e-issn 2455 1392 Volume 2 Issue 2, February 2016 pp. 1-7 Scientific Journal Impact Factor : 3.468 http://www.ijcter.com Reducing Routing Overhead in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Cluster Scheme Paranjape R. S. 1, Mali N. N. 2, Bhosale D. V 3., Mitkal P. K. 4, Pawar R. N. 5 1,2,3,4,5 Computer Science & Engg, Karmayogi Engineering Abstract Because of high versatility of hubs in portable ad hoc systems (MANETs), there exist incessant connection breakages which lead to regular way disappointments and course revelations. The overhead of a course disclosure can't be ignored. In a course revelation, broadcasting is a key and compelling information dispersal instrument, where a portable hub aimlessly rebroadcasts the initially got course ask for bundles unless it has a course to the destination, and along these lines it causes the broadcast storm issue. In this paper, we propose a neighbor scope based probabilistic rebroadcast convention for diminishing directing overhead in MANETs. With a specific end goal to adequately abuse the neighbor scope information, we propose a novel rebroadcast deferral to decide the rebroadcast request, and after that we can acquire the more precise additional scope proportion by detecting neighbor scope learning. We likewise characterize a network element to give the hub thickness adaptation. By joining the additional scope proportion and availability element, we set a sensible rebroadcast likelihood. Our methodology consolidates the advantages of the neighbor scope information and the probabilistic instrument, which can fundamentally diminish the quantity of retransmissions in order to lessen the directing overhead, and can likewise enhance the steering execution. Keywords MANET, Cluster, Routing Mechanism, Neighbor knowledge, Clustering Algorithm I. INTRODUCTION The fundamental rule behind ad hoc network is multi-hop, in which messages are sent from the source to the destination of the nodes in the network. The communication between two ends of nodes can be done using intermediate nodes. The information can be transferred from intermediate nodes from source to the destination. The MANET is increasing which improve the performance like reduce overhead when network size is increase. Also used in mobility, limited energy and computational capacity of nodes. The clustering algorithm improves the performance in scalability, bandwidth usage and maintains stability and robustness of network. In MANET there are different routing protocols such as reactive, proactive, hybrid. All the reactive protocols such as AODV, DSR, etc. used to establish route between source and destination [1]. Source node keeps on sending packets to the destination from all the nodes in the network until route establish between source and destination. In MANET every node acts as router which transfers information to other nodes. Characteristics: 1. Dynamic Topology 2. No Centralized Controller 3. Power Limitation 4. Infrastructure less 5. Power Limitation Application of Manets: @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 1
1. Used in Military applications 2. Used in Collaborative and Distributed Computing 3. Used in Emergency Operations Issues in Manets: 1. Issue in Distributed operation 2. Issue in Hidden terminals 3. Issue in Access deferral 4. Due to Mobility of node in MANETs, link breakages may occur which lead to path failure and route discoveries, which increase routing overhead and decrease also increase end-to-end delay [4]. Routing overhead reduce in route discovery is an essential problem in MANET. The Conventional routing protocols uses flooding method for route discovery. In this method they broadcast RREQ packet to network, but broadcasting technique induces retransmission of RREQ packet and causes the broadcast storm problem. The broadcast problem leads to packet collision in network [5]. II. RELATED WORK xin et al. [1], proposed NCPR protocol used to keep network connectivity and reduce retransmission, but disadvantage is that, node receive same RREQ packet again and again. j. kim et al. [2], proposed coverage area and neighbour confirmation with dynamic probabilistic broadcasting approach. With the coverage area concept we adjusted the rebroadcast probability. h. alaamri et al. [3], proposed new routing algorithm i.e. on-demand tree-based routing protocol, used to improve scalability of ad-hoc networks by using tree-based optimized flooding algorithm. This algorithm contains hop-by-hop routing mechanism. There is no previous knowledge about destination. ni et al. [4], proposed broadcasting scheme for finding the best route between source and destination. When link breakages occur in Manet broadcasting technique is re-applied. in broadcasting problem no. of times results in contention and collision. williams et al. [7], divides the broadcasting protocols into four types: simple flooding, probability based methods, area based method and neighbor knowledge method. Existing System: Broadcasting is an