Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) Course 6 Lists (Recapitulation) Iulian Năstac

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) Course 6 Lists (Recapitulation) Iulian Năstac

Recapitulation Operations related to a linked list: a) creation of a linked list; b) access to any node of the list; c) inserting a node in a linked list; d) deleting a node from a linked list; e) deleting a linked list. 2

The simple linked list (recapitulation) Between the nodes of the simple linked list we have only one order relation. There is a single node that doesn't have a successor and a single node that doesn't have a predecessor. These nodes are the edges of the list. We will use two pointers to the front and back edges of the list, which we ll denote with: first the pointer to the node that has no predecessor; last the pointer to the node that has no successor. 3

The next pointer defines the successor relation for the list s nodes. This is a pointer for connexion. At each node, it has as value the address of the next node from the list. An exception is the linked pointer from the last node (for which next takes the value zero). 4

Notes: It is considered the following type: typedef struct nod <statements>; struct nod *next; NOD; A special function (called incnod) is used, which loads the current data in a node of NOD type. 5

The incnod function returns: 1 to mark correct loading of data in the current node -1 when data are not loaded 0 when an error occurs (eg insufficient memory) The prototype of incnod function is: int incnod(nod *p); Another required function releases the memory area reserved for a specified node: void elibnod(nod *p); 6

2.2. The access to a node in a simple linked list (Recapitulation) We can have access to the nodes of a simple linked list, starting with the first node, and then by passing from a node to another one, using the next pointer. A better method is to have a key date, (a component of the nodes) that should have different values, for each node. In this case it can be defined an access to the lists' node based on the value of this key (usually with the char or int type). The function returns the pointer to the identified node or zero, if there is no match to the key. 7

Example: It is considered the following user type: typedef struct nod char *word; /*this is the key */ int frequency; struct nod *urm; NOD; Using a simple linked list (where nodes are of the TNOD type), we have to write a function that can identify, in the respective list, the node for which the pointer word has as value the address of a given string. This pointer plays the key role and it is requested to be found the node that points to a given word. 8

NOD *search(char *c) /* searches for a node in the list, which has a similar word with the argument of the function */ extern NOD *first; NOD * p; for (p = first; p; p = p->next) if (strcmp(p-> word, c) == 0) return p; /*It was found a node with a c key */ return 0; /* There is no node in the list of key c */ 9

2.3. Inserting a node in a simple linked list In a simple linked list can be done insertions of nodes in different positions: a) insertion before the first node; b) insertion before a node specified by a key; c) insertion after a node specified by a key; d) insertion after the last node of the list. 10

Example: insertion after the last node of the list NOD *add() /* - Adds a node to a simple linked list; - Returns the pointer to this node or zero if it isn't added. */ extern NOD *first, *last; NOD * p; int n; /* a memory area is allocated for this node, which is then filled with data */ n = sizeof(nod); 11

if (((p = (NOD *)malloc (n))!= 0) && (incnod(p) == 1)) if (first == 0) /* list is empty */ first = last = p; else last->next = p; /* p becomes the last node */ last = p; p->next = 0; return p; 12

if (p == 0) /*it wasn t enough memory*/ printf ("Insufficient memory \n"); exit(1); elibnod(p); return 0; 13

Supplement: int incnod(nod *p) /* load current data in the node that is pointed by p */ if((p -> word = citcuv()) == 0) return -1; p -> frequency = 1; return 1; 14

char *citcuv() /* - Reads a word and keeps it in the heap memory; - Returns the pointer to that word or zero in the case of EOF */ int c, i; char t[255]; char * p; /* skip over characters that are not letters */ while ((c = getchar ()) <'A' (c> 'Z' && c <'a') c> 'z') if (c == EOF) return 0; /* EOF case */ 15

/* read a word and keep it in the vector t */ i = 0; do t [i ++] = c; while (((c = getchar()) >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' c >= 'a') && c <= 'z'); if (c == EOF) return 0; t[i++] = '\0'; 16

/* the word is saved in the heap memory */ if ((p = (char *) malloc(i)) == 0) printf("insufficient memory \n"); exit (1); strcpy (p, t); return p; Warning! - Here p is not a pointer to the NOD type, but to a string of characters 17

Supplement: void elibnod(nod *p) /* Release the heap memory areas allocated by a pointer type node p */ free(p->word); free(p); 18

2.4. Deleting a node from a simple linked list (Recapitulation) There are considered the following cases: a) deleting the first node of the simple linked list; b) deleting a specified node with a key; c) deleting the last node of the simple linked list. 19

Notes: The deleting task uses a function called elibnod. This function releases the memory zone assigned to the node that is deleted. The codes of the incnod and elibnod functions depend of the application in which are used. 20

Example: deleting the first node of the simple linked list void erase_first_node() extern NOD *first, *last; NOD *p; if (first == 0) return; p = first; first = first -> next; elibnod(p); if (first == 0) /* The list is empty */ last = 0; 21

Supplement: void erase() /* delete the last node from the list */ extern NOD *first, *last; NOD *q, *q1; q1 = 0; q = first; if (q == 0) return; /* empty list */ while(q!= last) /* the list is scrolled */ q1 = q; q = q-> next; 22

