Performance Measurements in MANET

Performance Measurements in MANET Kavita Bhatnagar University Polytechnic, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi ABSTRACT In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) every single device is mobile in nature and can be attached dynamically in a random way. In recent times, with the proliferation of MANET in every aspect of networking scenario, performance of services is one of the most important and crucial point to be discuss about. To accommodate some specific criteria for performance measurement, parameters like number of nodes, traffic sources, delay, bandwidth, energy, packet drop ratio, throughput, congestion control etc. needs to be taken into account. None of the traditional approach or routing proof protocol deals with these characteristics efficiently in their implementation. Therefore, in this paper we discuss some of the performance parameters using EPAR protocol which has been simulated in NS-2. KEYWORDS Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), Quality of Service (Qos), Traffic Source, EPAR. 1. INTRODUCTION MANET is a refined version of traditional wireless network and considered as a dominating network in the upcoming future [1][2]. A MANET is also called a mobile mesh network, is a auto- configurable and self organize network of mobile devices inter-connected through wireless links and communicate each other using single hop as well as multi-hop path as shown in figure 1. MANETs are very useful in emergency search-andrescue operations, meetings or conventions in which persons wish to quickly share information, and data acquisition operations in inhospitable terrain [3][4]. Figure 1: Multi-hop communication in MANET With the extensively growth of networking devices, MANET has become a popular topic of research from the time mid-1990s [5]. Since, there seems to be a competition among researcher to deliver a better QoS for MANET services. Several performance analysis techniques and schemes are proposed based on measures such as the end-to-end delays, waiting time, network throughput, packet drop rate, ability to scale etc [6][7][8]. With the introspection of making MANET a robust and reliable network, the QoS is paid off wide attention. In this paper we come across a EPAR protocol which helps to understand how to improve the performance of MANET in order to develop better QoS [9][10]. 2. QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) QoS is one of the major issue in MANETs because of its dynamic nature of mobile nodes (MNs), frequent changes in topology, energy constraints and bandwidth limitations. Usually, QoS is pre specified service performance constraints to user in terms of end-to-end delay, delay variance (jitter), available bandwidth, and probability of packet loss etc. These constraints require the offering of guaranteed service quality [11][12]. 399 Kavita Bhatnagar

In the state of the art, we can identify five building blocks, also called QoS components, in order to support QoS management in a MANET. These five building blocks are illustrated in Figure 2 [13][14]. We elaborate each of them very briefly Cross-layer QoS model: We use a cross-layer QoS model to support adaptivity and optimization across multiple layers of protocol [22]. Admission control is in charge of deciding whether a new QoS flow can be accepted or not. The decision depends on the QoS requested by this flow, the available resources and the QoS requested by already accepted flows. Different policies can be applied such as FIFO, Fair sharing, Price-based sharing. If there is not enough resources to accept the new QoS flow, this flow is rejected. QoS routing and admission control must be interference-aware. Figure 2: QoS architecture QoS routing is in charge of finding a route between the source and the destination of a QoS flow such that its QoS requirements are met [17[18]. It generally uses QoS signaling to select the route meeting the flow QoS requirements. Once the route has been found, it is fixed until the network topology or the traffic activity changes (e.g. a broken link is detected, some bandwidth demanding traffic is halted). QoS signaling is in charge of locally estimating and monitoring the QoS (e.g., Local Available Bandwidth), and disseminating it to the concerned nodes. QoS parameters related to bandwidth are measured locally and disseminated in the MANET using MPR-flooding (i.e., broadcast optimized by MPRs). QoS MAC is required to get an efficient QoS management. Otherwise, the QoS improvement might be less. However, as there is no deterministic QoS MAC protocol available for MANETs, our solution uses the IEEE 802.11b MAC protocol. 3. EPAR PROTOCOL EPAR schemes make routing decisions to optimize performance of power or energy related evaluation metrics. Suppose there are number of path in MANET and main task is to select the best path to send data from source to destination [20][21]. Firstly it find lowest energy of nodes in each path, then it select path with a maximum energy out of these minimum energy. The selected path is energy efficient path [15]16]. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The EPAR protocol chosen to send data from source to destination. In this the minimum energy of the nodes is highest when taken into account the minimum energy of the nodes in other possible paths and increases the quality of the network and the less mobile nodes should be preferred so the link breakages are reduced in the 400 Kavita Bhatnagar

