Jerry K. Ainsworth Shawnee Community College Kristine A. Kriegel Technology Trainer and Independent Consultant
BRIEF CONTENTS DETAILED CONTENTS iv INTRODUCTION XI GUIDE TO EXAMINATION OBJECTIVES xv PART 1: MEDIA AND TOPOLOGIES 1 1 Logical and Physical Network Topologies 3 2 The OSI Model 33 3 IEEE Specifications and Their Characteristics 59 4 Network Media, Connectors, and Their Characteristics 85 5 Networking Components 121 Project Lab, Part 1 163 PART 2: PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 171 6 Networking Protocols 173 7 TCP/IP 207 8 Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing 239 9 Network Services 271 10 Public versus Private Networks 305 11 WAN Technologies 331 12 Remote Access Protocols, Services, and Troubleshooting 361 13 Security Protocols 395 Project Lab, Part 2 423 PART 3: NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION 433 14 Network Operating Systems 435 15 Network Integrity 481 16 Client Workstation Basics 517 Project Lab, Part 3 577 PART 4: NETWORK SUPPORT AND TROUBLESHOOTING 583 17 Using a Structured Troubleshooting Strategy 585 18 Network Troubleshooting Tools 615 19 Troubleshooting Network Problems Using TCP/IP Utilities 637 20 Troubleshooting Small Office/Home Office Network Failures v667 Project Lab, Part 4 705 GLOSSARY 711 INDEX 729 Photo Acknowledgments pp. 94, 100, 122, 125, 140, 142, 143, 144, 489, 491, 519, 626: Courtesy of Faithe Wempen pp. 126, 134, 139: Courtesy of Enterasys Networks pp. 130, 146: Courtesy of Linksys p. 141: Courtesy of ZyXEL p. 145: Courtesy of Intel p. 618: Image: www.freeimages.co.uk p. 619, top: Copyright 2002 Eclipse Enterprises, Inc. p. 619, bottom: Courtesy of Verkkokauppa p. 622: Copyright 2001 Wilcom, Inc. p. 623: Royalty-Free/CORBIS p. 624: Courtesy of Test-Um, Inc. Brief Contents iii
DETAILED CONTENTS BRIEF CONTENTS iii xi INTRODUCTION GUIDE TO EXAMINATION OBJECTIVES xv PART 1: MEDIA AND TOPOLOGIES 1 Test Objectives in Part 1 2 1 Logical and Physical Network Topologies 3 Understanding Computer Networking 4 Understanding Network Structure 5 Local Area Network (LAN) 5 Wide Area Network (WAN) 12 Topologies 13 Star 14 Bus 17 Mesh 18 Ring 20 Wireless 21 Troubleshooting Problems with Shared Resources 23 Study Guide 24 Practice Test 26 Troubleshooting 30 Customer Service 31 For More Information 31 2 The OSI Model 33 The OSI Model 33 The Seven Layers 36 The Physical Layer 38 Physical Topology 38 Connection Types 39 Signal Types 40 Baseband versus Broadband 41 Bit Synchronization 42 The Data Link Layer 43 The LLC Sublayer 45 The MAC Sublayer 45 The Network Layer 46 Logical Addressing and Network Layer Protocols 46 Routing 47 The Transport Layer 47 The Session Layer 48 The Presentation Layer 49 The Application Layer 50 Putting It All Together 51 Study Guide 52 Practice Test 56 Troubleshooting 58 For More Information 58 3 IEEE Specifications and Their Characteristics 59 Understanding Project 802 Standards 60 The Data Link Layer 62 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC) 63 802.3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 65 802.5: Token Ring 68 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) LANs and MANs 72 802.11: Wireless LANs 74 Infrastructure Mode 75 Ad Hoc Mode 76 Study Guide 77 Practice Test 79 Troubleshooting 83 Customer Service 83 For More Information 84 4 Network Media, Connectors, and Their Characteristics 85 Understanding Ethernet Standards 86 Understanding Baseband and Broadband Communications 87 Baseband 87 Broadband 87 Understanding Duplexing 88 Half Duplexing 88 Full Duplexing 88 Twisted Pair Cable 88 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) 91 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP) 92 RJ-45 Connectors 94 10Base-T 95 100Base-T 96 100Base-T4 97 iv
