Module Introduction Purpose This training module provides an overview of Freescale s scalable solutions for low data rate 2.4 GHz connectivity. Objectives Understand Freescale s approach to ZigBee architecture and scalable solutions. Describe Freescale s 2.4 GHz transceiver offering. Understand Freescale s new HCS08 line of 8-bit MCUs. Define Freescale s proprietary 2.4 GHz low data rate solution. Define Freescale s IEEE 802.15.4 standard-based solution. Define Freescale s ZigBee solution. Content 15 pages 3 questions Learning Time 22 minutes This module, Freescale s ZigBee Product Offering, will introduce you to Freescale s scalable 2.4 GHz low data rate connectivity solutions. In this module, we will discuss Freescale s approach to the ZigBee architecture and related solutions. We will describe Freescale s 2.4 GHz transceiver offering. We will discuss Freescale's new HCS08 family of 8-bit MCUs. Finally, we will examine Freescale s three-tiered 2.4 GHz low data rate connectivity solutions beginning with proprietary networking and ending with ZigBee.
ZigBee Stack Architecture Application Layer (APL) Application Application Object 31 Object 1 ZigBee Device Object IEEE 802.15.4 defined ZigBee TM Alliance defined Security Service Provider Application Support Layer (APS) Network (NWK) Layer End manufacturer defined Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer Physical (PHY) Layer 2.4 GHz radio or 868-928 MHz radio Let s review the ZigBee architecture with this simplified block diagram. The Physical (PHY) layer and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer are based on the IEEE 802.15.4 PAN standard. This includes the actual radio hardware. Above the MAC and PHY are the Network (NWK) and application layers defined by ZigBee. The software and hardware vendor will provide the software stack with appropriate tools to allow an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to create applications, which are added to the APL.
Freescale s Approach SSP F8W Z-Stack Application Layer (APL) Application Application Object 31 Object 1 APS Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack NWK Layer Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack 802.15.4 MAC Layer Freescale Software 802.15.4 PHY Layer Freescale MC13192 ZDO F8W Z-Stack SPI Interface Freescale/F8W Tools Freescale HCS08 Processor The Freescale approach to ZigBee architecture is to split the hardware and software at the PHY layer. The MC13192 is a 2.4 GHz transceiver that contains most of the PHY functionality while the MAC, NWK and APL layers plus the applications themselves reside as software on an MCU. The interface from the MCU to the transceiver is the common 4-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). This architecture allows the most flexibility in choosing an MCU. For simple end devices, you can use a low memory 8-bit MCU. For a network bridge or gateway application, you can apply the power of a 32-bit processor. In the software stack, Freescale has written the MAC software, and it is optimized for the new line of HCS08 8-bit MCUs. Figure 8 Wireless, a Freescale partner, is providing the rest of the stack. Since simplicity of design is a ZigBee requirement, a toolset is available which has been co-authored by Figure 8 and Freescale to assist OEMs in creating applications.
Question Who defines each layer and the application tools? Label the diagram by dragging the letters on the left to their correct location on the right and click Done. Each letter may be used more than once. Application Layer (APL) A B C IEEE 802.15.4 defined End manufacturer defined ZigBee TM Alliance defined Security Service Provider C Application Object 31 C B Application Support Layer (APS) A B Application Object 1 Network (NWK) Layer Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer ZigBee Device Object C C A Physical (PHY) Layer 2.4 GHz radio or 868-928 MHz radio Done Reset Show Solution Here is a question to check your understanding of the ZigBee architecture. Correct. In the ZigBee architecture, the PHY layer and MAC layer are based on the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN standard. ZigBee defines the NWK and APS layers. The software and hardware vendor will provide the software stack with appropriate tools to allow an OEM to create applications, which are added to the APL.