effective mechanism for route discovery, but the routing overhead associated with the broadcasting can be quite large, especially in high dynamic networks. Disadvantages of Existing System: The existing broadcasting protocol tested analytically and experimentally, and showed that the rebroadcast is very costly and consumes too much network resource. The broadcasting incurs large routing overhead and causes many problems such as redundant retransmissions, contentions, and collisions. III. PROBLEM STATEMENT There are some fundamental challenges to design mobility and protocol stacks for mobile ad-hoc network. These challenges are generated due to movement of nodes, frequent topology changes. Due to dynamic topology and distributed nature, information over network changes and increase control @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 2
overhead. Due to increasing control overhead less packet delivery ratio and increase delay in network. This could result in Broadcast- Storm Problem and congestion is generated. IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM In our proposed system we remove the drawbacks of previous algorithm, generating the new algorithm for listed above problem. System Architecture: A. Effective Clustering Algorithm: In MANET nodes are keeping moving and communicate with each other in wireless link. In clustering scheme the network is divided into chunk of nodes known as Clusters where one node in each cluster act as a Cluster head which is used for Routing. Mainly we used creation of cluster and election of cluster head algorithm. The Cluster creation algorithm we check that node is in the communication range or not. If present in range then node will be added otherwise not added. For each node less distance is efficient. The cluster information is maintained by each node. The cluster information is very important. This information keeps track of the all necessary information for clustering algorithm. When updating the information, a node can determine its own status by exchanging cluster information with its neighboring nodes. The cluster information is used for cluster maintenance and routing. Each node maintains neighbor tables that contain Unidirectional and Bidirectional neighbor table. The information stored in neighboring table. Fig 1: Structure of nodes @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 3
Custer Formation: In this method, every node in the network broadcast a hello packet which contains no. of neighbors, energy, hierarchical level & cluster head id. Initially id of cluster head, hierarchical level and no. of neighbors of nodes are blank. a) Cluster Head: The cluster is coordinator of the cluster. The cluster head forward the packets. Resource management function performed by cluster head for its members & for intra-inter communication. It acts as a base station in the structure. The cluster head shows in above figure with dark filled circle. b) Gateway Node: It is non-cluster head node. Gateway node contain inter cluster links. It can access neighboring clusters. It exchange the cluster related information. It acts as an access point between two clusters. There are two types of gateway nodes: 1) Ordinary gateway node which lies within the transmission range of two cluster heads. The cluster head use hops that away from its neighbor and transmits them between the nodes. 2) Distributed gateway node uses the hops that away from its neighbor and both clusters can communicate with each other. c) Ordinary node: These nodes are members of cluster. It takes part in topology. It can be act as cluster head or gateway node when requirement is there. B. Modified Cluster Head Selection Algorithm: The proposed algorithm uses architecture of cluster for routing functionalities. Below are steps that consider in our proposed algorithm. When node receives RREQ request then it does following steps: 1. Create cluster in the network 2. Calculate the each node in the cluster 3. Elect the Cluster Head(CH) in each cluster which contain maximum no. of neighbors 4. Each Cluster Head(CH) keep nodes information & its neighbors to forward the packet to neighboring CH 5. Source node sends RREQ request to all CH that are located in the cluster 6. After receiving RREQ then CH forward RREQ to each CH in the network 7. Check destination node in the network If yes jump to step 8 If not jump to step 9 8. Broadcast RREQ 9. Discard RREQ 10. RREP send to the source from destination @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 4
