Exercise 1: Intrductin t ArcGIS Descriptin: This exercise intrduces yu t ArcCatalg and ArcMap. Yu will prepare a flder structure t stre the data files and map prducts. The relatinship between ArcGIS and Excel is demnstrated s that yu can create maps in ArcGIS. Nte: It is highly recmmended that yu take ntes while yu d the lab t track what yu have dne. Objectives: : Managing data in ArcCatalg Getting familiar with the ArcMap interface Wrking with attribute tables: add a field, using the field calculatr, jining tables Creating new gegraphic data frm a spreadsheet. Using symblgy and labels. Create a layut Viewing metadata Skills: Data management and rganizatin; wrking with spreadsheets; visualizatin and cartgraphy Data: Bundary data fr this exercise are frm the US Department f State, Office f the Gegrapher. Visit this site t read mre abut the metadata: https://data.hdx.rwlabs.rg/dataset/lsib-plygns-africa-and-americas-simplified. Ppulatin data are frm the UN Department f Ecnmic and Scial Affairs, Ppulatin Divisin. Visit this site t read the metadata: http://esa.un.rg/unpd/wup/cd- ROM/WUP2014_DOCUMENTATION%5CWUP2014_DESCRIPTION_CD.pdf Bundary shapefiles: -AfricaAmericas_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp -EurasiaOceania_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp -Glbal_LSIB_Lines_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp UN Ppulatin Data: WUP2014-F22-Cities_Over_300K_Annual.xls PART 1: ArcCatalg, the best practice fr data management 1. Start ArcCatalg frm the Start Menu->ArcGIS. Yu will need t map r cnnect t the flder where the data are lcated. In ArcCatalg, click n File/Cnnect t Flder r click n the Cnnect t Flder icn. Navigate t the lcatin f the wrkshp flder, which is displayed at the frnt f the classrm. Click n the flder, and then click OK. 2. T the right f the Catalg Tree, in the Data Windw, there are a few tabs thrugh which yu can explre yur data: Cntents, Preview and Descriptin. The Cntents tab displays the cntent f the flder with icns symblizing the type f data, such as pint, line, plygn, r raster. 1
The Preview tab shws the gegraphic representatin f the data. The Descriptin tab displays descriptive infrmatin (metadata) abut the data, if it has been prperly created. NOTE: When cpying and mving data, ALWAYS d this in ArcCatalg. D nt cpy/delete/rename data using Windws Explrer. When using ArcCatalg, yu autmatically capture all the data files assciated with each shapefile. If yu cpy shapefiles frm Windws Explrer, yu must be sure t cpy all files that belng with a shapefile (.shx,.shp,.dbf,.prj,.xml) r yur data will be unreadable. PART 2: Getting familiar with ArcMap 1. Start ArcMap by clicking n the ArcMap buttn. A dialgue appears prviding the ptin t pen a new map, a template, r an existing map. A Blank Map ptin is used if yu are starting a new map. A Template is used if yu want t use a layut that has already been created. The Existing Map ptin is used if yu want t pen a map file that has been previusly created in ArcMap. Since we are making a new map and nt using a template, select Blank Map. 2. Table f Cntents and Data Frames. When yu first start a blank map, ArcMap autmatically creates a wrking area, r Data Frame, called Layers in yur Table f Cntents. Yu can als create new Data Frames and have several Data Frames in a single ArcMap Map Dcument. Each data frame can fcus n a different gegraphical area, r thematic area. Having multiple Insider Tip: An ArcMap dcument is called an MXD fr shrt, because the file extensin is.mxd data frames will allw yu t make multiple maps in a single Map Dcument. Hwever, t many data frames can slw dwn the sftware, s use them wisely! We will cver adding new data frames later in the lab. 2
Overview f ArcMap Interface. IMPORTANT NOTE: Each data frame has its wn prperties, ne f the mst imprtant f which is prjectin. The prjectin fr a data frame will default t the prjectin f the first layer added t the data frame. All layers thereafter added t that data frame will be n-the-fly prjected t the same crdinate system as the data frame. Nte that this is fr display purpses nly, and this des nt change the permanent crdinate system f the newly added layer. T set the Data Frame prperties right click n Layers and select Prperties t pen the Data Frame Prperties windw. Varius tabs cntrl the prperties fr the data frame. Select sme f the ther tabs t see the different ptins. We will explre these in depth at anther time. Fr nw, clse the windw when yu are thrugh with the tabs. 3. Navigatin and Data View. Nw we are ging t explre sme gegraphic data using ArcMap. Use the Add Data buttn t add the data fr this exercise. Navigate t the Data flder and select the AfricaAmericas_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp shapefile. Click the Add buttn t add the layer. Imprtant cncept: We have just created a layer in ArcMap. Each layer references a dataset and specifies hw that dataset is prtrayed using symbls and text labels. It is imprtant t nte that the MXD des nt huse a shapefile. The layer is POINTING t a shapefile. 3