100Base-TX 97 Coaxial Cable 98 BNC Connector 99 AUI/DIX Connector 100 10Base-2 and Thin Coaxial Cable 101 10Base-5 and Thick Coaxial Cable 103 Fiber-Optic Cabling 104 Connectors 106 100Base-FX 107 Gigabit Ethernet 107 Troubleshooting Network Cabling Problems 108 Twisted Pair Cable 108 Coaxial Cable 109 Fiber-Optic Cable 109 Study Guide 110 Practice Test 114 Troubleshooting 118 Customer Service 119 For More Information 120 5 Networking Components 121 Hubs 122 Passive Hubs 124 Active Hubs 125 Managed or Intelligent Hubs 125 Switches 126 Layer 3 Switches 127 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) 127 Bridges 130 Transparent 131 Source-Route 132 Translational 132 Source-Route Transparent 133 Routers 133 Distance Vector Algorithm 136 Link State Algorithm 137 Gateways 138 Channel Service Unit (CSU) and Data Service Unit (DSU) 138 Network Interface Cards 139 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Adapters 141 Wireless Access Points (AP) 142 Modems 143 Traditional 144 Digital Subscriber Line 145 Cable 145 Troubleshooting Network Devices 146 Troubleshooting Hubs and Switches 147 Troubleshooting Bridges and Routers 147 Troubleshooting Gateways 147 Troubleshooting NICs and Other Adapters 148 Troubleshooting Wireless Access Points 148 Study Guide 148 Practice Test 157 Troubleshooting 161 Customer Service 161 For More Information 162 Project Lab, Part 1 163 PART 2: PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 171 Test Objectives in Part 2 172 6 Networking Protocols 173 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 175 History 176 Logical Addressing 178 IP as a Transport Vehicle 179 IP Packet Structure 180 Routing of IP Packets 182 Naming Conventions 184 Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) 185 Logical Addressing 186 IPX/SPX Packet Structure 188 IPX Encapsulation 189 IPX Routing 190 IPX Naming Conventions 191 AppleTalk 192 Logical Addressing 194 Routing and AppleTalk 194 Naming Conventions 194 NetBIOS and NetBEUI 194 NetBIOS Addressing and Naming Conventions 196 Interoperability 196 Study Guide 198 Practice Test 201 Detailed Contents v
vi Troubleshooting 204 Customer Service 204 For More Information 205 7 TCP/IP 207 OSI Model Review 208 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 210 Internet Protocol (IP) 210 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 211 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 212 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 216 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 216 Post Office Protocol v.3 (POP3) 217 Internet Message Access Protocol v.4 (IMAP4) 218 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 218 Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer (HTTPS) 219 Telnet 220 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 222 Address Resolution Protocol/Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP/RARP) 223 Network Time Protocol (NTP) 226 TCP/UDP Ports 227 Study Guide 229 Practice Test 234 Troubleshooting 238 Customer Service 238 For More Information 238 8 Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing 239 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) 240 IPv4 Address Structure 240 AP Address Classes 245 Assigning IP Addresses 249 IP Address Subnet Masks 250 IP Address Subnetting 251 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 258 IPv6 Address Structure 258 Troubleshooting TCP/IP 261 Study Guide 261 Practice Test 265 Troubleshooting 269 Customer Service 270 For More Information 270 9 Network Services 271 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol/Bootstrap Protocol (DHCP/BOOTP) 271 Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) 272 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 273 Domain Name system (DNS) 279 The Domain Name Space 280 DNS Record Types 284 DNS Server Roles 284 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) 285 Network Address Translation/Internet Connection Sharing (NAT/ICS) 289 Network Address Translation (NAT) 290 Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) 292 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 292 Troubleshooting Network Services 293 DHCP Troubleshooting 293 DNS Troubleshooting 294 WINS Troubleshooting 294 NAT Troubleshooting 294 Study Guide 295 Practice Test 300 Troubleshooting 304 Customer Service 304 For More Information 304 10 Public versus Private Networks 305 Boundaries between Public and Private Networks 306 Assessing Risk 307 The Firewall 309 What the Firewall Can Do 311 What the Firewall Cannot Do 312 Types of Firewalls 313 Network Layer Firewalls 313 Application Layer Firewalls 314 The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) 316 The Extranet 317 Troubleshooting Firewalls 318 Types of Network Attacks 318 Denial of Service 318
