Internet Architecture Lecture 6: How Routers Work & Connecting to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 1
How Routers Work 1* A router has input ports for receiving IP packets and output ports for sending those packets toward their destinations. When a packet comes to an input port, the router examines the packet header and checks the destination in it against a routing table a database that tells the router how to send packets to various destinations. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 2
How Routers Work Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 3
How Routers Work Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 4
How Routers Work Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 5
How Routers Work Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 6
How Routers Work Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 7
Connecting to the Internet You can connect to the Internet in many ways and many more ways pop up practically every day. They range from simple telephone dial-in connections to high-speed cable and digital subscriber lines (DSL) to satellite connections, TV connections, wireless connections, connections at work and home via local area networks (LANs), and even connections via cellular telephones. One general rule is true about Internet connections: the faster, the better. People want the fastest connection possible because many pictures, sounds, and videos are available on the Internet. Today, the three most common ways you can connect to the Internet are through a corporate or university LAN, at home via a cable modem or DSL modem, or over telephone lines. Increasingly important, though, are wireless connections via the WiFi networking standard. Direct connections over LANs are generally the fastest connection, cable modems and DSL modems are the second fastest, and telephone-line connections the slowest. Cable modems, DSL modems, and LAN connections are all very high-speed connections, and are known as broadband connections. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 8
Connecting to the Internet At one time, most people connected to the Internet via dial-up modem. Typically, when you use your modem to connect to the Internet, you dial in to an Internet service provider (ISP). When you dial in to and connect to your ISP, you're in fact connecting to a modem attached to a more powerful computer called a server. ISPs typically have banks of hundreds or thousands of modems that accept dial-ins from subscribers trying to connect. Modems are controlled by your computer and communications software by a set of commands called the AT command set (also known as the Hayes command set, named after one of the original modem manufacturers, Hayes). It's a language that instructs the modem on what to do at various points during a communications session, such as opening up a line and sending out tones that the telephone system can understand. But there's a major problem with connecting this way it's too slow to be of much use. Websites use many graphics and multimedia features, and dial-up connections are so slow that the Web can seem unusable. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 9
Connecting to the Internet Much faster than dial-up are so-called broadband connections. A broadband connection is a generic name for a high-speed connection to the Internet, most notably cable modems and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections. Several types of DSL technologies are available, but they all work on the same principles. They enable you to use your existing telephone lines to access the Internet at very high speeds. DSL technologies require that DSL modems be used on each end of the phone line. In fact, the term DSL doesn't really refer to a phone line because an ordinary, existing copper phone line can be used for DSL. Instead, it refers to the DSL modems themselves. More confusing still, DSL modems aren't really traditional modems at all. They don't attach to a serial port, as do traditional modems. And they don't dial your telephone, as do traditional modems. Instead, they connect to your computer via a much higher-speed port, either an Ethernet port or a USB port, and they maintain an always-on connection over your phone line. So, you always have an Internet connection when they are plugged into your PC and turned on. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 10
How Computers Connect to the Internet DSL technology has one drawback; it requires that your house (and DSL modem) be located within a certain distance from the telephone company office and its DSL modem. In cities, this should not be a major problem, but it could be a problem in rural areas. The exact distance required depends on the type and speed of DSL service you use. Higher speeds require that you be closer to the phone company office. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 11
How Computers Connect to the Internet 1* Dumb terminal: A terminal connected to a mainframe, minicomputer, or other kind of large computer. This type of connection often can be found in libraries or universities, although those institutions are moving toward offering fuller Internet access than dumb terminals provide. Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 12
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 13
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 14
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 15
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 16
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 17
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 18
How Computers Connect to the Internet Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 19
Thank you Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 20