. if (q == first) first = last = 0; else q1->next = 0; last = q1; elibnod (q); 23

Observation: There is a great difference in complexity, if we compare the function that deletes the first node with a function that removes the last node of the list. 24

2.5. Deleting a simple linked list (Recapitulation) void delete_list() extern NOD *first, *last; NOD *p; while(first) p = first; first = first -> next; elibnod(p); last = 0; 25

STACK (Recapitulation) A stack could be a simple chained list, which is managed according to the LIFO principle (Last In First Out). According to this principle, the last node in the stack is the first one taken out. The stack, as a basic list, has two parts (to be indicated by two pointers): the base of the stack the top of the stack 26

27

On a stack we can define only three operations: 1. inserting an element in a stack (on its top) - PUSH 2. removing an element from a stack (the last element that was previously added) - POP 3. deleting a stack (CLEAR) 28

The first two operations are carried out at the top of the stack. Thus, if an element is removed from the stack, then this element is on the top of the stack and, further, the previous inserted one reaches the top of the stack. If an element is inserted in a stack, it will be designate to the top of the stack. 29

To implement a stack using a simple linked list, we must identify the base and the top of the stack, these two becoming the two extremities of the list. There are two possibilities: a. The node indicated by the first variable will be the base of the stack, and the node indicated by the last variable will be the top of the stack; b. The node indicated by the first variable will be the top of the stack, and the node indicated by the last variable will be the base of the stack. 30

Notes: In case a, the PUSH and POP functions are identified by the add and erase_last_node functions, defined in the LIST laboratory. But, while the add function is an efficient one, the erase_last_node function isn t efficient. In case b, the PUSH and POP functions are identified by the inifirst and erase_first_node functions (to be defined in this lesson). In this case, both functions are efficient. Thus, it is recommended to implement the stack using a simple chained list, according to case b. 31

Example of PUSH (case b) TNOD *inifirst() /* - PUSH - insert the current node before the first node of the list */ extern NOD *first, *last; NOD *p; int n; n = sizeof(nod); 32

if(((p = (NOD *)malloc(n))!= 0) && (incnod(p) == 1)) if(first == 0) first = last = p; p -> next = 0; else p -> next = first; first = p; return p; 33

if(p == 0) printf("insufficient memory\n"); exit(1); elibnod(p); return 0; /* end inifirst */ 34

Particular case: The problem with trains (from the third Laboratory) typedef struct tnod long cvag; /* Code of the wagon */ long cmarfa; /* Commodity code */ int exp; /* sender */ int dest; /* recipient */ struct tnod *next; TNOD; 35

int incnod(tnod *p) /* upload a node with data about the associated wagon */ char t[255]; char er[ ] = "EOF was typed in bad position\n"; long cod; int icod; /* read code of the wagon */ for( ; ; ) printf("\ncode of the wagon: "); if(gets(t) == 0) return -1; /* no data */ if(sscanf(t, "%ld", &cod) == 1 && cod >= 0 && cod <= 999999999) break; printf("error for wagon code\n"); p -> cvag = cod; 36

/* read code of the goods */ for( ; ; ) printf("code of the goods: "); if(gets(t) == 0) printf(er); return 0; if(sscanf(t, "%ld", &cod) == 1 && cod >= 0 && cod <= 999999999) break; printf("error for code of the goods\n"); p -> cmarfa = cod; /* read sender code */ /* read recipient code */ return 1; /* End incnod */ 37

void elibnod(nod *p) /* erase the node pointed by p */ free(p); /* End elibnod */ 38

Example of POP (case b) void erase_first_node() /* POP - delete the first node */ extern TNOD *first, *last; TNOD *p; if(first == 0) return; p = first; first = first -> next; elibnod(p); if(first == 0) last = 0; /* End erase_first_node */ 39

Note: In some cases a stack can be implemented using an array of pointers (which we call it: tpnod). Considering: tpnod[0] - bottom of the stack tpnod[v] - top of the stack where: int v; /* is a global variable that can have the maximum value: MAX */ You can define two functions on this stack: empty() - returns 1 if the stack is empty and 0 otherwise full() - returns 1 if the stack is full and 0 otherwise 40

Therefore we can use the type: typedef enum false, true Boolean; Boolean empty() extern int v; return (v == 0); Boolean full() extern int v; return (v >= MAX); 41

Queue A queue is a collection of nodes (that are kept in order) and the principal (or only) operations on this collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position, known as enqueue, and removal of entities from the front terminal position, known as dequeue. This makes the queue a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure. A simple linked list can be managed according to the FIFO principle. The edges of the simple linked list are the front (for dequeue) and the back (for enqueue). 42

43

On a queue we can define only two operations: a. inserting an element in a queue (at its back) - ENQUEUE; b. extracting an element from a queue (from its front) - DEQUEUE; 44

45

46

Circular simple linked list A simple linked list contains: first the pointer to the node that has no predecessor; last the pointer to the node that has no successor. We know that: last -> next = 0; But if last -> next = first, then we can obtain a circular linked list. 47