 204 Talgaon 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 205 Shahbaj Nagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 BRW, PGW,GW. RW Pandey 2001:190-207 206 Kutubapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 207 Gandharpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, GW, RW Pandey 2001:190-207 208 Fatehganj Pashchimi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Sharma 2001:177-189 209 Avala 28 15 00 79 10 00 PGW, BRW, NBPW, RW Sharma 2001:177-189 210 Kherabajera 27 49 05 78 13 26 PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004:57-69 211 Kherakursi 26 42 00 79 58 00 PGW, NBPW Main & Environment VIII 1984:61-80 212 Khera-The koil 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 213 Khindwari 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 214 Khirka Zunnardar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:41 215 Kisroam 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 216 Kodar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 217 Kolki-Kalalan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48 218 Komri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 BRW, PGW, OCP, GW, Kushan Chakrbarti et 219 Kot Khera 28 30 40 77 36 39 al.,2004:57-69 Man & Environment BRW, PGW, VIII-1984:61-220 Kheora 26 30 00 80 17 00 NBPW 80 221 Kurali 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:48 Sharma 222 Kurdi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW 2008:181-186 223 Kuri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 224 Kurwar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:85 PGW, BPW, GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 225 Kushmri 00 00 00 00 00 00 226 Kushyami 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 227 Lakhmapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 228 Lakshmanpur Tila 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 221

229 Lakshnai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:57 230 Lallan Miyan ka Roja 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22 231 Latifpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 232 Lriya Patti 27 23 10 77 30 51 PGW, BSW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 233 Madanpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1969-70:62 234 Madanapur 28 07 50 80 00 12 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, ORSW Tewari & Srivastava 2005 235 Maheshpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 236 Maho 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware IAR 1966-67:33 237 Mahuar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70 238 Mahuwar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 239 Mamen 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BSW, RW IAR 1987-88:108-109 240 Manakpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 241 Mandai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 242 Mandla 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 243 Mathana 27 58 10 80 45 25 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:224-229 244 Mathura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Kushan, Gupta IAR 1954-55:15-16 245 Mavana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1980-81:96 246 Mawar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 247 Mehrabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 248 Milanpur 29 19 00 79 55 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 249 Mirgapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 250 Mirpur 27 48 48 77 42 49 PGW, BRW, BSW, PGW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 251 Mohammadabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, RW, Medieval Ware IAR 1985-86:115 252 Mopalpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 253 Morthal 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, BR, BS, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33 254 Muhammadpur 28 02 25 79 50 15 PGW, GW, BSW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 255 Muhammadpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 222

Dhumni 256 Mulla-jikpka 27 29 05 80 50 05 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW BRW, PGW, NBPW, Post- Tewari 2004:238 257 Musanagar 26 10 00 79 58 00 NBPW IAR 1967-68:47 PGW, GW, Tewari 2004:5-258 Nadasa 27 17 15 79 23 45 BSW, RW, 21 259 Nagaria 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1978-80:76 Tewari 2004:5-260 Nagarpal 27 46 40 79 54 35 PGW, GW, RW 21 PGW, BPW, 261 Nagla Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 PGW, NBPW, 262 Nagla Dayal 00 00 00 00 00 00 BSW, Kushan IAR 1980-81:71 263 Nagla Hareru 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:40 Nagla Firoz Mohanpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47 264 265 Nagla Havelia 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 266 Nagla khas gloua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 267 Nangla khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 268 Nakipur-Bamnauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1981-82:70 269 Nalhera Ananrpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1984-85:92 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval Tewari 2004:5-21 270 Naraura 27 39 40 79 31 20 Narpat Singh-Ki- 271 Garhi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:84 272 Naval-Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33 BRW, PGW< Makhan Lal 273 Nawabgani 26 30 00 80 17 00 NBPW 1984:61-80 274 Nethla 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 GW,PGW, BRW, V.D. Misra 275 Nigohi 00 00 00 00 00 00 BSW, RW 1977:122-128 PGW, BPW, 276 Niroli 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, BSW, RW IAR 1980-81:71 277 Niyamu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76 278 Noh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1998-99:242 279 Nokhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 280 Nonha Naringh 26 38 00 80 11 00 BRW, PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 281 Noorpur 00 00 00 00 00 00, PGW, BRW, BSW, RW V.D. Misra 1977:122-128 223