IP Spoofing 319 SYN Flood 319 Implementations of Network Security 319 Study Guide 321 Practice Test 326 Troubleshooting 329 Customer Service 330 For More Information 330 11 WAN Technologies 331 Wide Area Network (WAN) Technologies 332 Switching Technologies 333 Circuit Switching 333 Virtual Circuits 334 Packet Switching 335 Which Switching Method Is Better? 336 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 337 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 338 Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONet/SDH) and Optical Carrier x (OC-x) 340 Synchronous Optical Network (SONet) 340 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 341 The Optical Carrier (OC) 341 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 342 Layered Technology of ATM 343 Virtual Channel Connections (VCCs) and Virtual Path Connections (VPCs) 344 Frame Relay 344 The T-Carrier Connections 346 Study Guide 348 Practice Test 355 Troubleshooting 358 Customer Service 358 For More Information 359 12 Remote Access Protocols, Services, and Troubleshooting 361 Understanding Remote Access 362 Remote Access Server (RAS) 362 RAS Installation 363 Basic RAS Installation 368 RAS Configuration 368 Remote Access Client 375 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 379 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 379 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 380 Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) Protocol 380 Troubleshooting RAS Problems 381 Troubleshooting Authentication Failure 381 Troubleshooting Protocol Configuration 382 Troubleshooting Physical Connectivity 382 Study Guide 384 Practice Test 389 Troubleshooting 393 Customer Service 393 For More Information 393 13 Security Protocols 395 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 396 How IPSec Works 396 IPSec Modes of Operation 399 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 401 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 403 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) 404 Deploying L2TP and IPSec on the Network 405 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 405 SSL Subprotocols 407 The SSL Handshake Protocol 407 The SSL Record Protocol 408 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 409 Kerberos 410 Troubleshooting Security Protocols 411 Troubleshooting IPSec 411 Troubleshooting VPNs 412 Troubleshooting L2TP 412 Troubleshooting SSL 412 Study Guide 413 Practice Test 417 Detailed Contents vii
Troubleshooting 421 Customer Service 421 For More Information 421 Project Lab, Part 2 423 PART 3: NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION 433 Test Objectives in Part 3 434 14 Network Operating Systems 435 UNIX/Linux 435 Security 439 Samba 441 NetWare 442 NetWare 3.12/3.2 442 Novell Directory Services (NDS) 444 Security 449 Troubleshooting NetWare Servers 452 Windows 453 NT 4.0 454 Windows 2000/Active Directory Services 456 Security 460 Troubleshooting Windows Network Operating Systems 465 Macintosh 466 Study Guide 468 Practice Test 475 Troubleshooting 479 Customer Service 479 For More Information 480 15 Network Integrity 481 Network Integrity 481 Documentation 482 Disaster Planning and Recovery 484 The Disaster Recovery Plan 485 Mirrored Servers (Failover Clustering) 487 Clustered Servers 487 Power Protection 488 Surge Protectors 489 Online Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 489 Standby UPS 491 Fault Tolerance 491 Disk Fault Tolerance 492 Component Fault Tolerance 498 Troubleshooting RAID Arrays 498 Backups 498 Full Backups 499 Incremental Backups 500 Differential Backups 501 Other Considerations for Backup Strategies 502 Troubleshooting Backups 503 Network