Index A The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) method advantage, 233 formats, 233 modified From-Clause, 232 ANSI method. See The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) method B Binary search tree (BST) advantages and disadvantages, 463 insertion algorithm, 464 properties, 463 search algorithm, 465 Binary trees algorithms, 456 application, 453 expressions, 461 462 full and complete, 451 452 in-order traversal, 459 460 left and right sub-tree, 450 LibraryPatron class, 454 operations, 453 post-order traversal, 460 461 pre-order traversal, 458 tabular and graphic representations, 452 threads, 463 Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), 68 BST. See Binary search tree (BST) B-tree definition, 471 deletion algorithm, 475 direct search algorithm, 472 insertion algorithm, 473 474 LibraryPatron objects, 472 C Catalog tables commonly used catalog views, 284 manipulation, 280 in sample college database, 282 283 Tab_Columns, 281 User_Indexes, 281 User_Tables, 280 281 Codd s twelve rules, 166 D Database administrator (DBA), 16 database backups, 360 database removal, 365 description, 355 installation, creation and configuration, 355 356 management, 357 Oracle database (see Oracle database) security mechanism, 356 Database design description, 84 E-R model, 88 O/ESG (see Object/entity specification grid (O/ESG)) XR model (see Extended relational (XR) model) Database development life cycle (DDLC), 9 Database management system (DBMS), 4 5 application development subsystem (ADS), 21 components, 19 data administration subsystem (DAS), 21 data communications manager (DCM), 22 509
index Database management system (DBMS) (cont.) data definition subsystem (DDS), 20 data dictionary (DD), 21 engine, 20 functions, 17 steps, application program, 17 18 user interface subsystem (UIS), 20 utilities subsystem, 22 Database model description, 84 entity-relationship (E-R) model, 84 88 tools, 113 114 XR model (see Extended relational (XR) model) Database system (DBS) advantages, 7 approaches, 8 architecture, 4, 23, 25 components, 4 DBA, 16 DBMS, 4 definition, 3 features, 8 front-end and back-end systems, 22 23 inter-level mappings, 16 levels of architecture, 13 15 need, software category, 5 objectives, 5 6 SDLC and DDLC, 9 Database tuning components, 362 database application, 364 database contention, 364 database design, 364 goals, 362 363 memory and I/O management, 364 Database user interface design category, 121 command-based user interface, 124 description, 119 development and implementation, 124 125 menu/graphical user interface, 121 122 relational table, 120 121 software development tool, 119 Data dictionary. See System catalog Data independence, 7 Data mining, 388 Data warehousing architectures basic, 394 395 staging area and data marts, 395 396 business requirement, 387 construction, 388, 392 393 data modifications, 391 definition, 388 ETL, 397 399 information systems (IS), 387, 389 integration, 390 nonvolatile, 390 rules, 393 394 schema design, 391 392 subject oriented, 390 time span, granularity and dimension, 390 time-variant, 390 typical operations, 392 user constraints, 389 workload, 391 WWW and Web-accessible databases, 400 DB2 suite components, 313 DB2 Universal Database Core, 315 dominant database models, 311 IBM Data Studio, 316 IBM InfoSphere Information Server, 315 316 IBM InfoSphere Warehouse, 317 inventions, 311 modern operating systems, 312 shortcomings, 317 UDB, 311 313 universal, 311 DB2 Universal Database Core, 315 DB2 Universal Database (DB2 UDB) advantages, 312 components, 313 314 data warehousing software, 317 product editions, 312 version 9.7, 311 312 DBA. See Database administrator (DBA) DBMS. See Database management system (DBMS) DBS. See Database system (DBS) DDLC. See Database development life cycle (DDLC) DDL statements, 172 Delphi application building blocks, 349 Borland Database Engine (BDE), 350 Component Library for Cross-Referencing (CLX), 350 components, 347 510
