Fundarnentals of n I 5th Edition Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Sharnkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Boston San Francisco NewYork London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris CapeTown Hang Kong Montreal
>duction and Conceptual Modeling M iter 1 Databases and Database Users 3 I lntroduction 4! An Example 6 3 Characteristics of the Database Approach 9 Actors on the Scene 14 Workers behind the Scene 16 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach 17 A Brief History of Database Applications 23 When Not to Use a DBMS 26 Summary 27 iview Questions 27 ercises 28!lected Bibliography 28 iter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture 29 I Data Models, Schemas, and lnstances 30! Three-Schema Architecture and Data lndependence
stabase Languages and Interfaces 36 \e Database System Environment 40 entralized and ClienWServer Architectures for DBMSs 44 lassification of Database Management Systems 49 Jmrnary 52 Review Questions 54 Exercises 54 Selected Bibliography 55 chapter 3 Data Modeling Ucing the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model 57 3.1 Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design 59 3.2 An Example Database Application 60 3.3 Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys 61 3.4 Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints 70 3.5 Weak Entity Types 76 3.6 Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database 78 3.7 ER Diagrams, Narning Conventions, and Design lssues 79 3.8 Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams 84 3.9 Relationship Types of Degree Higher Than Two 86 3.10 Summary 90 Review Questions 91 Exercises 92 Laboratory Exercises 99 Selected Bibliography 101 chapter 4 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model 101 4.1 Subclasses, Superclasses, and lnheritance 101 4.2 Specialization and Generalization 104 4.3 Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies 107 4.4 Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories 114 4.5 An Example UNlVERSlTY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions 117
..-. Contents a. kv~ 4.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams 121 4.7 Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts 123 4.8 Summary 129 Review Questions 129 Exercises 130 Laboratory Exercises 137 Selected Bibliography 138 npart 2 Relational Model: Concepts, Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming H chapter 5 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints 141 5.1 Relational Model Concepts 141 5.2 Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas 149 5.3 Update Operations, Tranactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations 157 5.4 Summary 161 Review Questions 162 Exercises 162 Selected Bibliography 166 chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 167 6.1 Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT 169 6.2 Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory 174 6.3 Binary Relational Operations: JOlN and DIVISION 177 6.4 Additional Relational Operations 186 6.5 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra 193 6.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus 195
.,.<,.I/ i Contents 6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus 204 6.8 Summary 206 Review Questions 207 Exercises 208 Laboratory Exercises 213 Selected Bibliography 215 chapter 7 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping 217 7.1 Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping 21 8 7.2 Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations 226 7.3 Summary 230 Review Questions 230 Exercises 231 Laboratory Exercises 232 Selected Bibliography 233 chapter 8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Constraints, Queries, and Views 233 8.1 SQL Data Definition and Data Types 235 8.2 Specifying Constraints in SQL 240 8.3 Schema Change Statements in SQL 243 8.4 Basic Queries in SOL 245 8.5 More Complex SQL Queries 255 8.6 INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL 271 8.7 Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Triggers 274 8.8 Views (Virtual Tables) in SOL 275 8.9 Additional Features of SQL 279 8.10 Sumrnaly 280 Review Questions 280 Exercises 282 Laboratory Exercises 285 Selected Bibliography 289
Contents -.8, %I> chapter 9 lntroduction to SQL Prograrnrning Techniques 289 9.1 Database Programming: lssues and Techniques 290 9.2 Embedded SQL, Dynarnic SQL, and SQLJ 293 9.3 Database Programming with Function Calls: SQLlCLl and JDBC 305 9.4 Database Stored Procedures and SQLIPSM 315 9.5 Summary 318 Review Questions 318 Exercises 319 Laboratory Exercises 319 Selected Bibliography 321 n part 3 Database Design Theory and Methodology H chapter 10 Functional Dependencies and Norrnalization for Relational Databases 325 10.1 Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas 327 10.2 Functional Dependencies 337 10.3 Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys 345 10.4 General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms 355 10.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form 358 10.6 Summary 360 Review Questions 361 Exercises 362 Laboratory Exercises 367 Selected Bibliography 367 chapter 1 1 Relational Database Design Algorithrns and Further Dependencies 369 11.1 Properties of Relational Decompositions 370 1 1.2 Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design 376
