Journl of Environmntl Scinc nd Tchnology 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 ISSN 1994-7887 / DOI: 10.3923/jst.2016.131.139 2016 Asin Ntwork for Scintific Informtion Rspons of Tomto Plnt towrds Amino Acid Undr Slt Strss in Grnhous Systm 1 Mrym Jnnsri, 1 Ahmd Mohmmdi Ghhsrh nd 2 Jbr Fllhzd 1 Dprtmnt of Soil Scinc, Isfhn (Khorsgn Brnch, Islmic Azd Univrsity, Isfhn, Irn 2 Young Rsrchrs nd Elit Club, Isfhn (Khorsgn Brnch, Islmic Azd Univrsity, Isfhn, Irn Corrsponding Author: Mrym Jnnsri, Dprtmnt of Soil Scinc, Isfhn (Khorsgn Brnch, Islmic Azd Univrsity, Isfhn, Irn ABSTRACT Slinity is on of th most progrssiv nvironmntl fctors limiting th productivity of crop plnts. To vlut th ffcts of folir ppliction of mino cid on fruit yild, som lmnts nd prolin of tomto undr slinity strss, grnhous xprimnt wr conductd in fctoril rrngmnt bsd compltly rndomizd dsign with thr rplicts. Fiv slinity lvls of irrigtion wtr including 2, 4, 6, 8 nd 10 ds mg 1 nd 3 lvls of mino cid (0, 2 nd 4 g LG 1 by folir ppliction mthod ws usd. Although, th rsults indictd tht slinity of irrigtion wtr significntly rducd fruit yild (kg pr plnt of tomto, mino cid hd no significntly ffct on fruit yild. Th highst fruit yild wr obtind t th without mino cid nd 2 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl. Also, sttisticl tsting shows significnt incrs in prolin concntrtion in plnt lvs with ppliction of wtr slinity t 8 nd 10 ds mg 1. Th highst (713.9 mg kgg 1 prolin concntrtion ws obtind t th 2 g LG 1 mino cid nd 10 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl. Although, th concntrtion of K nd Mg in plnt lvs ws significntly dcrsd by slinity, th concntrtion of N in plnt lvs ws continuously incrsd with incrsing slinity lvls. Howvr, rsults showd tht slinity nd mino cid hd no significnt ffct on concntrtion of clcium in lf. Th highst (3.03% nitrogn concntrtion in plnt lvs wr obtind t th without mino cid nd 10 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl. Ky words: Amino cid, slinity, yild, folir ppliction, ninhydrin INTRODUCTION Slinity is on of th most importnt nvironmntl fctors rsponsibl for substntil losss in griculturl production in mny prts of th world (Khoshbkht t l., 2014. It is stimtd tht ovr 800 million h of lnd in th world r ffctd by both slinity nd lklinity (Munns, 2005. Th osmotic strss lt to th ccumultion of toxic lvls of N nd Cl ions nd th uptk prvntion of ssntil nutrints (K, C nd NO 3 (Munns, 2002. Slinity ld to th rduction of wtr uptk cpbility of roots nd consquntly inhibition of plnt growth nd rduction in th crop productivity (Ntondo t l., 2004. Soil slinity inhbits plnt growth, with considrbl rductions in plnt biomss (Rmh t l., 2004. Plnts r xposd to biotic nd biotic strsss. Slt strss is common biotic strss fctor sriously ffcting plnt production nd limiting thir. Slt strss ld to rducs th photosynthtic lf r of th plnt (Erdl t l., 2013. Plnts growing undr slin strss fc thr min problms including: (1 High slt concntrtions in th soil solution tht ld to high osmotic prssur nd low soil wtr potntil, 131
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 (2 High concntrtions of toxic ions such s N nd Cl nd (3 Nutrint imblnc s rsult of dprssd uptk, dmgd intrnl distribution nd shoot trnsport of nutrint minrls (Hu nd Schmidhltr, 2005. Amino cids r molculs contining crboxylic cid group, n min group nd sid chin tht vris btwn mino cids (Bumnn, 1984. Amino cid hs chlting impct on micronutrints, which mk th bsorption nd trnsporttion of ths nutrints insid th plnt sir du to its impct on cll mmbrn prmbility (Mrschnr, 1995. Amino cids my b ply n min rol in mtbolism nd protin ssimiltion of plnt which ncssry for plnt clls nd consquntly incrs frsh nd dry wight of plnt (Abo Sdr t l., 2010. Prvious works hv dmonstrtd tht mino cids cn influnc th physiologicl ctivitis in plnt growth nd thir yild (Mohmd, 2006. Th ffcts of mino cids on th growth nd productivity of vgtbls hv bn studid by mny rsrchrs. For instnc, Akldious nd Abbs (2013 indictd tht high wtr slinity lvls rducd growth proprtis nd chmicl constitunts of tomto plnts but mino cids incrsd plnt growth prmtrs. El-Din nd Abd El-Whd (2005 found tht ppliction of mino cids substntilly incrsd plnt hight, numbr of flowr hds nd frsh nd dry wights of ril prt of chmomil plnt. Although mny studis hv focusd on th ffcts of mino cid on plnt growth, nlogous dt r limitd for ppliction of Irn conditions whr supplmntry irrigtion is ncssry for n dqut productivity of th crop. Th im of this study ws to study th ffcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity on som proprtis of tomto plnt. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exprimntl dsign: A grnhous xprimnt ws conductd to xplor slt strss nd mino cid ffcts on som proprtis of tomto in 2014. Tomto sds (Hony wr sown in box of coco-pt substrt nd young plnts t four lf stgs wr trnsfrrd in 7 L pots filld with coco pt+prlit (V/V = 50. On tomto plnt ws cultivtd pr pot. Johnson nutrition solution ws usd for frtigtion of th plnts. Th trtmnts wr dfind by two-fctoril dsign of fiv irrigtion wtr slinity lvls (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ds mg 1 nd thr mino cid lvls (0, 2, 4 g LG 1. Th 15 trtmnt combintions wr rplictd thr tims nd rrngd in rndomizd complt dsign. Amino cid (Botmisol s fr L-mino cids t thr lvls ws spryd with hnd spryr. Som plnt proprtis including fruit yild (kg pr plnt, som lmnts nd concntrtion of prolin in plnt lvs wr dtrmind t th nd of growth priod. Extrction of P, K, N, C nd Mg: For xtrctions of P, K, N, C, Mg, lf plnt smpls wr ground by mill nd thn shd in furnc t 550ºC undr grdul incrs in tmprtur for 2 h (Cbllro t l., 2009. Thus smpls wr ddd 10 ml of 2 M HCl for digstion nd thn thy wr filtrd nd dilutd by distilld wtr. Th concntrtion of totl nitrogn ws dtrmind by Kjldhl mthod (Brmnr nd Mulvny, 1982. Phospht concntrtion ws dtrmind by colorimtriclly nd th concntrtion of K ws msurd by flm photomtry mthods (Gholmhosini t l., 2013. Clcium nd mgnsium dtrmind by th EDTA complxomtric titrtion mthod. Th concntrtion of prolin ws msurd by ninhydrin mthod ccording to Dong t l. (2005. Sttisticl nlyss: Sttisticl nlyss wr conductd with softwr pckg SAS 9.1 for Windows. Two-wy ANOVA ws usd to ssss th ffcts of mino cid nd slts strss on som proprtis of tomto. Comprison of bsolut vlus for ths prmtrs ws conductd with Duncn s multipl rng tst t p<0.05. 132
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fruit yild: Th rsults indictd tht fruit yild (kg pr plnt ffctd by slinity. Incrsing irrigtion wtr slinity lvls rsultd in signi cnt rduction in fruit yild. Howvr, th ppliction of mino cid hd no significnt ffct on fruit yild. Th highst fruit yild wr obtind t th without mino cid nd 2 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl (Fig. 1. Incrsing irrigtion wtr slinity lvls rsultd in signi cnt rduction in fruit yild of tomto. Ths rsults gr with thos obtind by Zdh nd Nini (2007 on cnol, Mgn t l. (2008 on tomto, El-Lthy t l. (2013 on wht, Dwood t l. (2014 on common bn nd Sdk t l. (2015 on fb bn plnt. Al-Busidi t l. (2009 rportd tht undr slin strss plnt prmtrs of diffrnt tomto cultivrs wr rducd comprd to th control. Th rduction of tomto yild undr slin conditions my b du to th hrmful impct of slt strss on plnt growth, th disturbnc in minrl uptk nd/or nhncmnt of plnt rspirtion. Although, in prsnt study mino cid hd no significnt ffct on fruit yild, ccording to Abdul Qdos (2010 study on mung bn plnts, th ppliction of mino cids hd th most ffct on dry wight of plnts. Also, Hmmd nd Ali (2014 rportd tht folir sprying of mino cids incrsd ll growth prmtrs of wht plnt comprd to untrtd plnts. Sdk t l. (2015 obsrvd tht th ppliction of mino cid s folir spry grtly improvd yild ithr in plnts irrigtd with tp wtr or irrigtd with diffrnt slinity wtr. Howvr, ccording to othr studis, incrs in plnt yild du to ppliction of mino cids my b du to providing rdily sourc of growing substncs which form constituts of protin in th living tissus (Sdk t l., 2015. Abdul Qdos (2010 rvld tht, sprying mung bn plnts with mino cid could llvit th hrmful ffct of wtr slinity on plnt hight nd plnt dry wight. Nssr t l. (2003 found tht th ppliction of polymin to plnt hv bn shown to promot cll division nd consquntly ld to promotion of gnrl growth. Also, mino cid cn hlp to stbiliz mmbrn nd wll proprtis (Vlikov t l., 2000 nd protct plnt ginst nvironmntl strss (Mo nd Pu, 2002. Totl nitrogn: Dt in Fig. 2 showd totl nitrogn of tomto lf ffctd by slinity irrigtion nd sprying plnts with mino cid. Totl nitrogn incrsd undr high slinity lvl (10 ds mg 1 s comprd to control. With th xcption of slinity lvl 2 nd 10 ds mg 1, ppliction of mino cid cusd incrs in totl nitrogn of plnt lf s comprd to control (Fig. 2. Th highst Yild (kg pr plnt 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 bc b b b d d Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 Fig. 1: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on fruit yild of tomto. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions 133
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 Totl nitogn (% 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 d fg fgh f h df i bc gh d d b bc Fig. 2: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on totl N in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions Phosphorus (% 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 b d d c d b c Fig. 3: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of P in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions nitrogn concntrtions wr obtind t th without mino cid nd 10 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl (Fig. 2. Howvr, Pssrkli (1991 sttd tht slinity cn rduc N ccumultion in plnts. Phosphorus (P concntrtion: With th xcption of slinity lvl 4 ds mg 1, P concntrtion in tomto lf ws significntly incrsd in plnt spryd with mino cid comprd with control plnts (Fig. 3. Howvr, positiv influncs of mino cids on concntrtion of plnt lmnts undr slt strss conditions wr rportd by Sdk t l. (2015. Sdk t l. (2015 rportd tht sprying plnts with mino cids undr slt strss conditions drmticlly incrsd th concntrtions of N, P, K, Mg nd C in th lf tissus of fb bn thn control. Abdul Qdos (2010 indictd tht, xognous ppliction of rginin (n mino cid undr slinity lvl cusd incrs in ll prmtrs of yild componnts s comprd to th corrsponding slinity lvl. Potssium (K concntrtion: Incrsing irrigtion wtr slinity lvls rsultd in signi cnt rduction of K concntrtion of tomto lf nd ths rductions rchd th highst vlus t 10 ds mg 1 slinity lvls comprd with control plnts. Exognous ppliction of mino cids undr 4, 6, 8 nd 10 ds mg 1 slinity lvls cusd incrss in K concntrtion (Fig. 4. Morovr, 134
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 Potssium (% 6 5 4 3 2 1 b df h bc fg Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 df gh fgfg 0 Fig. 4: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of K in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions Clcium (% 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 Fig. 5: Th ffcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of C in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions Tffouo t l. (2009 rportd tht, th significnt dcrs of cowp yild obsrvd undr slt strss would b prtly rltd to significnt rduction of folir chlorophyll contnts nd K concntrtion undr slt strss. Th inhibition ffcts of wtr slinity on yild of tomto plnts my b du to slinity which prvnts th growth through rducd wtr bsorption, rduction of mtbolic ctivitis du to toxicity of N nd Cl nd nutrint dficincy cusd by ionic intrfrnc (Ghoulm t l., 2002; D Lcrd t l., 2003. Clcium (C nd Mg concntrtion: Th rsults in Fig. 5 showd tht slinity nd mino cid hd no significnt ffct on concntrtion of clcium in lf tomto. Rsults showd tht incrsing wtr slinity lvls rsultd in significnt rduction in to Mg concntrtion of tomto lf. Th concntrtion of Mg in 2 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl ws significntly highr thn tht othr slinity lvls (Fig. 6. In prsnt study th ffct of mino cid on concntrtion of plnt lmnts ws not dtctd. Although, th concntrtion of K nd Mg ws significntly dcrsd by slinity, th concntrtion of N ws continuously incrsd with incrsing slinity lvls. Howvr, rsults showd tht slinity nd mino cid hd no significnt ffct on concntrtion of clcium in lf. Asik t l. (2009 concludd tht slinity hs n ntgonistic impct on th uptk of C nd Mg 135