Index database development environment, 348 description, 345 documentation, 350 Enterprise Core Object (ECO) subsystem, 350 Interactive Development Environment (IDE), 348 inventions, 345 observed flaws, 351 projects, types of, 347 strategies, 345 strength, 347 Descriptive narrative approach, 505 506 Distributed database systems autonomous, 369 benefits, 368 catalog management, 372 communication network, 367 concurrency, 373 connectivity, 368 continuous operation, 370 database gateways, 373 374 DBMS suites, 371 electronic communication systems (ECS), 375 fragmentation, 370 hardware platforms, 371 object technology (OT), 375 operating system and networking, 371 query optimization, 372 373 query processing, 370 replication, 370 transaction, 371, 373 transparency, 370 update propagation, 372 DKNF. See Domain-key normal form (DKNF) DML and DCL statements, 173 Domain-key normal form (DKNF), 74 75 Dynamic queries, SQL statements application program, 253 database administrator, 253 description, 252 front-end system, 253 inquiry screen, 253 254 tablespaces backup in a database, 255 user, 252 E Editions, MS SQL Server Compact Edition, 326 Developer Edition, 326 Enterprise Edition, 325 Express Edition, 325 Microsoft English Query, 329 Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services, 329 Standard Edition, 324 Workgroup Edition, 325 Electronic communication systems (ECS), 375 Embedded SQL statements database access, 249 general convention, 249 general syntax, 250 PL/SQL program block, 250, 252 Entity integrity rule, 58 Entity-relationship diagram (ERD) Crows-Foot notation, 39, 41 symbols, 39 40 ternary supplier-schedule relationship, 42 ETL. See Extraction, transformation and loading (ETL) Extended relational (XR) model associations, 97 characteristic entities, 96 component entities, 98 99 database design procedure, 95 designative entities, 97 entity classifications, 89 90 E-relations and P-relations, 92 93 integrity rules, 94 95 kernel entities, 95 operators, 89 properties, 99 100 subtype-super-type relationships, 98 surrogates, 90 91 Extensible markup language (XML), 406 Extraction, transformation and loading (ETL) database systems and applications, 398 DB2 tools, 399 methodologies and tasks, 397 Oracle tools, 398 SQL statement, 398 transactions, 399 511
index F, G Fagin s theorem, 70 71 Fifth normal form (5NF) Fagin s theorem, 73 join dependency (JD) constraint, 73 SupplierSchedule relationship, 71, 73 First normal form (1NF), 64 65 Foreign key (FK), 58 59 Fourth normal form (4NF), 69 H Hashing absolute addressing, 481 alphanumeric key values, 484 collision resolution linear probing, 485 486 rehashing, 488 synonym chaining, 486 487 description, 479 direct table lookup, 481 division-remainder, 482 483 folding, 483 Java Hashtable class and HashMap class, 489 TreeMap class, 490 key value, 480 mid-square, 483 transaction file, 479 truncation, 484 Heaps construction algorithm, 467 468 description, 467 heap-sort, 468 469 types, 467 Height-balanced trees, 466 HTTP. See Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), 407 I IBM Data Studio, 316 IBM InfoSphere Information Server, 315 316 Information gathering techniques brainstorming, 504, 508 description, 493 interview, 495 mathematical proofs, 504 non-probability sampling techniques, 499 object identification, 504 506 observation and document review, 502 probability sampling techniques, 499 prototyping, 502 503, 507 questionnaires and surveys, 496, 498 sample calculations, 500 501 software engineer, 494 495 Insertion statement, SQL statements abridged form, 220 create-table statement, 220 execution-time variable, 221 facilitation, 255 J, K Java database connectivity (JDBC), 125 JDBC. See Java database connectivity (JDBC) L Limitations, SQL calculated column, 294 295 data manipulation, 292 foreign key constraint, 293 if-then, format, 295 Order-By-Clause, 292 programming limitations, 291 referential integrity, superfluous enforcement, 293 294 M Materialized views, SQL Alter-Materialized-View statement, 275 Create-Materialized-View statement, 273 275 description, 272 in replication environments, 273 master tables and databases, 272 privileges, 273 MS SQL Server analysis services, 324 client-server software system, 323 components, suite, 326 329 database support, 323 default and named instance, 331 default databases, 329 330 default login, 330 512
