CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Jure Leskovec, Stanford University http://cs6.stanford.edu
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets High dim. data Graph data Infinite data Machine learning Apps Locality sensitive hashing PageRank, SimRank Filtering data streams SVM Recommen der systems Clustering Community Detection Web advertising Decision Trees Association Rules Dimensional ity reduction Spam Detection Queries on streams Perceptron, knn Duplicate document detection
Customer X Buys Metallica CD Buys Megadeth CD Customer Y Does search on Metallica Recommender system suggests Megadeth from data collected about customer X //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Examples: Search Recommendations Items Products, web sites, blogs, news items,
More choice necessitates better filters: Recommendation engines Association rules: How Into Thin Air made Touching the Void a bestseller: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/.0/tail.html //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Shelf space is a scarce commodity for traditional retailers Also: TV networks, movie theaters, Web enables near-zero-cost dissemination of information about products From scarcity to abundance
Source: Chris Anderson (00) //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 6
Read http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/.0/tail.html to learn more! //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 7
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 8 Editorial and hand curated List of favorites Lists of essential items Simple aggregates Top 0, Most Popular, Recent Uploads Tailored to individual users Amazon, Netflix, Today class
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 9 X = set of Customers S = set of Items Utility function u: X S à R R = set of ratings R is a totally ordered set e.g., 0- stars, real number in [0,]
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 0 Avatar LOTR Matrix Pirates Alice 0. Bob 0. 0. Carol 0. David 0.
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets () Gathering known ratings for matrix How to collect the data in the utility matrix () Extrapolate unknown ratings from the known ones Mainly interested in high unknown ratings We are not interested in knowing what you don t like but what you like () Evaluating extrapolation methods How to measure success/performance of recommendation methods
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Explicit Ask people to rate items Doesn t work well in practice people can t be bothered Crowdsourcing: Pay people to label items Implicit Learn ratings from user actions E.g., purchase implies high rating What about low ratings?
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Key problem: Utility matrix U is sparse Most people have not rated most items Cold start: New items have no ratings New users have no history Three approaches to recommender systems: ) Content-based ) Collaborative ) Latent factor based Today!
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Main idea: Recommend items to customer x similar to previous items rated highly by x Example: Movie recommendations Recommend movies with same actor(s), director, genre, Websites, blogs, news Recommend other sites with similar content
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 6 Item profiles likes recommend build match Red Circles Triangles User profile
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 7 For each item, create an item profile Profile is a set (vector) of features Movies: author, title, actor, director, Text: Set of important words in document How to pick important features? Usual heuristic from text mining is TF-IDF (Term frequency * Inverse Doc Frequency) Term Feature Document Item
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 8 f ij = frequency of term (feature) i in doc (item) j n i = number of docs that mention term i N = total number of docs Note: we normalize TF to discount for longer documents TF-IDF score: w ij = TF ij IDF i Doc profile = set of words with highest TF-IDF scores, together with their scores
User profile possibilities: Weighted average of rated item profiles Variation: weight by difference from average rating for item Prediction heuristic: Cosine similarity of user and item profiles) Given user profile x and item profile i, estimate " $! ", $ = cos ", $ = " $ How do you quickly find items closest to "? Job for LSH! //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 9
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 0 +: No need for data on other users No cold-start or sparsity problems +: Able to recommend to users with unique tastes +: Able to recommend new & unpopular items No first-rater problem +: Able to provide explanations Can provide explanations of recommended items by listing content-features that caused an item to be recommended
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets : Finding the appropriate features is hard E.g., images, movies, music : Recommendations for new users How to build a user profile? : Overspecialization Never recommends items outside user s content profile People might have multiple interests Unable to exploit quality judgments of other users
Harnessing quality judgments of other users
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Consider user x Find set N of other users whose ratings are similar to x s ratings Estimate x s ratings based on ratings of users in N x N
r x = [*, _, _, *, ***] r y = [*, _, **, **, _] Let r x be the vector of user x s ratings Jaccard similarity measure Problem: Ignores the value of the rating Cosine similarity measure sim(x, y) = cos(r x, r y ) =! "! $! "! $ Problem: Treats some missing ratings as negative Pearson correlation coefficient S xy = items rated by both users x and y &'( ), + =. )&. ). +&. + & )+. )&. ) & )+. +&. + & )+ r x, r y as sets: r x = {,, } r y = {,, } r x, r y as points: r x = {, 0, 0,, } r y = {, 0,,, 0} r x, r y avg. rating of x, y //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
