UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. CPT344 Computer Vision & Image Processing [Penglihatan Komputer & Pemprosesan Imej]

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA First Semester Examination 2014/2015 Academic Session December 2014/January 2015 CPT344 Computer Vision & Image Processing [Penglihatan Komputer & Pemprosesan Imej] Duration : 2 hours [Masa : 2 jam] INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE: [ARAHAN KEPADA CALON:] Please ensure that this examination paper contains FOUR questions in ELEVEN printed pages before you begin the examination. [Sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi EMPAT soalan di dalam SEBELAS muka surat yang bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.] Answer ALL questions. [Jawab SEMUA soalan.] You may answer the questions either in English or in Bahasa Malaysia. [Anda dibenarkan menjawab soalan sama ada dalam bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa Malaysia.] In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat sebarang percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai.]...2/-

- 2-1. (a) Figure 1(a) shows an image and its histogram. This image does not have good contrast. To improve the contrast a linear transformation is applied and its result is shown in Figure 1. (Note that the two histogram scales on Y-axis may be different.). Sketch the linear transform that may have been applied to obtain this result and explain your answer. Hint: Your linear transform may have 3 segments Original image + histogram Figure 1(a) Result image + histogram Figure 1 (10/100) Explain in detail how noise effects edge detection. Use figures to aid your explanation. (5/100)...3/-

- 3 - Apply Laplacian edge detector in Figure 2(a) to the image in Figure 2 and compute the output image. Explain how you process the pixels near the edge of the image area. 1-8 1 Figure 2(a) 5 3 6 7 0 2 2 8 4 4 5 7 0 5 0 4 3 6 1 6 Figure 2 (10/100) 2. (a) Briefly answer the following questions: How does the human visual system perceive color? What is described by the color mixing theory? How do we use this theory to capture color images, display color images, and print color images, respectively? What are the three (3) attributes of a color? (12/100) Using principles of set theory, perform morphological opening operation on the image in Figure 3 with the given structuring element. You may ignore pixels where the structuring element extends beyond the image. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Image 1 1 Structuring Element Figure 3 (13/100)...4/-

- 4-3. (a) Differentiate between contextual and non-contextual methods of segmentation. Provide an example segmentation approach from each of these categories. (4/100) Consider the following image segment: 128 128 128 64 64 32 32 8 64 64 128 128 128 8 32 32 32 8 64 128 128 64 64 64 8 128 128 64 64 8 64 64 128 64 64 64 128 128 8 8 64 64 64 128 128 128 32 32 8 128 32 64 64 128 128 128 8 8 64 64 128 128 64 64 Compute the histogram of this image. If we need to segment the image into two distinct regions, how would you use the histogram to achieve this? Show the output image based on your histogram in. Assume the label '1' for region 1 and '2' for region 2. (12/100) Referring to the image shown in Figure 4, list a minimum of three (3) image features that could be used to classify the 3 types of parts shown. Explain why you have chosen each of the features you have listed. Figure 4 (9/100)...5/-

- 5-4. (a) Consider a two-class classification problem, where two species of flowers, either Rose or Jasmine needs to be classified based on two image features, Feature 1 and Feature 2. Figure 5 shows the plot for the two features. The circles represent the Jasmine flower and the squares represent the Rose flower. Based on these feature values, explain which feature has better discrimination power. Feature 2 Feature 1 Figure 5 When using the k-means clustering algorithm, how would you choose a suitable value for k? Apart from randomly initializing the k-cluster centers, suggest another method to initialize the cluster centers in k-means clustering. (d) Suppose you need to apply k-means clustering to the following dataset. What do you expect if we run k-means clustering with two clusters using this data? Draw the possible decision boundary. Figure 6 (7/100)...6/-

- 6 - (e) Provide a short description of the following terms. You may give an example or diagram to illustrate your point. Discriminative features. Decision boundary. Over-fitting. (9/100)...7/-

KERTAS SOALAN DALAM VERSI BAHASA MALAYSIA - 7-1. (a) Rajah 1(a) menunjukkan imej serta histogramnya. Imej ini tidak mempunyai kontras yang baik. Untuk memperbaiki kontras, suatu transformasi linear digunakan dan hasilnya adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1. (Perhatikan bahawa dua skala histogram pada paksi-y mungkin berbeza.). Lakarkan transformasi linear yang mungkin telah digunakan untuk mendapatkan hasil ini dan jelaskan hasil anda. Petunjuk: Transformasi linear anda mungkin mempunyai 3 segmen Imej asal + histogram Rajah 1(a) Output imej + histogram Rajah 1 (10/100) Jelaskan dengan terperinci, bagaimana hingar menjejaskan pengesanan tepi? Gunakan rajah untuk melakarkan konsep anda. (5/100)...8/-