Index description, 322 development tools, 324 editions (see Editions, MS SQL Server) installation and usage, 323 integration services, 324 interoperability, 323 management tools, 324 notification services, 324 operating system, 322 remove SQL Server, 331 replication services, 323 reporting services, 324 shortcomings, 332 333 SQL Server 7.0, 322 T-SQL, 322 MS SQL Server suite client connectivity, 327 code samples, 328 development tools, 327 management tools, 327 server components, 326 Multi-valued dependency (MVD), 70 71 MVD. See Multi-valued dependency (MVD) M-way search trees, 469 470, 476 MySQL advantages, 336 characteristic services and features, 335 336 components, 338 339 description, 335 editions, 335 limitations on joins and views, 340 on server-side cursors, 341 sub-queries, 340 341 XA transactions, 342 underlying features, 337 N Nested query, SQL statements ANY(or SOME) and ALL operator, 244 equal and IN operator, 243 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS, 245 multiple-row sub-query, 242 Oracle employee-department database, 244 rules, 243 single-row sub-query, 242 sub-query, 242 Normalization candidate keys, 111 113 database design, 79 description, 60, 79 functional dependence (FD), 61 62 mountaineering problem, 108 110 non-loss decomposition (NLD), 62 63 procedure, normal forms, 60 O, P Object databases hybrid approaches, 382 383 object-oriented DBMS (OO DBMS), 381 382 object technology (OT), 379 380 Object/entity specification grid (O/ESG) conventions, 105 106 description, 105 manufacturing environment, 106 Object-oriented DBMS (OO DBMS), 381 Object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), 101 Object technology (OT), 375 ODBC. See Open database connectivity (ODBC) Open database connectivity (ODBC), 125 Oracle 10G, 307 308 Oracle 11G, 301 303, 307 308 Oracle database backups, 358 recovery basic concept, 358 rolling forward and rolling back, 360 RMAN and user-managed methods, 361 types of failures, 358 359 Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), 306, 308 Oracle DBMS suite advantages, 302 components, 302 303 description, 301 editions, 309 inventions, 301 modern operating systems, 301 OEM Database Control, 305 306 Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), 306 513
index Oracle DBMS suite (cont.) Oracle Developer, 305 Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control, 306 Oracle Server, 303 304 OSQLD, 306 OWB, 307 PL/SQL and SQL *Plus, 304 shortcomings, 307 308 Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control, 306 Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) Database Control, 306 Oracle SQL Developer (OSQLD), 306 307 Oracle system catalog referenced objects, 280 views, 280 Oracle Warehouse Builder (OWB), 307, 398 Q Queries involving multiple tables ANSI method, 232 234 traditional method, 230 232 Queries involving SQL functions aggregation functions, 239 241 data conversion functions, 237 238 date functions, 236 237 programmer-defined functions, 238 row functions, 234 235 R RAL. See Relation-attribute list (RAL) Ramifications, relational model Codd s early benchmark, 164 far reaching consequences, 167 revised definition, 165 167 Recovery Manager (RMAN), 361 Referential integrity rule, 58 Relational algebra Alias operation, 143 144 assignment operation, 144 objectives, 129 130 operations, 130 131 operators, 145 146 primary and secondary operations Codd s original classifications, 131 nested operations, 131 rename operation, 144 145 syntax Cartesian product, 138 140 division statement, 142 143 natural join statement, 137 138 projection statement, 136 137 sample data, 132 134 select statement, 135 136 theta join, 140 141 union and intersection and statements, 141 Relational calculus domain oriented relational calculus, 160 161 explicit operations, 149 free and bound variables, 155 157 notation, 150 quantifiers, 154 QUEL, 150 query optimization, 158 160 salient syntactical components, 151 152 SQL, 150 substitution and standardization rules, 157 158 well-formed formula, 154 Relational model attributes, 34 basic concepts, 31 categorization, 36 database network, 44 45 database tree (hierarchy), 43 44 definition, 35 domains, 33 34 ERD. See Entity-relationship diagram (ERD) features, 163 implementation, 46 49 multiplicity, 45 non-relational approaches, 53 object-relationship diagram (ORD), 43 properties, 35 36 RDBS, 37 types of relationships, 38 Relational Model, ramifications (see Ramifications, relational model) Relation-attribute list (RAL), 49 50 Relationship list (RL), 49 52 Rule-of-thumb approach, 506 514