ZigBee Family Solutions Scalable Family of Solutions MC13191 + GT16/32 Simplified MAC (<2.5KB) Source code Point-to-point Star Proprietary solutions Available June 2004 MC13192 + GT32/60 802.15.4 MAC (object code) Peer to peer Star Tree Proprietary solutions or standards compliant Available June 2004 MC13192z + GT60 802.15.4 MAC Z-stack networking layer ZigBee mesh networking ZigBee qualified Available Q4 2004 ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD) ZigBee Coordinator (FFD) ZigBee Router (FFD) Mesh Link Star Link This architecture allows Freescale to offer a scalable family of low-cost, low data rate solutions. On the low end, the MC13191 transceiver is mated with a low-cost 8-bit MCU such as the MC9S08GT16 or 32. The software stack can be simple because the networking is simple: point-to-point and star configurations. The MC13191 is a reduced feature version of the MC13192 designed specifically for low-cost point-tomulti-point applications. If you desire more sophisticated networking or upwards compatibility to ZigBee, the designer can move up to the MC13192 and use the Freescale 802.15.4 MAC/PHY. The MC13192 contains the feature set required by the MAC software. A larger processor, such as the MC9S08GT32 or GT60, is required because of the increased code size. Finally the Freescale Z-stack and tools can be licensed, signified by MC13192z and full ZigBee mesh networking implementation capability.
Analog Receiver Frequency Generator Analog Transmitter IRQ Arbiter Power Management MC13191/92 Digital Transceiver 2.4 GHz Transceivers Mouse over the diagram to learn more about the performance characteristics and design features of these transceivers. Buffer RAM GPIO SPI Timers Control Logic RAM Arbiter Voltage Regulators Performance Characteristics Output power -16 dbm to 3.6 dbm 2.0 to 3.4V operation -92 dbm sensitivity at 1% PER (IEEE Spec - 85 dbm) Extended temperature operating range (-40 to +85 C) Supports 16 channels at 5 MHz spacing Design Features Full Spread Spectrum Encode and Decode (Compliant to IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specification) Standard SPI interface Low power modes 3.0 ua Hibernate Current 40 ua Doze Current Seven GPIO lines Includes Internal Timer Comparators Packet and streaming modes Provides external clock to MCU 5 X 5 mm QFN-32 package RF CMOS Let s review the two RF transceivers of the Freescale Scalable 2.4 GHz platform. Two device options are available: the full-featured MC13192 and the reduced function, reduced cost MC13191. Both designs share a common architecture. The nominal output power of 1 mw, or 0 dbm, can be varied from around -16 dbm to 3.6 dbm. Both operate at voltages as low as 2V with no degradation in performance. Both support 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz band and have a full data modem which operates at a 250 kbps over the air rate. Both have SPI interface to the MCU of choice. Both have multiple low power standby modes for power savings. Both are housed in a 5 x 5 mm QFN-32 package. Roll your mouse pointer over the diagram to learn more about the performance characteristics and design features of these transceivers.
MC13191 and MC13192 Comparison Feature 250 kbps, 16 channel DSSS Packet Modem 2.0 to 3.4 V operation Low current Idle, Doze, and Hibernate modes SPI Interface Star and Point-to-Point Networking 802.15.4 and ZigBee Support Sensitivity for 1% PER Timer Comparators MC13191 No -91 dbm typ 2 MC13192-92 dbm typ 4 Here is a feature set comparison for the MC13191 and MC13192. Note that both have on-chip Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) packet modems, operate from 2 to 3.4V supplies and have multiple low current operating modes, and have SPI interface to allow solutions with a variety of MCUs. The MC13191 targets simple, low-cost applications where star or point-to-point networking are acceptable. While the MC13192 will also perform in proprietary star and point-to-point applications, it will also support the Freescale 802.15.4 MAC and Z-stack, allowing the power of ZigBee networking to be employed. In addition, the MC13192 has better sensitivity. Lastly, both devices have on-chip timer comparators, which can be used to trigger transceiver operations or be put to general use.
