Protocol General Important Protocols for Examination of IA Examination 2018 DNS - Domain Name System - translates network address (such as IP addresses) into terms understood by humans (such as Domain Names) and vice-versa DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - can automatically assign Internet addresses to computers and users FTP - File Transfer Protocol - a protocol that is used to transfer and manipulate files on the Internet HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol - An Internet-based protocol for sending and receiving webpages IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet IRC - Internet Relay Chat - a protocol used for Internet chat and other communications POP3 - Post Office protocol Version 3 - a protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve messages from remote servers IMAP(Intermediate Mail Access Protocol) Here the user may access the mail box on the server from different machines so there is no point in downloading the mail before hand. Instead when the mail has to be read one has to log on to the server. (IMAP thus provides authentication) DMSP(Distributive Mail System Protocol) There are multiple mailboxes on different servers. SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet ESMTP ESMTP stands for Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): is a network layer protocol that handles error reporting RIP ( ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL)RIP uses the distance-vector algorithm SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP) The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a framework for managing devices in an internet using the TCPIIP protocol suite. It provides a set of fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining an internet. OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF) MOSPF (Multicase Open Shorted Path First)- This protocol is an extension of the OSPF protocol that uses multicast link state routing to create source based trees. DVMRP(Multicast Distance Vector Routing)- The multicast distance vector routing algorithm is based on four decision making strategies. ARP: Find the MAC (Physical) address of the next hop( Maps an IP address to a MAC address). Data link layer encapsulates this address into the frame RARP : Maps a MAC address to an IP address RARP has been replaced by DHCP. ICMP: Handle unusual situations such as the occurrence of an error. IGMP :IP is designed for unicast delivery so we need IGMP For Multicast delivery (such as multimedia application) Common TCP/IP Protocols and Ports File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Port Numbe r Description 20/21 FTP is one of the most commonly used file transfer protocols on the Internet and within private networks. An FTP server can easily be set up with little networking knowledge and provides the ability to easily relocate files from one system to another. FTP control is Page1
handled on TCP port 21 and its data transfer can use TCP port 20 as well as dynamic ports depending on the specific configuration. Secure Shell (SSH) 22 SSH is the primary method used to manage network devices securely at the command level. It is typically used as a secure alternative to Telnet which does not support secure connections. Telnet 23 Telnet is the primary method used to manage network devices at the command level. Unlike SSH which provides a secure connection, Telnet does not, it simply provides a basic unsecured connection. Many lower level network devices support Telnet and not SSH as it required some additional processing. Caution should be used when connecting to a device using Telnet over a public network as the login credentials will be transmitted in the clear. Simple Transfer (SMTP) Mail Protocol Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 25 SMTP is used for two primary functions, it is used to transfer mail (email) from source to destination between mail servers and it is used by end users to send email to a mail system. 53 The DNS is used widely on the public internet and on private networks to translate domain names into IP addresses, typically for network routing. DNS is hieratical with main root servers that contain databases that list the managers of high level Top Level Domains (TLD) (such as.com). These different TLD managers then contain information for the second level domains that are typically used by individual users (for example, cisco.com). A DNS server can also be set up within a private network to private naming services between the hosts of the internal network without being part of the global system. 67/68 DHCP is used on networks that do not use static IP address assignment (almost all of them). A DHCP server can be set up by an administrator or engineer with a poll of addresses that are available for assignment. When a client device is turned on it can request an IP address from the local DHCP server, if there is an available address in the pool it can be assigned to the device. This assignment is not permanent and expires at a configurable interval; if an address renewal is not requested and the lease expires the address will be put back into the poll for assignment. 69 TFTP offers a method of file transfer without the session establishment requirements that FTP uses. Because TFTP uses UDP instead of TCP it has no way of ensuring the file has been properly transferred, the end device must be able to check the file to ensure proper transfer. TFTP is typically used by devices to upgrade software and firmware; this includes Cisco and other network vendors equipment. Page2