Cosine sim:!"#(%, ') =, %", '" ",. " %",. " '" Intuitively we want: sim(a, B) > sim(a, C) Jaccard similarity: / < / Cosine similarity: 0.80 > 0. Considers missing ratings as negative Solution: subtract the (row) mean sim A,B vs. A,C: 0.09 > -0.9 Notice cosine sim. is correlation when data is centered at 0 //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 6 From similarity metric to recommendations: Let r x be the vector of user x s ratings Let N be the set of k users most similar to x who have rated item i Prediction for item i of user x:! "# = % &! )# ) + Or even better:! "# =., -. 0.., -. Shorthand: = 67, Many other tricks possible
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 7 So far: User-user collaborative filtering Another view: Item-item For item i, find other similar items Estimate rating for item i based on ratings for similar items Can use same similarity metrics and prediction functions as in user-user model r xi = å jîn ( i; x) å s ij jîn ( i; x) s r ij xj s ij similarity of items i and j r xj rating of user x on item j N(i;x) set items rated by x similar to i
0 9 8 7 6 6 users movies - unknown rating - rating between to //8 8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
0 9 8 7 6? 6 users - estimate rating of movie by user //8 9 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets movies
users? 6 7 8 9 0 sim(,m).00-0.8 movies 0. -0.0-0. 6 0.9 Neighbor selection: Identify movies similar to movie, rated by user Here we use Pearson correlation as similarity: ) Subtract mean rating m i from each movie i m = (++++)/ =.6 row : [-.6, 0, -0.6, 0, 0,., 0, 0,., 0, 0., 0] ) Compute cosine similarities between rows //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 0
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets users? 6 7 8 9 0 sim(,m).00-0.8 movies 0. -0.0-0. 6 0.9 Compute similarity weights: s, =0., s,6 =0.9
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets users 6 7 8 9 0.6 movies 6 Predict by taking weighted average: r. = (0.* + 0.9*) / (0.+0.9) =.6! "# = & "'! '# ' *(";#) & "'
Define similarity s ij of items i and j Select k nearest neighbors N(i; x) Before: Items most similar to i, that were rated by x Estimate rating r xi as the weighted average: r xi = å j å ÎN ( i; x) s jîn ( i; x) ij s r ij xj r xi = b xi + å jîn ( i; x) å s ij ( r jîn ( i; x) xj s ij - b xj ) baseline estimate for r xi μ = overall mean movie rating b x = rating deviation of user x! "# = % +! " +! # = (avg. rating of user x) μ b i = rating deviation of movie i //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Avatar LOTR Matrix Pirates Alice 0.8 Bob 0. 0. Carol 0.9 0.8 David 0. In practice, it has been observed that item-item often works better than user-user Why? Items are simpler, users have multiple tastes
+ Works for any kind of item No feature selection needed - Cold Start: Need enough users in the system to find a match - Sparsity: The user/ratings matrix is sparse Hard to find users that have rated the same items - First rater: Cannot recommend an item that has not been previously rated New items, Esoteric items - Popularity bias: Cannot recommend items to someone with unique taste Tends to recommend popular items //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 6 Implement two or more different recommenders and combine predictions Perhaps using a linear model Add content-based methods to collaborative filtering Item profiles for new item problem Demographics to deal with new user problem
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 7 - Evaluation - Error metrics - Complexity / Speed
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 8 movies users
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 9 users movies????? Test Data Set
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 0 Compare predictions with known ratings Root-mean-square error (RMSE) ' #$ " #$ " #$ where ( )* is predicted, ( )* is the true rating of x on i Precision at top 0: % of those in top 0 Rank Correlation: Spearman s correlation between system s and user s complete rankings Another approach: 0/ model Coverage: Number of items/users for which the system can make predictions Precision: Accuracy of predictions Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Tradeoff curve between false positives and false negatives
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Narrow focus on accuracy sometimes misses the point Prediction Diversity Prediction Context Order of predictions In practice, we care only to predict high ratings: RMSE might penalize a method that does well for high ratings and badly for others
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Expensive step is finding k most similar customers: O( X ) Too expensive to do at runtime Could pre-compute Naïve pre-computation takes time O(k X ) X set of customers We already know how to do this! Near-neighbor search in high dimensions (LSH) Clustering Dimensionality reduction
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets Leverage all the data Don t try to reduce data size in an effort to make fancy algorithms work Simple methods on large data do best Add more data e.g., add IMDB data on genres More data beats better algorithms http://anand.typepad.com/datawocky/008/0/more-data-usual.html
Training data 00 million ratings, 80,000 users, 7,770 movies 6 years of data: 000-00 Test data Last few ratings of each user (.8 million) Evaluation criterion: root mean squared error (RMSE) Netflix Cinematch RMSE: 0.9 Competition 700+ teams $ million prize for 0% improvement on Cinematch //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets
//8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 6 Next topic: Recommendations via Latent Factor models Exoticness / Price R8 B B Overview of Coffee Varieties I IC6 L S C Exotic S S S7 S6 R C7 S R R6 R C L C Flavored C a S FR TE F F9 FF F8 F0 F6 R F Popular Roasts and Blends Complexity of Flavor The bubbles above represent products sized by sales volume. Products close to each other are recommended to each other. F
[Bellkor Team] //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 7 The Color Purple serious Amadeus Braveheart Geared towards females Sense and Sensibility Ocean s Lethal Weapon Geared towards males Dave The Princess Diaries The Lion King escapist Independence Day Dumb and Dumber Gus
Koren, Bell, Volinksy, IEEE Computer, 009 //8 Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS6: Mining Massive Datasets 8