MC9S08GB Series Mouse over each circle to learn more about the MC9S08GB series. HCS08 CPU 32-60K Flash 2-4K RAM LVI COP IIC Internal Clock Generator BDM 8-ch 10-Bit ADC 2xSCI SPI 8-ch 16-bit Timer Up to 56 GPIO Supply Voltage/ Performance 3.0 V ±10%, -40 to 85 C Packages 64 LQFP Development Tools/ Documentation M68DEMO908GB60 M68EVB908GB60 Target Applications: Electronic power meters, Sensors, Wireless communications, Home appliances, Security systems, etc Core 20MHz HCS08 Core Memory 32-60k Flash Communications (2)SCI, SPI, IIC Features/ Benefits 8-ch, 16-bit, IC/OC, or PWM Computer Operating Properly (COP), Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Internal Clock Generator, Low Voltage Inhibit (LVI), Background Debug Mode (BDM) Up to 56 GPIO The Freescale 802.15.4 MAC and Z-stack are designed to take advantage of the new series of MCUs designed around the HCS08 core. This core operates at 3V with a bus speed of up to 20 MHz. This low voltage operation is a perfect fit for battery operated wireless applications using the MC13191 or MC13192. The GB series has the usual feature set expected in a high performance MCU. The many features and options enable a wide variety of applications. The GB60 is the basis for the family s development toolset. Roll your mouse pointer over each circle to learn more.
MC9S08GT Series Mouse over each circle to learn more about the MC9S08GT series. HCS08 CPU Flash 2K RAM LVI IIC LVI COP Internal Clock Generator BDM 8-ch 10-Bit ADC 2xSCI SPI 4-ch 16-bit Timer Up to 36 GPIO Supply voltage/ performance 3.0 V ±10%, -40 to 85 C Available packages 42 SDIP, 44 QFP Development tools/documentation M68DEMO908GB60 M68EVB908GB60 Target applications: Electronic power meters, sensors, wireless communications, home appliances, security systems, etc Core 20MHz HCS08 core Memory 16-60k Flash Communications (2)SCI, SPI, IIC Features/Benefits 4-ch, 16-bit, IC/ OC, or PWM Computer Operating Properly (COP), Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Internal Clock Generator, Low Voltage Inhibit (LVI), Background Debug Mode (BDM) Up to 36 GPIO The GT series has a somewhat reduced feature set and fits in smaller 44-pin packages. The series is based on the same HCS08 core. Flash options range from 16 to 60 KB in the same package. Roll your mouse pointer over each circle to learn more.
Question Complete the table by dragging the letters on the left to their correct locations on the right and click Done. Each letter can be used more than once. A B C D No -91 dbm typ 4 Feature 250 kbps, 16 channel DSSS Packet Modem 2.0 to 3.4 V operation Low current Idle, Doze, and Hibernate modes SPI Interface Star and Point to Point Networking MC13191 A MC13192 A E 2 802.15.4 and ZigBee Support B A F -92 dbm typ Sensitivity for 1% PER C F Timer Comparators E D Done Reset Show Solution Here is a question to check your understanding of the material presented so far. Can you compare and contrast the MC13191 and the MC13192? Correct. The MC13191 and MC13192 both have Low Current Idle, Doze, and Hibernate modes. However, the MC13191 does not support 802.15.4 or ZigBee, while the MC19132 does. The MC13191 has -91 dbm typ for sensitivity for 1% PER, and the MC13192 has -92 dbm typ for sensitivity for 1% PER. Finally, the MC13191 has two timer comparators while the MC13192 has four.