Contents 11.3 Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form 386 11.4 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form 392 11.5 lnclusion Dependencies 393 11.6 Other Dependencies and Normal Forms 394 1 1.7 Summary 397 Review Questions 397 Exercises 398 Laboratory Exercises 400 Selected Bibliography 401 chapter 12 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams 403 12.1 The Role of Information Systems in Organizations 404 12.2 The Database Design and lmplementation Process 409 12.3 Use of UML Diagrams As an Aid to Database Design Specification 428 12.4 Rational Rose, a UML-Based Design Tool 437 12.5 Automated Database Design Tools 443 12.6 Summary 446 Review Questions 447 Selected Bibliography 449 Ipart 4 Data Storage, Indexing, Query Processing, and Physical Design I chapter 13 Disk Storage, Basic File Strudures, and Hashing 453 13.1 lntroduction 454 13.2 Secondary Storage Devices 457 13.3 Buffering of Blocks 463 13.4 Placing File Records on Disk 465
11'11 Contents ;: xx. 13.5 Operations on Files 469 13.6 Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) 472 13.7 Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) 473 13.8 Hashing Techniques 476 13.9 Other Primary File Organizations 486 13.10 Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology 487 13.11 New Storage Systems 490 13.12 Summary 493 Review Questions 494 Exercises 495 Selected Bibliography 498 chapter 14 lndexing Structures for Files 499 14.1 Types of Single-Level Ordered lndexes 500 14.2 Multilevel lndexes 510 14.3 Dynamic Multilevel lndexes Using B-Trees and B*-Trees 513 14.4 lndexes on Multiple Keys 526 14.5 Other Types of lndexes 530 14.6 Summary 531 Review Questions 532 Exercises 533 Selected Bibliography 535 chapter 15 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization 537 15.1 Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra 539 15.2 Algorithms for External Sorting 540 15.3 Algorithms for SELECT and JOlN Operations 542 15.4 Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations 553 15.5 lmplementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOlNS 554 15.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining 556 15.7 Using Heuristics in Query Optimization 556 15.8 Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization 566 15.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 576
15.10 Semantic Query Optimization 577 15.11 Summary 577 Review Questions 578 Exercises 578 Selected Bibliography 579 chapter 16 Physical Database Design and Tuning 581 16.1 Physical Database Design in Relational Databases 581 16.2 An Ovewiew of Database Tuning in Relational Systems 586 16.3 Summary 592 Review Questions 592 Selected Bibliography 592 m part 5 Transaction Processing Concepts 1111 chapter 17 lntroduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory 595 17.1 lntroduction to Transaction Processing 596 17.2 Transaction and System Concepts 602 17.3 Desirable Properties of Transactions 605 17.4 Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability 607 17.5 Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability 61 0 17.6 Transaction Support in SQL 620 17.7 Summary 622 Review Questions 623 Exercises 624 chapter 18 Concurrency Controi Techniques 627 18.1 Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control 628 18.2 Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering 638 18.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques 641 18.4 Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques 643
Contents kk 18.5 Granularity of Data ltems and Multiple Granularity Locking 645 18.6 Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes 649 18.7 Other Concurrency Control Issues 650 18.8 Summary 651 Review Ouestions 652 Exercises 653 Selected Bibliography 654 chapter 19 Database Recovery Techniques 655 19.1 Recovery Concepts 656 19.2 Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update 662 19.3 Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update 667 19.4 Shadow Paging 668 19.5 The ARlES Recovery Algorithm 670 19.6 Recovery in Multidatabase Systems 673 19.7 Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures 675 19.8 Summary 675 Review Ouestions 676 Exercises 677 Selected Bibliography 680 Object and Object-Relational Databases M chapter 20 Concepts for Object Databases 683 20.1 Ovewiew of Object-Oriented Concepts 685 20.2 Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors 687 20.3 Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence 693 20.4 Type and Class Hierarchies and lnheritance 698 20.5 Complex Objects 702 20.6 Other Objected-Oriented Concepts 704 20.7 Summary 707 Review Ouestions 708 Exercises 708