282 Nurnagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1963-64:53 283 Nurpur Tarsaura 27 40 25 79 31 25 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:5-21 284 Ogar 28 01 46 77 58 32 OCP, BRW, PGW Chakrbarti et al.,2004:68 285 Old Aligarh Bazar 27 52 51 78 04 04 PGW, Kushan Chakrbarti et al.,2004:57-69 286 Ozham 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 Padariya PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari 287 Jammunabad 28 05 20 80 33 25 RW 2004:224-229 PGW, GW, 288 Pagar 28 12 50 79 58 50 BSW, RW, BRW, RW Tewari 2004:229-232 289 Paigu 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 290 Paj Bangar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 Chakabarti et 291 Palikhera 27 28 34 77 38 35 PGW, BSW al.,2004:57-60 292 Palni Alinagar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 224 Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 293 Panchgawan 26 26 00 80 06 00 PGW, NBPW 294 Panwah 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 295 Parham 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 296 Pariar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:39 297 Parichhatgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 298 Parsehra(Madanpur) 27 53 45 80 30 15 PGW, GW, RW, Medieval IAR 1962-63:37 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, Tewari RW 2004:224-229 299 Parshuramkhera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Sharma 2008:181-186 300 Pasnikpur 27 17 30 79 23 55 BRW, PGW, NBPW, ORSW, BSW, GW, RW Tewari 2004:211 301 Patara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 PGW, GW, BSW, RW, 302 Pausil 28 04 10 79 42 50 Sculpture of Durga Tewari 2004:5-21 303 Pharengi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 304 Poiya 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70 305 Praonkh-Sahan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga- Kushan IAR 1977-78:58

306 Pundri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 307 Pura 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 308 Puranpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 309 Qila Hathras 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 310 Qila Mewi 28 14 14 77 51 06 OCP, BRW, PGW Chakrabarti et al.,2004:68 PGW, NBPW, 311 Qila Mound 00 00 00 00 00 00 312 Radhan 26 45 00 80 08 00 313 Rafiabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22 BRW, PGW, IAR 1986- NBPW 87:131 OCP, Plain BRW, PGW, IAR 1978- Glazed ware, EH 79:21-22 314 Rahimpur Bisdhan 26 49 00 79 54 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 315 Rai 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63 316 Raipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 317 Rairh 27 19 11 77 33 20 GW, PGW Chakabarti et al.,2004:57-59 PGW, NBPW, BW, RW IAR 1977-78:59 318 Ramgarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 319 Rankhandi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 320 Rasemar 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 321 Rasulpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1963-64 322 Rasulpur Bhuranda 26 12 00 80 27 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 323 Rasulpur Zahid 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW and other associated ware IAR 1979-80:78 324 Renuka 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:70 325 Sadhauli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 326 Sadjwara 27 01 00 78 02 00 OCP, PGW, NBPW IAR 1991-92:97-98 327 Sahan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, BSW, Sunga- Kushan IAR 1977-78:58 328 Saigarh 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW,BS, R, M IAR 1966-67:33 329 Saini 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Ancient India 2010-11:141 Man & Environment VIII-1984:61-80 330 Sajeti Badsahpur 26 54 00 80 04 00 80 04 00 PGW, NBPW 331 Sakhitara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1955-56:71 332 Salempur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 225

333 Salempur-Bhokri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 334 Salempur-Parihna 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 335 Samain 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1979-80:76 336 Sambhalgarh 26 23 00 80 08 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 337 Samipur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1957-58:69 338 Sanchankot 26 59 00 80 19 00 PGW Tewari & Srivastava 2005:189-190 26 26 00 79 Makhan Lal 339 Sanihapur 47 00 PGW, NBPW 1984:61-80 340 Sankara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1960-61:32-33 341 Sankisa 27 24 35 79 41 50 PGW, NBPW, RW, BSW, Medieval Tewari 2004:211 342 Santokhpur Ghat 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1988-89:84 343 Sapai 26 21 00 80 12 00 PGW, NBPW Makhan Lal 1984:61-80 344 Sarai Bharthara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1977-78:58 345 Sarawa 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63 Makhan Lal 346 Sarayaganj 26 43 00 80 09 00 PGW, NBPW 1984:61-80 IAR 1981-347 Sarwana Khera 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW 82:100 PGW, BRW, 348 Sasni 27 42 06 78 05 34 Medieval Ware IAR 1962-63:31 PGW, GW, 349 Saunphari 28 12 35 80 15 10 BSW, ORSW,RW Tewari 2004:5-21 350 Sauripur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1958-59:74 351 Sedhi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1959-60:75 352 Semra- Janipur(Kankarghat) 27 51 50 80 17 35 PGW, GW, BSW, ORSW, RW Tewari 2004:224-229 353 Shahabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 PGW, GW, 354 Shahbaz Nagar 27 55 20 79 52 50 BSW, RW, Glazed Ware Tewari 2004:5-21 355 Shahpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 356 Shakarpur Road 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 BRW, PGW, 357 Shakoorganj 00 00 00 00 00 00 GW, RW IAR 1970-71:37 358 Shampur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 226