- 8 - Gunakan pengesan tepi Laplacian dalam Rajah 2(a) ke atas imej dalam Rajah 2 dan untuk menghitung imej output. Jelaskan bagaimana anda memproses piksel berdekatan sempadan imej. 1-8 1 Rajah 2(a) 5 3 6 7 0 2 2 8 4 4 5 7 0 5 0 4 3 6 1 6 Rajah 2 (10/100) 2. (a) Jawab soalan-soalan berikut dengan ringkas: Bagaimanakah sistem penglihatan manusia memahami warna? Apakah yang diterangkan oleh teori pengadunan warna? Bagaimanakah kita dapat gunakan teori ini untuk mendapatkan, memaparkan serta mencetak imej warna? Apakah tiga (3) ciri-ciri suatu warna? (12/100) Menggunakan prinsip teori set, jalankan operasi pembukaan morfologi ke atas imej dalam Rajah 3 menggunakan elemen penstrukturan yang diberikan. Anda boleh abaikan piksel-piksel dalam elemen penstrukturan yang melampaui/ menjangkaui kawasan imej. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 Imej 1 1 Elemen Penstrukturan Rajah 3 (13/100)...9/-

- 9-3. (a) Bezakan di antara kaedah segmentasi konteksual dan tidak-konteksual. Berikan contoh kaedah segmentasi dari setiap satu kategori tersebut. (4/100) Pertimbangkan segmen imej berikut: 128 128 128 64 64 32 32 8 64 64 128 128 128 8 32 32 32 8 64 128 128 64 64 64 8 128 128 64 64 8 64 64 128 64 64 64 128 128 8 8 64 64 64 128 128 128 32 32 8 128 32 64 64 128 128 128 8 8 64 64 128 128 64 64 Hitungkan histogram imej tersebut. Jika kita perlu pisahkan imej tersebut kepada dua kawasan yang berbeza, bagaimanakah anda gunakan histogram untuk mencapai hasrat berkenaan? Tunjukkan output imej berdasarkan histogram anda dalam. Anggap label 1 untuk kawasan 1 dan 2 untuk kawasan 2. (12/100) Merujuk kepada imej yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5, senaraikan sekurangkurangnya tiga (3) ciri-ciri imej yang boleh digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan 3 jenis bahagian dipaparkan. Terangkan mengapa anda memilih setiap satu daripada ciri yang telah anda senaraikan. Rajah 4 (9/100)...10/-

- 10-4. (a) Pertimbangkan masalah klasifikasi dua kelas, di mana dua jenis bunga, sama ada bunga ros atau bunga melur perlu diklasifikasikan berdasarkan dua ciri imej, Ciri 1 dan Ciri 2. Rajah 5 menunjukkan plot untuk kedua-dua ciri tersebut. Bulatan mewakili set ciri untuk bunga melur dan petak yang mewakili set ciri untuk bunga Ros. Berdasarkan nilai-nilai ciri tersebut, terangkan ciri yang mana mempunyai kuasa diskriminasi yang lebih baik. Ciri 2 Ciri 1 Rajah 5 Apabila menggunakan algoritma pengelompokan k-means, bagaimanakah anda memilih nilai yang sesuai untuk k? Selain dari mengawalnilaikan pusat kelompok k secara rawak, berikan satu teknik lain untuk mengawalnilaikan pusat kelompok dalam pengelompokan k-means....11/-

- 11 - (d) Andaikan anda perlu mengaplikasikan pengelompokan k-means kepada set data berikut. Apakah jangkaan anda tentang hasil pengelompokan menggunakan k-means dengan dua kelompok ke atas data tersebut? Lakarkan sempadan keputusan yang mungkin terhasil. Rajah 6 (7/100) (e) Berikan deskripsi ringkas tentang istilah-istilah berikut. Anda boleh menggunakan contoh atau lakaran untuk menerangkan jawapan anda. Ciri Diskriminatif. Sempadan Keputusan. Terlebih-sesuaian. (9/100) - ooooooo -