Let s explre this new dataset by navigating the map in the Data View. Data View is used t display, query, edit, explre and analyze data. Use the navigatin bar t zm in, zm ut, and pan arund yur map. Use the magnifying glass t zm in and ut, and use the white glve t pan. T quit using the navigatin tls, click the black arrw. Add tw additinal datasets: EurasiaOceania_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp Glbal_LSIB_Lines_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG.shp 4
Explre their gegraphy in the data view. Let s rename ur layers s that we can refer t them mre easily. Yu will find that there are multiple ways t accmplish just abut anything in ArcMap. Yu can rename a layer at least 3 different ways: Duble click t access Prperties and change the name in the General tab, r Click nce n the layer, wait a mment, and click again, then type in the new name and hit enter, r Click n a layer, hit F2, type a new name, and hit enter. NOTE: These techniques are renaming the layers in yur MXD, nt the actual shapefile names. Use ne f these techniques t rename the layers as fllws: EurasiaOceania_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG Change t LSIB Eurasia and Oceania AfricaAmericas_LSIB_Plygns_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG Change t LSIB Africa and Americas Glbal_LSIB_Lines_Simplified_2015Jan23_USG Change t LSIB Lines Insider Tip: Yu can change the rder f the data layers in the Data Frame by clicking and dragging a data layer up r dwn. ArcGIS draws frm the bttm up, meaning that the layers n tp in the table f cntents are shwn abve the layers n bttm in the data view. In general, data layers shuld be rganized with pints at the tp, fllwed by lines and then plygns n the bttm f the list. ArcMap will default t this drawing rder when adding data t the map. 4. Data Layer prperties. Just as the Data Frame has prperties, each layer in the Table f Cntents als has prperties. T view the prperties f a data layer, right click n the layer name and select Prperties t pen the Layer Prperties windw. Yu can view and mdify the display prperties f the layer including symblgy and labeling ptins. Sme f the mst imprtant things yu can d: Insider Tip: Yu can als simply duble click n either a Data Frame r a Data Layer t get t the Prperties dialg. General tab allws changing the name f the layer, adding descriptin and credits, and making the layer invisible at a certain scale. This helps declutter yur map at different scales. Surce tab allws viewing the metadata and editing the 5
data surce f the layer. Selectin tab allws custmizing selectin symblgy. Display tab allws changing transparency f the layer and the default attribute field that shws when yu identify n a feature. Symblgy tab allws custmizing and imprting symblgy f the layer via Features, Categries, Quantities, Charts, and Multiple Attributes. Fields tab allws custmizing the display f attribute data, which is useful when yu have many attributes but are nt interested in seeing all f them all the time. Definitin Query tab allws t write scripts t query the data via Query Builder. Labels tab allws displaying, changing symblgy, and defining placement, scale, and style f the labels. Jin & Relates tab allws jining and relating varius datasets. Time allws animatin f data with time attributes HTML Ppup tab allws shwing the cntent f the layer using HTML Ppup tl. Clse the Layer Prperties dialg. 