359 Shamsherganj-Maholi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 360 Shamsherganj-Maholi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 361 Sheonagri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1966-67:43 362 Sherpur Qutbpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:58 363 Shikhana Mound 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW, Early Historical IAR 1978-79:22 PGW, NBPW, Makhan Lal 364 Siddapur Sheoli 26 36 00 80 07 00 POST NBPW 1984:61-80 BRW, PGW, Chakarbarti et 365 Sikandarabad idgah 28 27 26 77 41 07 OCP al.,2004:57-69 OCP, PGW, 366 Sikera 00 00 00 00 00 00 BSW, Medieval IAR 1965-66:37 367 Sikkerera 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW IAR 1962-62:37 368 Sikri 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63 PGW, GW, Tewari 369 Silsanda 27 29 05 79 18 45 BSW, RW 2004:211 PGW, RW, GW, Tewari 370 Simraya 28 23 55 80 04 00 BSW 2004:229-232 IAR 1978-371 Sirsa Ther 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW, Hist 79:21-22 372 Sirsaganj 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 373 Siswania 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval IAR 1995-96:83-86 PGW, 374 Siyapur 27 58 32 79 49 35 NBPW,Hist, Late Medieval Tewari 2004:219-224 375 Sonkh 27 24 00 77 30 00 PGW Hartel 1993 376 Sanoti 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1988-89:108 377 Sonouthi 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1981-82:100 378 Sravasti 27 31 00 82 02 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 379 Srigaverpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1977-78:54 380 Sultanganj 27 12 32 77 43 00 PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004:57-69 381 Sultanpura 27 12 32 77 59 18 PGW South Asian Studies Vol. 20, 2004:57-69 382 Sultanpur-Hitana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 383 Suthari 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1967-68:47 384 Sutnera 27 54 30 80 02 00 PGW, BSW, GW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004:5-21 227

385 Tajpur-Pioli 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 386 Takhwan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 387 Talgaon 28 135 45 79 50 33 PGW, GW, RW D.P. Tewari 2004:5-21 388 Tanda 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1968-69:40 389 Tappal 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 390 Thakurwara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 391 Thataula 00 00 00 00 00 00 OCP, PGW IAR 1963-64:54 392 Timrua 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 393 Tiparpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:37 394 Tiuri ismailpur 27 26 30 79 21 10 PGW, BSW, GW, RW, D.P. Tewari 2004:211 Man & Environment 26 27 00 80 VIII-1984:61-395 Tora-A 07 00 PGW, NBPW 80 396 Tuskan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1962-63:31 397 Uisara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1975-76:75 398 Ujhan 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1976-77:53 399 Ukhrend 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 400 Unchagaon 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 401 Uncha-Islamabad 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1961-62:57 402 Utrana 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, BSW, Hist IAR 1978-79:21-22 403 Utara 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1960-61:67 404 Vainala 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW Tripathi 1976 405 Vaman 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW, NBPW IAR 1965-66:41 406 Vidyapur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1964-65:76 407 Vijai Garh 00 00 00 00 00 00 Crude PGW, BS, M IAR 1966-67:33 408 Yeseenpur 00 00 00 00 00 00 PGW IAR 1970-71:37 Defence The last phase of the proto-historic period in the sphere of our current study is characterized by the advent of the Painted Grey Ware people. About 408 sites of Painted Grey Ware so far have been reported from the present study area. A number of these have been excavated which have been discussed above. Detailed reports of 228

Hastinapur (Lal 1955) and Atranjikhera are available, apart from study area Madina(Kumar et. al 2007) is the single culture excavated site and Bhagwanpur report helps us to understand this culture in holistic perspective. Available data from excavated site provides us enough information to generate the micro-settlement pattern of this culture. Unlike Mature Harappan period defence walls, PGW settlements were surrounded by a V shaped moat, mud bund. A mud bund has been rported from Atranjikhera around PGW settlement (Gaur 1983:126). A moat or ditch has been reported from Jekhara but details are not given. At Hatt (personal communication from the excavator) the earliest habitation of the area was surrounded by a V shaped moat. Similar evidences have been recovered from Kunal (Acharya, M. 2008:23) with its maximum depth and width is 3.45 and 4.15 m respectively. At Jogna Khera (Acharya M and R.S. Dahiya :13) also a moat was encountered but no details are available.. This was filled with water as silt was observed at its bottom and these were probably defences against the wild animal. At Hatt the most is to small and shallow for protection against wild animals but it was for the protection from the reptiles as inner end is vertical enough for reptiles to climb. So far, in the area under present study not even a single site has yielded such kind of evidences and all above discussed sites are located close to study area. Dwelling Structures Most of the excavated sites in the area under present study have multi cultural deposits. So our knowledge about the domestic structure is limited. For this pupose, 229