Index S Sample exercises and examination questions, 415 SDLC. See Software development life cycle (SDLC) Second normal form (2NF), 66 Shortcomings, DB2 affordability, 317 backup and recovery capabilities, 317 combined effect, 318 documentation, 318 support domain-based calculus, 317 Shortcomings, MS SQL Server load balancing capabilities, 332 non-support stance on Java, 333 no versioning support, 332 performance and configuration, 332 robustness and stability, 333 support for MS Windows, 332 transaction logs, 333 Shortcomings, Oracle affordability, 308 code generation, 308 combined effect, 308 database management, 308 Oracle Forms Developer (OFD), 307 PL/SQL support, 307 SQL environment, 307 Simple object access protocol (SOAP), 406 Sixth normal form (6NF), 75 77 Software development life cycle (SDLC), 8 SQL. See Structure query language (SQL) SQL data manipulation statements commit and rollback, 225, 256 core statements, 219 delete and truncate, 224, 256 dynamic queries, 252 253, 255 embedded SQL, 249 252 insertion statement, 220 221 LIKE, BETWEEN and IN operator, 241 242 nested query, 242 245 queries involving multiple tables, 230 234 queries involving set operators, 246 queries, SQL functions (see Queries involving SQL functions) runtime variables, 247 select statement, 226 228, 256 set queries involving operators, 246 set-transaction and save-point, 225 226 simple query, 229 SQL Plus format commands, 248 249 update statements, 222 223 SQL definition statements alter-index statement, 211 212 altering and dropping sequences, 214 215 alter-table statement, 200, 207 create-index statement, 208, 212 creating and managing sequences, 213 214 database creation, 179 180 database management, 180 181, 184 drop-index statement, 213 drop-table statement, 199 managing synonyms and creation, 215 216 Oracle, 178 student table, 207 208 table creation statement, 187, 195 199 tablespace creation, 184 185 tablespace management, 186 types, database objects, 177 SQL view, limitations (see Limitations, SQL) SQL views and system security (see System security, SQL) materialized views, 272 275 traditional logical view (see Traditional logical view, SQL) Structure query language (SQL) advantages, 173 174 DDL statements, 172 description, 171 DML and DCL statements, 173 syntax convention, 173 System catalog benefits, 279 280 catalog tables (see Catalog tables) metadata, 279 querying, 286 updating, 286 287 System security, SQL access to data database design, 272 logical views, 271 272 object privileges, 270 271 access to resources developer, 270 development privileges, 269 Grant and Revoke statement, 268 515
index System security, SQL (cont.) objects, 268 roles, 269 access to the system Alter-User statement, 267 alter-view and drop-view statement, 265 Bremar, 266 267 Create-Profile statement, 264 265 Create-User statement, 266 InventoryProfile, 265 profiles and user accounts, 264 levels, 263 T Third normal form (3NF), 67 Traditional logical view, SQL alter-view and drop-view statement, 262 Cascade-Constraints-Clause, 262 create and drop statements, 259 create-view statement, 260 CSCourses, 261 data modification, 260 derivable table, 261 description, 259 storage, 259 usefulness and manipulation, 263 virtual, named and derived, 259 Transact-SQL (T-SQL), 322, 327 Trees binary (see Binary trees) BST, 463 464, 466 level, height and weight, 450 root, 449 U, V UML. See Unified modeling language (UML) Unified modeling language (UML) college database, 102 database design procedure, 104 development, 101 marketing company, 103 symbols, 101 Update statements, SQL statements abridged general formats, 222 description, 222 facilitation, 256 multiple update, 223 simple update, 223 W, X, Y, Z Web-accessible databases ActiveX, 407 benefits, 403 business-to-business (B2B), 405 CGI and API, 406 consumer-to-business (C2B), 405 cookies, 408 DB2 implementation, 409 description, 403 front-end and back-end tools, 410 HTTP, 407 Java, 407 JavaScript, 407 Oracle implementation, 408 plug-in, 407 server-side extension, 406 SOAP, 406 three-tiered approach, 404 405 two-tiered approach, 404 VBScript, 408 Web server, 405 WSDL, 407 XML, 406 Web services description language (WSDL), 407 WSDL. See Web services description language (WSDL) 516