network. The results of EPAR are given based on packet delivery ratio, energy consumption and throughput factor. Simulations were conducted using NS-2 software PROPAGATION MODEL: TWO-RAY PATH LOSS Shadowing Model: Constant Radio Type: 802.11b Radio MAC Type: 802.11e Antenna Type: Omni directional Routing Protocol: EPAR protocol Traffic Type: CBR A. NUMBER OF NODES The basic network topology consists of 10 nodes/stations. The number of nodes is increased from 10 to 50. At each step, throughput, end-to-end delay and jitter is calculated using the simulator, keeping the data rate constant. Table II shows the numeric values of the above said parameters: Number of Nodes Table II: Number of Nodes,, Delay, Jitter Delay (ms) Jitter (ms) 10 4.345 30.6378 12.8591 20 4.227 35.4584 12.1153 30 3.698 54.4953 13.407 40 3.687 94.5431 16.702 50 3.543 90.0966 29.0388 Table II shows the decrease in throughput and the rapid increase in delay and jiiter. This is because of the fact as the number of nodes increases, the number of collisions during data transmission increases, thus resulting in the degraded performance by the network. Using Figure 3 graphical representation is given. 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delay (ms) Jitter (ms) Figure 3 Graph between no. of nodes and throughput, delay and jitter B. TRAFFIC SOURCES The traffic source between the nodes for the simulation purpose is CBR (constant bit rate). In CBR frames, the amount of output data per time segment remains constant. i.e. it does not vary. CBR is useful for streaming multimedia content on limited capacity channels. Since it is the maximum bit rate that matters, not the average, so CBR would be used to take advantage of all of the capacity. As the traffic sources, i.e the number of CBR connections are increased to 5 sources, the Table V gives the throughput, delay and jitter values. 401 Kavita Bhatnagar

Table III: CBR Connections,, Delay, Jitter CBR Connections Delay (ms) Jitter (ms) 1 4.345 30.6794 12.452 2 4.227 38.8433 17.1153 3 4.163 44.4953 25.407 4 3.687 60.5431 22.464 5 3.345 90.0966 20.6743 The graph in Figure 4 shows the changes in throughput, delay and jitter. decreases and the increase in delay is massive. The value of jitter increase as the traffic sources are increased and then after attaining a peak value it stabilizes 100 80 60 40 20 Delay (ms) Jitter (ms) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Figure 4 Graph between CBR connections and throughput, delay and jitter 5. CONCLUSION This paper depicts the performance for QoS provisioning in 802.11 wireless networks in terms of metrics like throughput, end-to-end delay and jitter. It can be concluded that these parameters are highly influenced by the number of nodes present in the network and the traffic sources for constant bit rate transmission. For the better performance of the network it is required that jitter and delay should be less and throughput should be high. The higher throughput can be achieved by having an optimum number of nodes (like 30 in this case) and higher frame rate. The lower value of delay and jitter can be achieved by frame size of optimum level. REFERENCES 1. Ad Hoc Networking, Perkin C. E, Person, 2008. 2. Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architecture and Protocols,Murthy C.S and Manoj. B. S, Person, 2006. 3. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, Marco Conti, Silvia Giordano, Ivan Stojmenovic Stefano Basagni, Wiley, 2010. 4. Mobile Ad hoc Network Performance, Hamrioui Safiane, Lamber Academic publishing, October 2014. 5. The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, IIyas, M. CRC Press, 2003. 6. Qiang Ni, National University of Ireland, Performance Analysis and Enhancements for IEEE 802.11e Wireless Networks, IEEE Network, August 2005. Scalable Networks Technologies. 7. Bilal Rauf, M Faisal Amjad, Kabeer Ahmed, Natinal University of Sciences and Technology,Pakistan Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 DCF in comparison with IEEE 802.11e EDCA. 8. J.Broch,D.A. Maltz, D.B.Johnson, Y-C. Hu and J.Jetcheva. A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols. 9. M. Mirhahhak, N. Schult, D. Thomson, "Dynamic Quality-of-Service for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks", Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad-hoc Networking & Computing, 2000, pp. 137-138. 10. K. Wu, 1. Harms, "QoS Support in Mobile Ad- hoc Networks", Crossing Boundaries, an Interdisciplinary Journal Vol. 1, No.1, 2001. 402 Kavita Bhatnagar

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