we also studied the important and single culture excavated sites of the adjoining region, specially Bhagwanpura and Madina. Dwelling structures found during the excavations at various sites can be broadly divided into three types viz, dwelling pits, huts and mud wall houses. Post holes have been reported from Hulas, Hastinapur, Sonkh, Allahpur, Atranjikhera and Jekhara. But no detailed plan of the huts has been available from the sites of area under present study. So we have to bank upon the data available from the adjoing area. The huts of this period may have sloping thatched roofs. At Madina evidences of this type of typical huts were encountered.two big postholes for front and back supporting beams and two small postholes (both the sides) were noticed (Manmohan Kumar et. al 2009:98). A large number of burnt clay lumps having impressions of bamboo, wood and reed were found which indicated that PGW peoples did not construct the mud walls but used mud and reed screen plastered with mud as the side walls (Manmohan Kumar et. al 2009:96). Evidences of post holes have been reported from Daulatpur (IAR 1977-78:23) but the shape of huts is not given. At Madina even after close examinationof the post holes, it was found that no pattern of arrangement of the huts was noticed. These huts were situated at a close proximity to each other and in between the huts the open places were used for cooking purpose aschulas, harae and hearths were found. These huts were arranged at the site so that near each hut sufficient space for domestic activities is available. Potters clay levigation pits were also found near some huts. At Jekhera, a circular hut of 6 m. diameter was recovered during the excavations and the interior of this hut was partiotioned by mud walls. Apart from 230

this hut, a big hut complex was unearthed which was consisting of three circular huts (Sahi 1994:144). At Hatt evidences of dwelling pits have been found during the PGW period. These pits were plastered with ochre and the floor of these pits were made up of rammed clay and properly plastered. These pits were cut in the natural soil, having vertical sides. Inside some pits steps were noticed. Postholes were also noticed along with these pits, which indicate that these were covered with wattle and daub structure as roof. These pits dwellings were surrounded by a V shaped moat, which acted as a defence wall. No other site has yielded the evidences of dwelling pits during the PGW period. At Bhagwanpura, a rammed mud walled house was unearthed. This house complex consists of 13 rooms, 5 rooms in the western side and 7 rooms on the eastern side. It is roughly oriented to North-South. The size of the rooms varies from 1.60 x 1.60 m. to 3.35 x 4.20 m. There is a corridor in the complex which measures 14.35 m. in length and 2.20 m. width (Joshi, J.P 1993:40) Although some bricks (sun baked and kilen baked) have been reported from Atranjikhera, measuring 8 x 4 x 4 cm. and some extra large size bricks. But so far, not even a single site has yielded bricks house. Some brunt bricks measuring 30 x 24 x 24, 33 x 30 x 10, 30 x 30 x 6 cm. were recovered from Jakhera (Sahai 1994). This type of bricks may have been used for preapring platform probably for bathing or ritualistic purposes. 231

Economy The economy of the Painted Grey Ware people was based on agriculture and animal husbandry along with hunting. Wheat and rice were the important crops. Apart from wheat and rice, ragi, sawan, Kodon are reported from Hulaskhera(Tiwari et. al 1995). Moong, urad, massor, moth, kulthi, khesari, wild oat, tulsi and bathua have been reported from Siyapur (Tiwari and Srivastava 2004;2005) apart from thes gram, horse gram, pigeon pea, sesame, ber, gular, pakad were also reported. Above mentioned seeds indicate that PGW people were enjoying bot Rabi and Karif crops. Alamgirpur is the only site which provides us details regarding animals of PGW period. The faunal utilisation pattern at the site during PGW period shows that throughout during this period peoples are depended mainly on cattle and buffalo. The contribution of sheep and goats was more during the Harappan Phase than the PGW Phase. The role of domestic pigs was marginal in all the cultural phases. The horse has been identified only from the PGW Phase. The diversity of the wild animals is interesting as the people of Almagirpur hunted large bovin as the gaur, nilgai, antelopes, deer, wild pigs, fox, panther, hyena and peafowl. Metallurgy In the area area under persent study, iron was first introduced by PGW using people.theses people were skilled in the manufacture of iron objects is evidenced by as many as 135 specimens from a relatively small dig at Atranjikhera and other excavated sites. So far not even a single evidence of iron smelting has been recorded from any site in the study area but in the adjoing region of Rajasthan, Jodhpur has 232