Attached Storage 503 Study Guide 504 Practice Test 512 Troubleshooting 516 Customer Service 516 For More Information 516 16 Client Workstation Basics 517 Understanding Network Client Computers 518 Adapters 518 Selecting and Installing Network Interface Cards (NICs) 518 Troubleshooting NIC Installation 520 Network Software and Properties 522 Client Software 524 Microsoft Client for Microsoft Networks 525 Client for Novell Networks 531 Macintosh Clients 533 UNIX Clients 533 Troubleshooting Client Software Installation 533 Protocols 534 Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) 535 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 538 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 541 Domain Name System (DNS) 544 Host Table Files 548 Understanding Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) Names 550 Services 554 Understanding Security 556 Local Security 556 viii
Network Security 560 Troubleshooting Security 561 Study Guide 562 Practice Test 572 Troubleshooting 575 Customer Service 576 For More Information v576 Project Lab, Part 3 577 PART 4: NETWORK SUPPORT AND TROUBLESHOOTING 583 Test Objectives in Part 4 584 17 Using a Structured Troubleshooting Strategy 585 Understanding Troubleshooting 586 Establish the Symptoms 586 Open-Ended Questions 587 Closed-Ended Questions 587 The Basic Questions 587 Is There a Problem? 588 Identify the Affected Area 589 Establish What Has Changed 589 Could You Do This Before? 590 Recreate the Problem 591 Select the Most Probable Cause 591 What Can You Eliminate? 592 Troubleshooting Tools 592 Formulate a Solution 597 Implement a Solution 598 One Step at a Time 598 Consider the User 599 Test the Result 599 Recognize the Potential Effects of the Solution 600 Document the Solution 601 Knowledge Base 601 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 602 Study Guide 603 Practice Test 609 Troubleshooting 612 Customer Service 612 For More Information 613 18 Network Troubleshooting Tools 615 General Tools 615 Specialty Tools 617 Wire Crimper 617 Media Tester 619 Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) 621 Optical Tester 622 Punch-Down Tool 623 Tone Generator 624 Loopback Plug v625 Visual Indicators 625 Link Lights 626 Troubleshooting a Link Problem 626 Collision Lights 627 Study Guide 628 Practice Test 632 Troubleshooting 634 Customer Service 634 For More Information 635 19 Troubleshooting Network Problems Using TCP/IP Utilities 637 Traceroute (Tracert) 638 Using Tracert for Troubleshooting 639 Tracert Option Switches 639 PING 640 Using PING for Troubleshooting 640 PING Option Switches 641 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)/Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 642 Using ARP for Troubleshooting 644 ARP Option Switches 644 Netstat 645 Using Netstat for Troubleshooting 646 Netstat Option Switches 647 Nbstat 647 Using Nbstat for Troubleshooting 648 Nbstat Option Switches 648 IP Configuration (IPCONFIG) 649 Using IPCONFIG for Troubleshooting 651 IPCONFIG Option Switches 651 WINIPCFG 652 IFCONFIG 653 Nslookup 653 Nslookup Modes of Operation 654 Nslookup Option Switches 655 Detailed Contents ix
Study Guide 657 Practice Test 661 Troubleshooting 665 Customer Service 665 For More Information 665 20 Troubleshooting Small Office/Home Office Network Failures 667 Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) Environments 667 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 669 Asymmetric DSL 670 Symmetric DSL 671 Connecting to DSL 672 Troubleshooting an Established DSL Connection 672 Troubleshooting a New DSL Connection 675 Cable 675 Troubleshooting an Established Cable Connection 677 Troubleshooting a New Cable Connection 679 Home Satellite 679 Troubleshooting a Satellite Connection 681 Wireless 682 Troubleshooting a Wireless Connection 683 Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) 684 Troubleshooting POTS 684 Troubleshooting Modems Connected to POTS 684 Study Guide 690 Practice Test 698 Troubleshooting 702 Customer Service 702 For More Information 703 Project Lab, Part 4 705 GLOSSARY 711 INDEX 729 x