,!""i;;:' Contents chapter 21 Object Database Standards, Languages, and Design 711 21.1 Overview of the Object Model of ODMG 712 21.2 The Object Definition Language ODL 725 21.3 The Object Query Language OQL 730 21.4 Overview of the C++ Language Binding 739 21.5 Object Database Conceptual Design 741 21.6 Summary 744 Review Questions 745 Exercises 745 Selected Bibliography 746 chapter 22 Object-Relational and Extended-Relational Systems 747 22.1 Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features 748 22.2 Evolution of Data Models and Current Trends of Database Technology 755 22.3 The lnformix Universal Server 757 22.4 Object-Relational Features of Oracle 8 768 22.5 lmplementation and Related Issues for Extended Type Systems 770 22.6 The Nested Relational Model 772 22.7 Summary 774 Selected Bibliography 775 Ipart 7 Further Topics: Security, Advanced Modeling, and Distribution lfhfr chapter 23 Database Security 779 23.1 lntroduction to Database Security lssues 779 23.2 Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges 784 23.3 Mandatory AGC~SS Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security 788
Contents *I'$ : Wc' 23.4 lntroduction to Statistical Database Security 794 23.5 lntroduction to Flow Control 796 23.6 Encryption and Public Key lnfrastructures 798 23.7 Privacy lssues and Preservation 800 23.8 Challenges of Database Security 801 23.9 Summary 802 Review Questions 803 Exercises 804 chapter 24 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications 807 24.1 Active Database Concepts and Triggers 809 24.2 Temporal Database Concepts 819 24.3 Spatial and Multimedia Databases 833 24.4 lntroduction to Deductive Databases 836 24.5 Summary 850 Review Questions 851 Exercises 852 Selected Bibliography 855 chapter 25 Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures 857 25.1 Distributed Database Concepts 858 25.2 Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design 864 25.3 Types of Distributed Database Systems 871 25.4 Query Processing in Distributed Databases 874 25.5 Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases 879 25.6 An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture 883 25.7 Distributed Databases in Oracle 885 25.8 Summary 888 Review Questions 888 Exercises 889 Selected Bibliography 891
Emerging Technologies H chapter 26 Web Database Programming Using PHP 897 26.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data 898 26.2 A Simple PHP Example 903 26.3 Overview of Basic Features of PHP 905 26.4 Overview of PHP Database Programming 912 26.5 Summary 916 Review Questions 917 Exercises 917 Laboratory Exercises 918 Selected Bibliography 919 chapter 27 XML: Extensible Markup Language 921 27.1 XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model 922 27.2 XML Docurnents, DTD, and XML Schema 923 27.3 XML Documents and Databases 932 27.4 XML Querying 939 27.5 Summary 941 Review Questions 942 Exercises 942 Selected Bibliography 943 chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts 945 28.1 Overview of Data Mining Technology 946 28.2 Association Rules 949 28.3 Classification 961 28.4 Clustering 964 28.5 Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems 967
-V." Conents :M 28.6 Applications of Data Mining 970 28.7 Commercial Data Mining Tools 970 28.8 Summaly 973 Review Questions 973 Exercises 974 Selected Bibliography 975 chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP 977 29.1 Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology 977 29.2 Characteristics of Data Warehouses 979 29.3 Data Modeling for Data Warehouses 980 29.4 Building a Data Warehouse 985 29.5 Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse 988 29.6 Data Warehouse versus Views 989 29.7 Problems and Open lssues in Data Warehouses 990 29.8 Summary 992 Review Questions 992 Selected Bibliography 992 chapter 30 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications 993 30.1 Mobile Databases 994 30.2 Multimedia Databases 1001 30.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1008 30.4 Genome Data Management 1022 Selected Bibliography 1031 Credits 1034 appendix A Alternative Diagramrnatic Notations for ER Models 1035 appendix B Parameters of Disks 1039
Contents appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1043 C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1043 C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1048 appendix D Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.aw.cornlelmasri) appendix E Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at http://www.aw.com/elrnasri) Selected Bibliography 1051 Index 1081