yielded such evidences. Two furnaces from an early phase of the Painted Grey Ware period. These furnaces were of the open type and provided with bellows as indicated by the presence of holes. Very little work has been done to identify the sources from which the people obtained iron ore. Source material, however, exists in varying degrees in the neighbouring Himalayan regions of Kangara, Mandi Almora, Garhwal, etc., in the Aravalli terrain of Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur, etc., in Rajasthan and in the Gwalior region immediately south of the Chambal. The iron objects used by the Painted Grey Ware people fall under four broad categories: (1) household objects; (2) tools for agriculture; (3) other craft tools; and (4) weapons used for warfare or hunting. Under the first category come such objects as nails, pins, hooks, needles, knives, which are reported from various sites, and a pair of tongs found so far only at Atranjikhera. Although this site has not yielded any specific agricultural tool, a sickle and a hoe was found at Jakhera (Sahi, 1978:103). Chisels, borers, clamps, nails and hooks may have been used in carpentry. Arrowheads, mounted on cane shafts and projected from wooden bows, could have been used in warfare as well as in hunting. The arrowheads are found insimple forms as well as barbed, and have a tang that is sometimes socketed. Spearheads, sometimes as long as 25 cm., were evidently mounted on bamboo shafts. Unlike arrows, which were used for long-distance attacks, whether on an enemy or a wild animal, the spear could be used only at a close range. There is so far no evidence of any defensive armour. Although iron had come into use during the Painted Grey Ware period, copper was still an indispensable metal. While the two specimens from Hastinapur, 233

which were chemically examined, showed no evidence of any alloy, of the three objects examined from Atranjikhera, one showed the inclusion of tin, lead and zinc to the extent of 11.68 per cent and another of tin and zinc as much as 20.72 and 16.2 per cent respectively. The third one was unalloyed. Furthermore, iron was present in all the Atranjikhera samples, varying from 1.23 to as much as 9.7 per cent. The source of the metal could thus be iron chalchopyrite and the retention of iron in the samples should be ascribed to inadequate melting of the ore(agrawal 1983:490). In this culture, there are no copper swords, such as,we have in the copper hoards. This may perhaps be explained by the fact that weapons of war were by then manufactured from iron, which is decidedly more suitable for the purpose. However, copper arrowheads have been found at Hastinapura and Allahpur. Very likely these were used primarily for hunting, though their use in warfare cannot be excluded. Among tools and other objects of copper which were used for cutting or in the manufacturing of goods, mention may be made of the axe, chisel, borer, pin and clamp. Toilet objects included the antimony rod, nailparer, antimony-rod-cumnailparer and toothpick. The find of a needle indicated stitching, most likely of clothes. Among ornaments, rings and bangles deserve mention. That there was no paucity of copper is attested by the discovery of a dish, with a diameter of 17 cm., from Atranjikhera (Gaur, 1983:231) Glass Technology A very remarkable contribution of this period is that of glass technology. The discovery of two specimens of glass bangles from Painted Grey Ware levels at 234

Hastinapura came as a significant addition to our knowledge of ancient Indian glass technology. Of the two glass bangles from Hastinapura, one is brown and the other black, resulting in both casesthe presence of iron. In both, the typical conchoidal fracture of glass is unmistakable. Besides bangles, glass beads have also been found. These come from Allahpur and Alamgirpur. From Atranjikhera comes a piece of glass of dark green colour, which formed a part of a bottle or some other receptacle (Agrawal. 1983:490) Chronology The dating of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura had originally to be carried out on the basis of its relative stratigraphic horizon. On the one hand, it overlay the remains of the Ochre Colour Ware and, on the other, it was itself overlaid by Northern Black Polished Ware deposits. There was a break of occupation between each of these three successive periods. The chronological horizon of the Northern Black Polished Ware had been approximately indicated at Taxila where the majority of the specimens of this ware preceded the level yielding coins of Alexander ( 300 BCE) and went down to a further depth of 2.15 m. below that level. On a rough computation, therefore, the Northern Black Polished Ware was thought to have appeared at Taxila some time in the sixth century b.c. Since there was a break of occupation between the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Polished Ware periods at Hastinapura, with substantial changes in the material culture from one to the other (such as the appearance of brunt-brick structures, a system of coinage, weights, etc.) it was thought that the end of the Painted Grey Ware period at Hastinapura may have 235