State/Mode Features Hibernate Doze Idle Receive Transmit Hibernate Stop Active MC1319X - SPI Slave Reference oscillator is off, SPI inactive. Will respond to Attention line only Reference oscillator running, Clock output option (higher current), SPI inactive. Timer or Attention line wake up Reference oscillator running and sourcing reference frequency outside of IC, SPI bus active Ref oscillator running, receiver on, SPI bus paused Ref oscillator running, transmitter on, SPI bus active MC9S08 - SPI Master External clock is off. MCU is inactive, unable to respond to external input but will latch interrupt edge External clock is on or 32 khz oscillator is operating; TBM is operating. Can respond to interrupts if desired Core is fully functional at nominal bus speed 3µA 40µA 500 µa 37mA 34mA 1µA 12µA 4.5mA The HCS08 family combined with the MC13191 or MC13192 can provide very long battery life in low data rate applications through the use of the many reduced current modes of operation. Doze is a unique, particularly useful feature of the MC13191 and 13192 that allows very fast wake up for extended battery life. The transceiver can wake up from Doze mode and transmit or receive in around 0.5 ms whereas transmit or receive from Off would take around 23 ms. Many options exist in combining MCU and transceiver low power modes. For example, the transceiver can issue a timer initiated interrupt from Doze mode to wake up the MCU, which is in Hibernate.
ZigBee Family Solutions Click each button to view the three solutions. Simple Network IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Embedded ZigBee Simple Wireless Connectivity Application Proprietary SMAC Freescale Source Code PHY Layer Freescale MC13191 or 2 Application Layer (APL) Application Object 31 Application Object 1 APS Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack NWK Layer Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack MAC Layer Freescale Software PHY Layer Freescale MC13192 ZDO F8W Z-Stack Now let s move on to the scalable ZigBee Family solutions: from proprietary to ZigBee. As mentioned, the architecture chosen by Freescale allows for this scalability. With virtually the same hardware, the designer can start with simple point-to-point connectivity and move up to full ZigBee networking. Click each button to view the three solutions.
Simple Network Click another solution to learn more. Simple Network IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Embedded Features Very low cost solution Extended range options Feature-rich transceiver Easy to use Generic SPI MCU interface SMAC source code provided Sample applications included Reference design included (Gerber Filers) Variety of antenna designs Freescale Development Board Application Proprietary SMAC Freescale Source Code PHY Layer Freescale MC13191 or 192 For simple point-to-point or star network applications, the MC13191 or MC13192 can be used with Freescale s complementary simple MAC (SMAC) as a starting point. This software is available as ANSI C source code for maximum portability to the processor of choice. The software performs basic transceiver functions as callable routines and can be the basic for simple applications which perform both application and network layer functions. Click another solution to learn more.
IEEE 802.15.4 Click another solution to learn more. Simple Network IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Embedded Features Sophisticated standardized communication protocol for proprietary applications Development tools enable application to directly access the 802.15.4 MAC Access to transceiver functions Low cost solution one board Freescale Development Board Application Freescale HCS08 802.15.4 MAC Layer + Tools Freescale Software/HCS08 PHY Layer Freescale MC13192 If you want more sophisticated networking or MAC functionality, the designer can move up to the MC13192 and Freescale s 802.15.4 compliant MAC: the IEEE 802.15.4 embedded solution. One of the HCS08 family of processors is required to run the 802.15.4 MAC. This option is desirable for applications where full ZigBee networking is not required, but the MAC functionality is necessary. This approach, while not ZigBee compliant and interoperable, can save on code size. Click another solution to learn more.
ZigBee Embedded Click another solution to learn more. Simple Network IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Embedded Features Low memory MAC and Z- stack Includes application development tools Lowest cost ZigBee solution Targets low power MCU and transceiver Builds on Freescale s ZigBee pioneering experience Total Freescale solution compatible with Freescale sensors Freescale Development Board Application Layer (APL) Application Application Object 31 Object 1 APS Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack NWK Layer Figure 8 Wireless Z-Stack 802.15.4 MAC Layer Freescale Software PHY Layer Freescale MC13192 ZDO F8W Z-Stack The most sophisticated solution uses the MC13192 along with the Z-stack, which runs on top of the 802.15.4 MAC: the ZigBee embedded solution. This approach allows full use of ZigBee networking and tools to help with application and profile development. Click another solution to learn more.