ROUTING MECHANISM: The Routing Mechanism consists of three parts: i. Intra Cluster Routing ii. Inter Cluster Routing iii. Route Maintenance Fig 2: Cluster Head Selection 1. Intra Cluster Routing: In this method cluster head checks whether the destination node is present within cluster or not. If present then it sends RREP reply packet with ID which present in the packet. Now, node forwards the all data packet or information to the destination. 2. Inter Cluster Routing: In this method cluster head checks whether the destination node is present within the cluster or not. If present then send packet to the destination. If node is not present within the cluster head range then it finds the destination location and sends RREQ packet to the gateway node, find the direction to the destination. 3. Route Maintenance: The failure of link event can be occur when forwarding the data packets from source to destination. It initiates the route recovery mechanism to find the destination. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: The Eclipse tool is used to evaluate the performance. The java platform is used to evaluate the performance parameters. When we started the tool we taking the 40 nodes were placed randomly in the clustered oval. In each oval contain the Cluster Head (CH), Gateway Node and Normal node. The clustering algorithms are used. The routing mechanism also used to reduce the overhead i.e. we used intra- cluster and inter cluster routing. A. Analysis of cluster performance: 1) Number of clusters: The less number of cluster form by using cluster algorithm, the lower overhead contain. 2) Number of role changes: The cluster can contain min. no. of role changes which provides better stability and lower maintenance. @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 5
Fig 1: Packet Delivery Ratio Packet delivery ratio: It is the ratio of data packet deliver to the destination from the source. Fig 2: Control Overhead Control overhead: This provides the scalability to the network. It also indicates no. of data successfully receive by destination nodes. Fig 3: End-to-End Delay End-to-End delay: The average time it takes data packet reach to the destination. Throughput: It indicates no. of data received successfully by the all destination. @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 6
Fig 5: Packet Loss Ratio Packet Loss Ratio: It is calculated by difference between no. of data packet sent by source and no. of data packet received by destination. VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Reducing routing overhead is very challenging task in MANET. In MANETs, when network s size exceeds a certain threshold decreases the performance, resulting in many routing algorithms performing only when network s size is small. To overcome reduce routing overhead, and increase in End-to-End delay it is mandatory to make network organization smaller and manageable. The scheme is used for integrated routing and message delivery in clustered networks. The proposed clustering architecture was evaluated using experiments. The proposed technique shows that the algorithm builds stable clusters with low communication overhead due to its localized, distributed and reactive nature. Which will not only reduces the routing overhead, it will also decrease End-to- End delay and increase Packet Delivery ratio with improving efficiency. REFERENCES [1] Jing Jing Xia and Xin Ming Zhang, A Neighbor coverage based probabilistic rebroadcast for reducing routing overhead in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.12, No.3, 2013. [2] J. Kim, Q. Zhang and D.P. Agrawal, Probabilistic Broadcasting Based on Coverage Area and Neighbor Confirmation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. IEEE GlobeCom, 2004. [3] H. AlAamri, M. Abolhasan, and T. Wysocki, On Optimising Route Discovery in Absence of Previous Route Information in MANETs, Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC), pp. 1-5, 2009. [4] S.Y. Ni, Y.C. Tseng, Y.S. Chen, and J.P. Sheu, The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom, pp. 151-162, 1999. [5] B. Williams and T. Camp, Comparison of Broadcasting Techniques for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. ACM MobiHoc, pp. 194-205, 2002. [6] A. Mohammed, M. Ould-Khaoua, L.M. Mackenzie, C. Perkins, and J.D. Abdulai, Probabilistic Counter-Based Route Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proc. Int l Conf. Wireless Comm. and Mobile Computing: Connecting the World Wirelessly (IWCMC 09), pp. 1335-1339, 2009. [7] Ratish Agrawal Survey of clustering algorithms for MANET International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol.1(2),2009,98-104. [8] H. Shah-Mansoun and M. R. Pakravan, Performance analysis of flooding over CSMA in wireless ad-hoc networks, 3rd ed. IEEE PIMRC, Cannes,France,sep.2008,pp.15. [9] Abdelhak Bentaleb, Abdelhak Boubetra, Saad Harous, Survey of Clustering Schemes in Mobile ad-hoc Networks,3rd ed. Communications and Network,2015,5,8-14 [10] Dang Nguyen, Pascale Minet, Thomas Kunz and Louise Lamont, On the Selection of Cluster Head in MANET s, 3rd ed. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 2, March 2011 [11] J. Sucec and I. Marsic, Clustering overhead for hierarchical routing in mobile ad-hoc networks, 3rd ed. IEEE Inform, 2002. [12] Deval Patel, Vishal Shah, A Study of various Routing Protocols in MANET s, 3 rd ed. Volume 3, Issue 1, January February 2014. @IJCTER-2015, All rights Reserved 7