come around 800 BCE In view of the 2.5 m. thickness of the Painted Grey Ware deposits, it was estimated that the beginning of the settlement of this culture at Hastinapura may have been around 1100 BCE It was also postulated that the Painted Grey Ware may have continued later at other sites and may have even overlapped with the Northern Black Polished Ware. Later when the radio-carbon method came into vogue, samples from Hastinapura itself and from other sites like Rupar, Atranjikhera, Noh, etc., were put to the test. As a result, there is a good evidence to say that the beginning of the Painted Grey Ware at the iron-using sites such as Noh and Atranjikhera and derivatively at Hastinapura and Mathura too, is in no case later than 1000 BCE It may well be much earlier. The Painted Grey Ware levels in the iron-using sites of the upper Ganges-Jamuna basin may broadly be dated between the limits of 1100 and 700 BCE and the Painted Grey Ware/ Northern Black PolishedWare overlap between 700 and 500 BCE The pre-iron phase of this culture which has yet to be firmly established may well be antedated 1100 BCE This archaeological evidence about the Painted Grey Ware Culture may be understood in the background of the Vedic material. The general consensus of scholarly opinion puts the Rigvedic period broadly between 1500 and 1200 BCE and the later Brahmanic-cum- Upanishadic period between 800 and 500 BCE Pottery The third group of the proto-historic ceramic industry in the region is the Painted Grey Ware (PGW). The PGW or grey ware is usually wheel-thrown. It is made of well-levigated clay which is almost free of impurity. Regarding the technique used for the manufacturing the vessels, the vessel is dried after the primary 236

modelling and then again placed on a wheel to finish the surface modelling like scraping the base portion, trimming and burnishing, hence some sherds of PGW recoveredduring the course of explorations. Black slipped ware is also fabricated with the help of the same technique. But its final surface treatment using black slip makes this ware different from PGW, common shapes in the BSW are dishes and bowls. Red ware which was associated with Painted Grey Ware was of coarse fabricmedium and it is made of carelessly levigated clay, usually mixed with small kankars and husks. The main shapes of this ware include basin, bowl, vase, jar, etc. This ware is both hand made and thrown on slow wheel and decorated with impressed and mud appliqué designs. Some of the illustrated sherds are disused below: Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and decorated with concentric circles. 2. Bowl having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow ridge between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of parallel horizontal strokes is painted on the external surface. 3. Bowl having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 237

Base fragment of a dish, decorated with broad bands. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is painted on the internal surface. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined outwards. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of two curvilinear lines and dots between the former is painted on the external side. 5. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A set of seven parallel oblique strokes is painted on the internal surface. 6. Shallow bowl, having convex sides and a rounded flat base. The rim shows an angular section having a flat face on the edge.. A motif consisting of semicircles and dots which are arranged perfectly, is there. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A horizontal row of dots is painted on the internal surface. Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Vase, having an inturned neck with an out-turned rim. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red. 238

2. Vase, having an out turned neck with flaring rim. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the rim are slipped in red. 3. Short-necked vase, having an out-turned neck with a simple rim and a globular body. Two parallel grooves are delineated on the shoulder. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The entire external surface and the internal surface of the neck portion are slipped in red. Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, Associated Red Ware from Kurdi 1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 4. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 5. Bowl, having a shallow body with a carination and an outcurved neck with a drooping rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of three parallel horizontal strokes is painted on the external surface, and a part of parallel strokes is intact on the internal surface of the rim. 239

6. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 7. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. There is a shallow carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a dull orange to grey band. A set of parallel oblique lines is painted on the outer surface, and a set of parallel vertical strokes is painted on the internal surface. 8. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The external surface of the rim portion and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the body is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of three parallel oblique lines and rows of dots is painted on the external surface. 9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with two narrow grooves on the external side. Three grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in orange on both sides. 10. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on the external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides. 240

Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi 1 Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 2. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides. 3. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 4. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. Pl. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 1.Bowl, having slightly convex sides which are inclined inwards and a sagger base. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external 241

surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim which is inturned. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The internal surface of the body is finished by further smoothening in an oblique direction. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 4. Base fragment of a dish, sagger base. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The whole surface is finished with streak burnishing. 5. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. There is a gentle carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 6. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two 242

concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 7. Bowl, having straight sides and slightly pointed rim. Both surfaces are finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with black band. An uncertain motif consisting of curvilinear lines is painted on the outer surface. 8. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section. 9. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is executed with greyish yellow brown slip on both sides. A set of five strokes, one of which is relatively broader than others, is painted on the internal surface. 10. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim with a narrow groove below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Asara-2 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 2. Vase of a grey ware, treated with gery slip. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 243