5. Attribute Data. Hw d yu knw what yu are lking at in the Data View? There are multiple ways t get mre infrmatin abut the gegraphic data yu are viewing. We will explre the attribute infrmatin fr yur gegraphic data. An integral part f each shapefile is a.dbf file, r database file. This cntains the attribute infrmatin abut yur data. It can be very rbust r very minimal, depending n the data surce and purpse f the data. Attributes shuld be thrughly defined in the dataset s metadata (mre abut metadata later) Attribute tables cntain a rw (recrd) fr each feature in the layer and a clumn (field) fr each attribute. A Feature is a single gegraphic feature, such as a single pint, line r plygn. An Attribute is a characteristic f that gegraphic feature. Fr example, an attribute f a city pint may be the ppulatin r the year it was funded. Attribute tables. Right click n the Africa and Americas LSIB layer and select Open Attribute Table. There are attribute values fr each cuntry, because each cuntry has its wn plygn. Scrll acrss the table and examine the attributes. When a recrd is highlighted in the attribute table (by clicking n the blank square t the left f each recrd) the crrespnding feature is highlighted n the map. 6
Identify tl. If yu are explring data in the data view and want infrmatin abut a particular feature, use the Identify tl, fund n the navigatin bar shwn belw. Use the Identify tl t explre the attributes f a feature by selecting the tl frm the navigatin bar and then clicking n a feature in the Data View. Nte that the same attributes frm the attribute table shw up in the pp up windw. 7
Part 3. Interacting with yur Data and Imprting Data Wrking with Excel 1. ArcMap is a very rbust applicatin. Yu can interact with yur data in many, many different ways t analyze, interpret, create, and cnvey new infrmatin. In this sectin, we will create a new gegraphic dataset frm an existing spreadsheet; extract part f a dataset t create a new subset, and then we will symblize and label this dataset in preparatin fr making a map. 2. If yu have anything selected (highlighted) n yur map, use the Clear Selectin buttn t the left f the black arrw n yur tlbar t clear yur selectin. If this ptin is grayed ut, yu have nthing selected and need nt wrry abut this step. 3. Excel dcuments (.XLS), Cmma Separated Values (CSV) files, and Text (.TXT) files are ften used t stre and analyze structured data. In particular, Excel and CSV files are ppular. We will use a spreadsheet frm the United Natins Ppulatin Divisin t create data and display infrmatin abut cities acrss the glbe and in Peru in a gegraphic cntext. 4. In Excel, pen the WUP2014-F22-Cities_Over_300K_Annual.xls dcument in the Wrkshp Exercise 1 flder. 5. Explre the fields included in the dataset and get a sense f the infrmatin included: What frmat is each field in? Fr instance, is it text, an integer, a decimal, r a year? Hw many fields are there? Hw many recrds are there? Is there anything ther than data, such as ntes r headings, in the spreadsheet? 6. ArcMap des nt like certain characteristics that are ften included in spreadsheets and CSVs, and we have t plish ur spreadsheet befre imprting it r ArcGIS will get angry. This is ne reasn why it is imprtant t be familiar with yur dataset. Here are sme f the mst cmmn issues t cnsider: N spaces allwed in field names. Field names must start with a letter, but can still include numbers The wrd Year cannt be the title f a field. N special characters, such as parentheses, cmmas, r hyphens. If it is nt a letter r number, we must take it ut f the field name. 7. We will nw plish this spreadsheet t bring it int ArcMap. a. Use the Save As tl t save a new cpy f the spreadsheet in case we make a mistake with this ne. We can always return t the riginal. Just Append _ArcGIS t the end f the filename: i. WUP2014-F22-Cities_Over_300K_Annual_ArcGIS.xls b. Nte that Rws 1 thrugh 16 n the page Annual_Data d nt cntain data, but d cntain useful infrmatin. Cut and paste these rws int a new spreadsheet in the wrkbk, and then delete the 16 rws frm the sheet Annual_Data. c. Yu nw have useful headers, but must remve any incmpatible characters. Renaming headers can be a tenuus prcess, but there are sme tricks that can save yu time if yu knw yur way arund excel. d. Let s get rid f all the spaces in the header rws. We will d this by selecting the header 8
rw, then replacing all the spaces with n characters, thus deleting them. This is much faster than deleting the spaces individually and manually. e. Select rw 1 by click n the 1 at the far left f the rw, as shwn belw. f. At this pint yu can either chse Find & Select frm the ribbn r hit Ctrl + H t bring up the Find and Replace Dialg, as shwn belw. g. Type a single space in the Find what field, and leave the Replace with field blank. Click Replace All and yu will see all the spaces in the headers have disappeared. It is imprtant t be sure yu have just the header rw selected when perfrming this peratin r yu will remve ALL THE SPACES in the entire SPREADSHEET. If yu d this, simply click und and try it again. h. Next we will add the wrd Year in frnt f each f the numbered years, since we cannt have a field name that begins with a number. T begin, insert a new rw abve rw 1 by right clicking the 1 and chsing insert. 9