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 Mgnsium (% 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 b b b c c c Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 c c c c c c 0.1 0.0 Slinity (dsm G 1 Fig. 6: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of Mg in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions Sodium (% 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 f f f df df d f b b bc bc bc Slinity (dsm G 1 Fig. 7: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of N in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions which ws cusd by displcing C in mmbrn of plnt root clls. Also, Sdk t l. (2015 illustrtd tht th rduction in C nd Mg uptk undr slt strss conditions my b du to th supprssiv impct of N nd K on C nd Mg or du to th rducd trnsport of C nd Mg ctions. Sodium concntrtion: As shown in Fig. 7, irrigtion of tomto plnt with slin wtr incrsd N concntrtion comprd with thos irrigtd with tp wtr (2 ds mg 1 of slinity. According to rsults of Sdk t l. (2015, lthough, N concntrtion ws highr in plnts grown undr diffrnt slinity lvls, but th ppliction of mino cid signi cnt rducd N concntrtion in fb bn lvs. Prolin concntrtion: Th rsults in Fig. 8 indictd tht prolin concntrtion of tomto lf incrsd grdully with incrsing slinity lvls s comprd with tp wtr (2 ds mg 1 of slinity. Appliction of mino cid mixtur s folir spry with 4 g LG 1 concntrtion signi cnt dcrsd prolin concntrtion in 10 ds mg 1 slinity lvl. Th highst prolin concntrtion ws obtind t 2 g LG 1 mino cid nd 10 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl (Fig. 8. Th rsults indictd tht th concntrtion prolin in tomto lf ws significntly incrsd with high slinity lvls (8 nd 10 ds mg 1. Abdul Qdos (2010 rportd tht th concntrtion of prolin in mung bn 136
J. Environ. Sci. Tchnol., 9 (1: 131-139, 2016 Prolin (mg kg G 1 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Amino cid 4 (g LG 1 d d bc b b b Fig. 8: Effcts of folir ppliction of mino cid nd slinity of irrigtion wtr on concntrtion of prolin in tomto lf. Mn vlus followd by diffrnt lttrs indict significnc diffrnc mong trtmnts t p<0.05 by Duncn tst. Brs indict stndrd dvitions sds incrsd with incrsing slinity lvls s comprd with thos plnts grown on non-slin wtr. Th rsult of prolin in tomto lf is in good grmnt with thos obtind by Mohmdin t l. (2006 on sunflowr. Although in this study mino cid hd no significnt ffct on concntrtion prolin, Abd El-Smd t l. (2010 showd tht mino cids trtmnt significntly dcrsd prolin ccumultion in th shoots nd roots of plnts. CONCLUSION In th prsnt study, th prformnc nd suitbility of mino cid undr wtr slinity for th soillss cultur of tomto plnts wr studid in grnhous. Rsults showd tht fruit yild dcrsd du to slt strss s comprd to th non-strssd plnts. Th rsults lso indictd tht th concntrtion of K nd Mg in plnt lvs ws significntly dcrsd by slinity. Howvr, th concntrtion of prolin nd N in plnt lvs ws rmrkbly incrsd with incrsing slinity lvls. Th highst prolin concntrtion ws obtind t th 2 g LG 1 mino cid nd 10 ds mg 1 of slinity lvl. Nonthlss, th ffct of mino cid on fruit yild ws not sttistic significnt. REFERENCES Abd El-Smd, H.M., M.A.K. Shddd nd N. Brkt, 2010. Th rol of mino cids in improvmnt in slt tolrnc of crop plnts. J. Strss Physiol. Biochm., 6: 25-37. Abdul Qdos, A.M.S., 2010. Effct of rginin on growth, nutrint composition, yild nd nutritionl vlu of mung bn plnts grown undr slinity strss. Nt. Sci., 8: 30-42. Abo Sdr, F.A., A.L. Amny, A.A. Abd El-Ltif, A. Bdr nd S.M. Rzk, 2010. Effct of NPK minrl frtilizr lvls nd folir ppliction with humic nd mino cids on yild nd qulity of strwbrry. Egypt. J. Applid Sci., 25: 154-169. Akldious, S.A. nd S.M. Abbs, 2013. Allvition of swtr strss on tomto by folir ppliction of sprtic cid nd glutthion. J. Strss Physiol. Biochm., 9: 282-298. Al-Busidi, A., S. Al-Rwhy nd M. Ahmd 2009. Rspons of diffrnt tomto cultivrs to dilutd swtr slinity. Asin J. Crop Sci., 1: 77-86. Asik, B.B., M.A. Turn, H. Clik nd A.V. Ktkt, 2009. Effcts of humic substncs on plnt growth nd minrl nutrints uptk of wht (Triticum durum cv. Slihli undr conditions of slinity. Asin J. Crop Sci., 1: 87-95. Bumnn, E., 1884. Ubr cystin und cystin. Zitschrift fur Physiologisch Chmi, 8: 299-305. 137
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