3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 5. Dish, having convex sides, a roundly pointed rim and a sagger base. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 6. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim, The rim was modelled by luting technique. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 7. Dish, having slightly convex sides and a rounded rim with a narrow groove just below it. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 8. Base of a gery ware dish.. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 9. Bowl, having a squat globular body and a beaded rim with a narrow groove on the external side. Two grooves are executed on external surface at the middle of the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and slipped in grey on both sides. 10. Base portion, probably of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface of the body portion is smoothened with rotation on both sides, and string-cut marks remain on the external surface of the base. 244

Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Bamnoli 1. Pot, having a short neck, a rim of triangular section and a globular body. The neck portion is smoothened with rotation and the body is finished by smoothened without rotation on both sides. 2. Pot, having a straight neck, slightly outcurved, and a rim of triangular section. The body may have been globular in shape. Two parallel grooves are executed on the shoulder. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The external surface is slipped in reddish orange. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a slightly pointed rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The surface is finished by streak burnishing after smoothening with rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band and with loop on the internal side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Dish having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 6. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly inward, and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation after smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 245

Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli 1. Dish, having convex sides and a rounded rim with a groove on its internal side. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 2. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 3. Base sherd of a pot or bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base. 4..Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 6. Base sherd of a bowl, having a flat base. The surface is smoothened without rotation. Finger impressions are prominently left on the external surface of the base. 246

Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware and Associated Red Ware from Barnava 1. Pot, having a prominently outcurved neck and a beaded rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Pot, having a short neck and an elliptical body. The rim is roundly thickened. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 3. Bowl, having an incurved rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. Pl. 5.10 Painted Grey Ware from )Kairana-1 1. Bowl or Dish, having convex sides with a deeper profile and a pointed rim. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by scraping without rotation. 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 3. Bowl, having straight sides which is inclined slightly inwards and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim, slightly outcurved. The rim portion is slightly thicker than the body. The surface is smoothened with rotation. 5. Base fragment of a dish, having convex base. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 247

6. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Pl. 5.11 Black Slip Ware from Barnava 1. Dish having convex sides and a sagger base. The rim is rounded. There is no carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is slipped in dark grey and is finished by burnishing on both sides. 2. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides 3. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 4. Dish, having concave sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a rounded rim. There is a shallow groove around the rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of body and the lower part of body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. 248

5. Dish, having straight sides, slightly convex, which is inclined inwards, and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper part of the body and the lower part of the body. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and is slipped in dark grey on both sides. Pl. 5.12 Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 2..Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is light gery in colour as compared to No. 1. 3. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Three vertical rows of dots are painted on the internal surface. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 5. Bowl, having slightly convex sides and carination between the upper body and the lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface is smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. 249

6. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. It is light gery in colour as compared to No. 1 Pl. 5.13 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 1. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. 2. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 3 Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band inner side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation and decorated with white vertical lines. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a pointed rim. The base seems to have been a sagger base. There is a sharp carination between the upper body and the lower body, showing a trace of luting around this portion. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation 250

Pl. 5.14 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 1. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without rotation on the inner side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal surface of the base, concentric circles are painted 2. Dish, having convex sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides. 3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted on the inner side. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching with the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. 5. Bowl, having straight sides, slightly convex, and a pointed rim. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body below the carination is finished by smoothening without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 251

6. Bowl, having straight sides and a slightly out-curving rim. The surface is finished by smoothening with rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. Two concentric circles and at least two parallel oblique lines touching the upper concentric circle are painted on the external side. Pl. 5.15 Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2 1. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Wavy lines are painted on the external surface of the upper half of the body. 2. Base of a dish. The surface is smoothened with rotation. Decorated with parallel lines on the external surface of the upper half of the body. 3. Dish, having convex sides and pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. An oblique stroke is painted respectively on both sides. Pl. 5. 16 Painted Grey Ware from Kausambi 1. Dish of a Black Slip Ware, having straight sides which are inclined inwards and a rounded rim with a groove below it. There is a carination between the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in black on both sides. The external surface is finished by burnishing. 2. Dish of a Blak Slip Ware, having straight sides and a ridged rim. A narrow groove is delineated just below the rim on the external surface. There is a carination between 252

the upper body and the lower body. The surface is smoothened with rotation and is slipped in black on both sides. 3. Bowl, having a globular body and a beaded rim with two grooves on its external side. Two grooves are executed on the external surface of the middle of the body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation, and the external surface of the lower body is finished by scraping without rotation. The rim is modelled by luting. 4. Bowl, having straight sides and a pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. A trace of luting can be observed in the section. 5. Bowl, having straight sides which is slightly inclined inwards, a pointed rim and a rounded flat base. The surface of the body portion is smoothened with rotation and the surface of the base is smoothened without rotation. Regular striations are left on the internal surface of the body as a result of smoothening with rotation. 6. Dish, having convex sides and a ridged rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 7. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim with a groove on its external side and a carinated lower body. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation on both sides, and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim is narrowly painted with a black band. 253