i. Next type the fllwing frmula int the cell abve 1950 : =CONCATENATE("Year",I2) i. This frmula is cmbining the wrd in qutatins with the cntents f the cell directly belw it, which is I2. It will maintain this relative reference when we cpy it t a new cell. In ther wrds, it will always pull the value frm the cell directly belw where we put the frmula. ii. Cpy and paste this frmula int all the cells in the header rw frm clumn I thrugh CK by dragging the small white bx in the crner f the cell all the way t the right until yu get t CK. j. Cpy the cells yu just filled in with the frmula, select the crrespnding cells belw them in rw 2, right click, and chse Paste Special r click the 123 ptin under Paste. This will paste the value created by the frmula (ie Year1950) instead f the frmula itself. NOTE: Yu will knw if yu paste the frmula instead f the values if yu see that the year n lnger makes sense (ie Year82.468 ) The crrect versin is shwn belw n the left, and the incrrect paste is shwn n the right. 10
k. Nw delete Rw 1 and save yur Excel Dcument. l. Yur spreadsheet is ready fr ArcMap! Return t yur ArcMap Dcument. 8. Using the Add Data buttn, navigate t yur Excel dcument. Duble click yur versin with the _ArcGIS appended. It will navigate further int yur excel dcument t shw the different sheets available. We want the ne titled 'ANNUAL DATA$'. Select this sheet and click Add. 9. Yu will see that yur Table f Cntents lks a little different. This is a different view in yur Table f Cntents, which lists yur data by Surce rather than by drawing rder. T see data in tables that is nt in a layer yet, yu must use this view. Yu can hver abve the icns at the tp f yur Table f Cntents t see hw each viewing ptin is used. 10. Next, we are ging t use the Latitude and Lngitude fields in ur spreadsheet t tell ArcMap hw t lcate the data in ur sheet. a. Right click n the Annual Data table and chse Display XY Data b. ArcMap makes sme assumptins abut yur data based n the clumn names, but it s nt always crrect. If needed, change the X field t Lngitude and the Y field t Latitude. Leave the Z field empty fr this data set, as we d nt have any elevatin data assciated with ur cities. c. ArcGIS defaults t GCS_WGS_1984 fr its datum, which is accurate in this case. Yu can change this using the Edit buttn if needed. 11
d. Click Ok and disregard the errr message abut the Object ID field. We will remedy this sn. e. Nw yu shuld have a map full f pints displaying yur cities! f. Save yur ArcMap dcument. g. Yur Annual Data$ Events Layer is a temprary layer that ArcMap is shwing by reading frm yur excel. Let s make a permanent Shapefile frm this layer, as temprary layers have limitatins and can be unpredictable. h. Right click the 'ANNUAL DATA$' Events layer and navigate t Data-> Exprt Data. i. Ensure yu are exprting All Features and save yur new shapefile t yur Lessn 1 flder with the file name UN_Cities.shp j. Chse Yes when asked if yu want t add this t yur map. k. Nw yu have a reference t yur shapefile in yur map as a new layer - Yu ve just created a new gegraphic dataset and mapped it ArcMap! 12
Part 4: Querying, Symblizing, and Labeling yur Data 1. Using the Tlbar at the tp f yur Table f Cntents, switch back t the List by Drawing Order view. 2. Duble click n the UN_Cities Layer t bring up the prperties dialg and navigate t the Symblgy Tab. 3. ArcMap has many symblgy ptins fr yur data. Explre the ptins n the left: Features-> Single symbl allws yu t have all features in a layer depicted with the same symbl. Categries ptin yu can use an attribute field t differentiate between categries f pints. Fr instance, a field listing the type f city as Cuntry Capital, State Capital, r Cunty Capital culd shw each type differently. Quantities allws yu t use a numeric attribute field t determine the symblgy. Size and clr will change fr each feature in accrdance with the value f the attribute fr that feature. Charts allws yu t depict multiple attribute values in a single symbl, such as a bar r pie chart fr each feature. Multiple Attributes allws yu t create cmbinatins f attributes that, tgether, are their wn categry. Fr instance, if yu have an attribute fr City Type and an attribute fr Under 5,000 r Over 5,000 peple yu culd depict bth attributes in a single symbl by having a unique value fr Cuntry Capital, Under 5,000 and a unique attribute fr Cuntry Capital, Over 5,000. This ptin can be cumbersme if yu have t many permutatins f attribute values, thugh, s it is best fr small lists f types. 