ZigBee Ready Hardware Mouse over each graphic to learn more about the demonstration kits and development tools. 13192DSK-A00 Sensor Application Reference Design (SARD) Demonstration Kit based on the 13192 RF IC Contains two SARD boards, CD, batteries, etc. Programmable for simple proprietary through ZigBee applications 13192EVK-A00 Evaluation Kit Evaluation Kit based on the 13192 RF IC Contains two SARD boards and three evaluation boards (EVBs), CD, CodeWarrior Eval CD, BDM, PC-based software tools, etc. Programmable for simple proprietary through ZigBee applications 13192RFC-A00 RF Daughter Card RF daughterboard for HCS08 development boards (GB60) Contains 1 RF daughterboard and antennas Adaptable to most MCU development boards Freescale has a variety of hardware options that can be used with all the software previously mentioned. The same hardware can be used for proprietary through ZigBee application using Metrowerks CodeWarrior Development Studio and a Background Debug Module (BDM) debugger/programmer cable. The 13192DSK-A00 Developer s Starter Kit, which contains two Sensor Application Reference Design (SARD) boards, is an economical way to get started developing wireless applications. The kit contains all the hardware needed to begin developing with the software option of choice. The 13192EVK-A00 Evaluation kit is a full-featured development kit including three EVK boards, two SARDs, software and tools. It s a must for the serious ZigBee network developer. Purchase of an EVK is required for access to Freescale s Z-stack software. The 13192RFC-A00 RF Daughter card includes an MC13192 RFIC with supporting circuitry interfaced to a header that is designed to interface with the MC9S08 development board. It can also be adapted to interface with most MCU development boards. RF interface is via SMA connectors for test equipment measurements. Two screw-on dipole antennas are included for radiated measurements. Roll your mouse over each of the graphics for more information.
Question When is it most appropriate to use each of the ZigBee family solutions? Select all that apply and then click Done. If MAC functionality is desired but full ZigBee networking is not, use the MC13192 and Freescale s 802.15.4 compliant MAC. Use the MC13192 along with the Z-stack, which runs on top of the 802.15.4 MAC for the most sophisticated solutions. This approach allows full use of ZigBee networking and tools to help with application and profile development. For simple point-to-point or star network applications, the MC13191 or MC13192 can be used with Freescale s SMAC. If MAC functionality is desired but full ZigBee networking is not, use the MC13191 and Freescale s SMAC. Done When is it most appropriate to use each of the ZigBee family solutions? Correct. For simple point-to-point or star network applications, the MC13191 or MC13192 can be used with Freescale s SMAC. If MAC functionality is desired but full ZigBee networking is not, use the MC13192 and Freescale s 802.15.4 compliant MAC. Finally, use the MC13192 along with the Z-stack, which runs on top of the 802.15.4 MAC, for the most sophisticated solutions. This approach allows full use of ZigBee networking and tools to help with application and profile development.
Module Summary ZigBee architecture Freescale 2.4 GHz transceiver Freescale HCS08 line of 8-bit MCUs Freescale scalable solutions: Proprietary 2.4 GHz low data rate IEEE 802.15.4 standard-based ZigBee In this module, you learned about Freescale s ZigBee product offering. Freescale s approach to the ZigBee architecture is to split the hardware and software at the PHY Layer. Two 2.4 GHz low data rate transceiver options are available: the full-featured MC13192 and the reduced function, reduced cost MC13191. The MC13191 targets simple, low-cost applications where star or point-to-point networking are acceptable. The MC13192 also performs in proprietary star and point-to-point applications, but it also supports the Freescale 802.15.4 MAC and Z-stack, allowing the power of ZigBee networking to be employed. You also learned about the new Freescale HCS08 line of 8-bit MCUs and finally, the three scalable solutions: Proprietary 2.4 GHz low data rate, IEEE 802.15.4 standard-based, and ZigBee. The more sophisticated the application, the more likely you will want to use the ZigBee solution, which allows full use of ZigBee networking and tools to help with application and profile development.