8. Base of a bowl, the whole internal surface are smoothened with rotation. Decorated with three black lines. 9. Dish, having convex sides, a pointed rim and a sagger base. The external surface of the upper body and the whole internal surface is smoothened with rotation and the external surface of the lower body is smoothened without rotation. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. 10. Dish, having convex sides and a roundly pointed rim. The surface is smoothened with rotation on both sides. The rim portion is narrowly painted with a black band. A set of four parallel strokes is painted on both sides. 11. Dish of PGW having convex sides and a round base. The base portion is finished by scraping without rotation on the external surface and is smoothened without rotation on the internal side. The surface is probably slipped in grey, and the external surface of the upper part of the body is widely painted in black. On the Internal surface of the base, concentric circles are painted Pl. 5.17 Ghata shape bead from Kausambi 1. A ghata-shaped bead, yellowish red in colour, truncated apex. 2. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip. 3. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 4. A ghata-shaped bead, greyish red in colour, truncated apex. 5. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 6. A ghata-shaped bead, dull red in colour, truncated apex. 254

7. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. Pl. 5.18 Terracotta Sling Balls from Ahichattra 1. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired, décorated with incised vertical lines all over. 2. A terracotta sling, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired 3. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired. 4. A terracotta sling ball, spheroid, reddish in colour, made of well levigated clay, ill fired. 5. A terracotta sling ball, well baked, buff coloured, spheroid, terracotta sling ball. Pl. 5.19 Terracotta Disc from Ahichattra 1. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, red in colour. 2. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with reddishorange slip. 3. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay and treated with red slip. 4. Terracotta disc, made of well levigated clay, well fired, buff in colour. 255

Pl. 5.20 Decorated Terracotta Disc from Hastinapur 1. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with buff slip. 2 Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. 3. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches made of nail impressions around the circumference on obverse and reverse. 4. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on both sides. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. 5. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. 6. Terracotta disc, decorated with notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with red slip. Pl. 5.21 Terracotta Disc from Kasuambi 1. Terracotta disc of grey colour, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. 256

2. Terracotta disc, decorated with circular notches around the circumference on obverse and reverse. Made of well levigated clay, well fired, and treated with grey slip. Pl. 5.22 Bone points from Kausambi 1. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. 2. Fragment of a bone point, both the sides (upper and lower) are missing. 3. A biconical bone point, half broken, buff in colour, one pointed end is intact. 4. Fragment of a bone point, black in colour due to firing, with sharp edge, having octagonal section. 5. A biconical bone point partially broken, black in colour, both the ends are pointed. 6. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. 7. A biconical bone point partially broken, buff in colour, both the ends are pointed. Pl. 5.23 Ghata Shaped Bead and Grey Discs from Alamgirpur 1. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex. 2. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 3. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 257

5.24 Terracotta Objects from Kurdi 1. A ghata-shaped bead, red in colour, truncated apex, treated with red slip. 2. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 3. A disc fabricated from a grey ware vessel. 4. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. 5. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. 6. A terracotta sling ball, treated with light red slip, made of well levigated clay, well fired. Pl 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur 258

Pl. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Alamgirpur Pl. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, associated red ware from Kurdi 259

Pl. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi Pl. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 260

Pl. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Asara-2 Pl. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and associated red ware from Bamnoli 261

Pl. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli Pl. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware associated red ware from Barnava 262

Pl. 5.10Painted Grey Ware from Kairana-1 Pl. 5.11Black Slip Ware from Barnava 263

Pl. 5.12Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur Pl. 5.13Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi 264

Pl. 5.14Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur Pl. 5.15Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2 265

Pl. 5. 16Painted Grey ware From Kausambi Pl. 5.17Ghat shape bead from Kausambi 266

Pl. 5.18Terracotta sling balls from Ahichchhatra Pl. 5.19Terracotta disc from Ahichchhatra 267

Pl. 5.20Decorated terracotta disc from Hastinapur Pl. 5.21Terracotta disc from Kasuambi 268

Pl. 5.22Bone points from Kausambi Pl. 5.23 Ghat Shaped bead and grey discs from Alamgirpur 269

5.24 Terracotta objects from Kurdi 270

Figure 5.1: Painted Grey Ware and Grey Ware 271

Figure 5.2: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 272

Figure 5.3: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 273

Figure 5.4: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery 274