4. We are ging t use the Quantities ptin t symblize the ppulatin size fr cities in ur layer. Click n Quantities -> Graduated Symbls. We will chse the attribute field f which we want t base ur symblgy. Click the drp dwn fr Value: and select Year2014. ArcMap autmatically suggests hw yu might grup yur data int ranges using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) methd. Yu can read mre abut the methds fr classifying yur data in the ArcMap Help. Yu can als change the clr and symbl used by clicking n the Template buttn t the right. Fr nw, let s simply edit the values s that there are n decimal pints. 5. Click n the first value listed in the Range clumn nt the label clumn. Edit the value s that it is an integer. Repeat this fr all f the ranges listed until yur data lks like the image belw. Be sure t rund up fr the last value s that yu dn t lse any features. 13
6. Adjust the labels s that there are n redundant zeres shwing. This will transfer t ur legend later and lk much cleaner. Click n the header fr the Label clumn and select Frmat Labels. In the Runding Bx change the number f decimal places t 0 and select kay. Nte that we had t change bth the Range and the Labels s that the Labels accurately reflect the Range values. 7. Hit Apply, and mve the Prperties dialg t preview yur map. 14
8. At the glbal scale, this data is smewhat verwhelming and difficult t depict. We are interested in cities in Peru, s click OK and zm in t explre Peru. Reminder: Use the magnifying glass t zm in, and then switch back t the black arrw. Insider Tip: Use the selectr tl n yur navigatin bar t click and select Peru. Right click and chse Zm t Selected Features. Make a Bkmark fr Peru by ging t the Bkmarks Menu and selecting Create Bkmark. Name the bkmark Peru. This will allw yu t quickly navigate t this map extent again in the future. If yu have Peru selected, be sure t clear yur selectin using either the clear selected features tl n either yur tlbar r Selectin Menu. Yur Data View shuld lk like this nw: 15
9. Since we are nly interested in Peruvian cities, let s extract this frm ur current dataset and create a new subset f Peruvian cities. There are many ways t accmplish this, but this time we are ging t use the Select by Attribute tl t select all cities that have Peru listed as the cuntry. Open yur UN_Cities attribute table by right clicking n yur UN_Cities layer and selecting Open Attribute Table. Yu can see all the attributes transferred frm the Excel dcument we started with. Familiarize yurself with fields. In the Selectin Menu chse the Select by Attributes tl. This is als accessible thrugh the attribute table in the upper left crner. Be sure that the Layer: field is set t UN_Cities, as this is the layer we want t query. We are creating a new selectin, s ensure the Methd says Create a new selectin. This ptin can be used t create a query which selects within, adds t, r remves frm an existing selectin. Build yur query statement. We want t return values that match the thught Cuntry is Peru, s: Duble click the field Cuntryra t add the cuntry attribute t yur query. Single click the = buttn t add it t yur query statement: = is the is in yur query statement. Click the Get Unique Values buttn t retrieve and list all the ptins in the Cuntryra field. Type Peru in the G T: field t quickly find Peru. Duble click Peru t add it t yur query statement. Verify yur query t be sure we made n syntax mistakes by clicking the Verify buttn. If there are errrs, clear the statement and try again. If nt, click OK in the verify dialg and Apply in the Select By Attributes tl. Nte that ArcMap selects yur cities in the Data View and that they are als selected in the attribute table. 10. We are ging t exprt these cities t a new layer in ArcMap t mre easily wrk with them. This will nt create a new shapefile, just a layer reading nly cities that match ur selectin frm the UN_Cities shapefile. Right click the UN_Cities layer, g t Selectin, and chse Create layer frm selected features. Turn ff the riginal UN_Cities layer and the 'ANNUAL DATA$' Events layer clicking the check bx next t each, and see that nly the cities in Peru, which we selected, are shwing n the map. 11. Change the symblgy fr yur new layer t a quantities type that yu like and adjust the range and labels t integers with n decimals shwing. 16