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 HTTP is one of the most commonly used protocols on most networks. HTTP is the main protocol that is used by web browsers and is thus used by any client that uses files located on these servers. Post Office Protocol (POP) version 3 Network Time Protocol (NTP) NetBIOS 137/138 /139 Internet Access (IMAP) Message Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 110 POP version 3 is one of the two main protocols used to retrieve mail from a server. POP was designed to be very simple by allowing a client to retrieve the complete contents of a server mailbox and then deleting the contents from the server. 123 One of the most overlooked protocols is NTP. NTP is used to synchronize the devices on the Internet. Even most modern operating systems support NTP as a basis for keeping an accurate clock. The use of NTP is vital on networking systems as it provides an ability to easily interrelate troubles from one device to another as the clocks are precisely accurate. NetBIOS itself is not a protocol but is typically used in combination with IP with the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) protocol. NBT has long been the central protocol used to interconnect Microsoft Windows machines. 143 IMAP version3 is the second of the main protocols used to retrieve mail from a server. While POP has wider support, IMAP supports a wider array of remote mailbox operations which can be helpful to users. 161/162 SNMP is used by network administrators as a method of network management. SNMP has a number of different abilities including the ability to monitor, configure and control network devices. SNMP traps can also be configured on network devices to notify a central server when specific actions are occurring. Typically, these are configured to be used when an alerting condition is happening. In this situation, the device will send a trap to network management stating that an event has occurred and that the device should be looked at further for a source to the event. 179 BGP version 4 is widely used on the public internet and by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to maintain very large routing tables and traffic processing. BGP is one of the few protocols that have been designed to deal with the astronomically large routing tables that must exist on the public Internet. Hypertext Transfer Protocol over 389 LDAP provides a mechanism of accessing and maintaining distributed directory information. LDAP is based on the ITU-T X.500 standard but has been simplified and altered to work over TCP/IP networks. 443 HTTPS is used in conjunction with HTTP to provide the same services but doing it using a secure connection which is provided by Page3
SSL/TLS (HTTPS) either SSL or TLS. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (LDAPS) 636 Just like HTTPS, LDAPS provides the same function as LDAP but over a secure connection which is provided by either SSL or TLS. FTP over TLS/SSL 989/990 Again, just like the previous two entries, FTP over TLS/SSL uses the FTP protocol which is then secured using either SSL or TLS. Question IEEE 802.1 IEEE 802.2 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.6 IEEE 802.7 IEEE 802.8 IEEE 802.9 IEEE 802.10 IEEE 802.11 Standard IEEE 802 list Main list Answer Higher Layer LAN Protocols LLC Ethernet Token bus Token ring MAC layer MANs (DQDB) Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic TAG Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or isoethernet) Interoperable LAN Security Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) IEEE 802.12 IEEE 802.13 100BaseVG Unused[2] IEEE 802.14 Cable modems Page4
IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.16 Wireless PAN Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification) Question IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15.3 IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.5 IEEE 802.15.6 IEEE 802.15.7 IEEE 802.16.1 IEEE 802.16.2 IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring IEEE 802.18 IEEE 802.19 IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.21 IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.23 IEEE 802.24 IEEE 802.25 Bluetooth certification Radio Regulatory TAG Coexistence TAG Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Media Independent Handoff Wireless Regional Area Network Emergency Services Working Group Smart Grid TAG Omni-Range Area Network Sub list Answer IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence High-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., UWB, etc.) Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.) Mesh networking for WPAN Body area network Visible light communications Local Multipoint Distribution Service Coexistence wireless access Page5
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) Working Group EEE 802.11 Standards There is a plethora of standards under the IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN / MAN Standards Committee). Of these even 802.11 has a variety of standards, each with a letter suffix. These cover everything from the wireless standards themselves, to standards for security aspects, quality of service and the like: 802.11a - Wireless network bearer operating in the 5 GHz ISM band with data rate up to 54 Mbps. 802.11b - Wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band with data rates up to 11 Mbps. 802.11e - Quality of service and prioritisation 802.11f - Handover 802.11g - Wireless network bearer operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band with data rates up to 54 Mbps. 802.11h - Power control 802.11i - Authentication and encryption 802.11j - Interworking 802.11k - Measurement reporting 802.11n - Wireless network bearer operating in the 2.4 and 5 GHz ISM bands with data rates up to 600 Mbps. 802.11s - Mesh networking 802.11ac - Wireless network bearer operating below 6GHz to provide data rates of at least 1Gbps per second for multi-station operation and 500 Mbps on a single link. 802.11ad - Wireless network bearer providing very high throughput at frequencies up to 60GHz. 802.11af - Wi-Fi in TV spectrum white spaces (often called White-Fi). 802.11ah - Wi-Fi using unlicensed spectrum below 1 GHz to provide long range communications and support for the Internet of Everything. Page6