12. Nw let s label the cities in ur map. In the prperties dialg, g t the labeling tab. Yu can chse t pull labels fr each feature frm any attribute field. We are ging t shw the names f the cities, but yu culd als shw the ppulatin r a cmbinatin f attributes using an expressin. In the Label Field drp dwn, ensure that UrbanAggl is selected. Yu can use the ptins in the Text Symbl sectin t adjust the fnt, size, and clr fr yur text, as well as mre advanced ptins using the Symbl buttn. Fr nw, select a size 14 Arial Black fnt and click OK. Enable labeling fr yur cities layer by right clicking the layer and chsing label features. Cngratulatins! Yu ve created a map f cities in Peru based n their ppulatin size. Let s make a finished map prduct using the layut view next. Part 5: Creating a Layut 1. Select View/Layut View. Yu may need t resize/rerient the Layut t accmmdate the rientatin f the gegraphy f the surface yu are mapping. There is a separate tlbar fr navigating yur layut view than fr navigating the gegraphy f yur data. MAP ELEMENTS: Be sure t add all the map elements: Nrth arrw, legend, title, surce, scale, date, authr by using the Insert ptin n the Menu bar. Think abut sizing f elements, spacing, white space n the page, etc. These elements shuld be n ALL future maps. A title shuld include three things: Theme, year f the theme, and gegraphy. Be sure yu are in Layut View. Frm the Insert menu, select Text. Type a meaningful Title with the date & gegraphic area then click OK. Mve the title bx abve the map data. T change the fnt, right click the title bx. Select Prperties. Select Change Symbl. Yu can change the fnt type, size and style. Title fnts shuld be bld and 16 pint r higher. Try a fnt f 36 pint, chse ne fnt type fr all the text n yur map. Sans serif fnts (i.e., Arial r Helvetica) are easier t read than serif fnts. Click OK t clse the windws. One quick way t get the right title size is t use the Fit Width t Margins ptin: Right click the title, select Distribute, and then Fit Width t Margins. Yu still may have t adjust the size f the title. 17
A legend and symblgy tell the stry f yur map. Insert legend -Frm the Insert menu, select Legend. Click Next, then Next again t accept the defaults. On the Legend Frame wizard, select a 0.5 brder fr the first ptin. Fr the Backgrund clr, select White. The default fr a legend is Hllw, which makes the Legend transparent. Click thrugh the rest f the wizard and Finish. Mve the legend t a spt clse t the data frame this is usually a gd place fr a legend. NOTE: When creating maps with multiple layers, the legend shuld be rganized lgically with the key data layers abve base data layers. Insert Scale Bar Scale bars shuld accmpany every map since scale is a critical element fr distance/cntext. Frm the Insert menu, select Scale Bar. Select the first scale bar template by clicking n it nce, then select Prperties. Change Divisin units t Kilmeters. Click OK t clse the windws. Insert Nrth Arrw With nrth arrws, the simpler the better. Avid verly rnate arrws, yet find yur style. Frm the Insert menu, select Nrth Arrw. Often the Nrth Arrw will be psitined adjacent t the Scale Bar. Insert surce Be sure t include the surces fr data and maps. Citing data surces helps the reader verify the primary surce f data. There are many ways t cite surces. Be sure t be cnsistent in hw yu cite surces: Create a text bx fr the surce infrmatin. On the Insert menu, select Text. Drag the text bx t the lwer right crner t be able t see it. Right click the text bx and select Prperties. Yu may have tw parts t yur surce: the Map Surce and the Data Surce: Map Surce: Yur rganizatin (r yur name), date Data Surce: where the data was btained frm Add the prductin date f the map. Click OK. 18
Map frame bundary (ptinal). Als knwn as the Neat Line A simple frame is best use the default (simple) and a width f 0.5. While in Layut View, click the map frame t activate it. Blue dts will appear arund the frame. Right click the map and select Prperties. Select Frame tab Under Brder, scrll t the tp and select a style. Click OK. NOTE: The design and rganizatin f the map shuld be well balanced. Avid clustering the elements n ne side f the map, avid verly large fnts fr the title and legend, and white space shuld be fairly equal n all sides f the map. Challenge Activity: Use the UN Ppulatin data t make a map f ppulatin in anther part f thew wrld. Create a layut. 19