Prentice Hall Mathematics Geometry, Foundations Series 2011 Geometry C O R R E L A T E D T O from March 2009 Geometry
G.1 Points, Lines, Angles and Planes G.1.1 Find the length of line segments in one- or two-dimensional coordinate systems, the slopes of line segments in two-dimensional coordinate systems, and find the point that is a given fractional distance from one end of the segment to another. G.1.2 Construct congruent segments and angles, angle bisectors, perpendicular bisectors, and parallel and perpendicular lines using appropriate geometric construction tools, explaining and justifying the process used. G.1.3 Recognize, use, and justify the relationships between special angles created by parallel lines and transversals. G.1.4 Identify and apply properties of and theorems about parallel and perpendicular lines, and write equations of parallel and perpendicular lines, and develop simple geometric proofs involving parallel and perpendicular lines. G.1.5 Identify, justify and apply properties of planes. G.1.6 Represent geometric objects and figures algebraically using coordinates, use algebra to solve geometric problems, and develop simple coordinate proofs involving geometric objects in the coordinate plane. G.1.7 Describe the intersection of two or more geometric figures in the plane. Polygons G.2 General G.2.1 Find and use the sum of the measures of interior and exterior angles of convex polygons, justifying the method used. G.2.2 Identify types of symmetry (line, point, rotational, self-congruences) of polygons. G.2.3 Solve problems involving congruent and similar polygons. G.2.4 Predict and describe the results of translations, reflections, and rotations on polygons and describe a motion or series of motions that will show that two shapes are congruent. G.2.5 Deduce formulas relating lengths and sides, perimeters, and areas of regular polygons and understand how limiting cases of such formulas lead to expressions for the circumference and the area of a circle. SE/TE: 20-26, 44, 61-64, 81, 204-208, 213-214, 217-218, 221-222 SE/TE: 49-54, 81, 83, 196-199, 200-203, 221, 288, 297, 306, SE/TE: 149-154, 156-165, 166-172, 175-177, 192, 194 SE/TE: 50, 80, 148-151, 156-161, 171, 173-177, 191-192, 200-203, 213-218, 221 SE/TE: 10-13, 14-18, 43, 44, 173-175, 179, 724-732 SE/TE: 38-42, 204-208, 316-323, 343-347, 425-430, 431-436, 572-577, 841-846 SE/TE: 14-18, 43, 148-153, 156-164, 191-192, 308-313, 316-322, 802-807, 808-811, 833-839, 849-851 SE/TE: 371-376, 387 SE/TE: 596-602, 633, 635 SE/TE: 230-236, 238-245, 246-249, 250-255, 257-258, 274-280, 281-287, 291-292, 463-471, 474-482, 484-492, 505-506, 668-673, 677 SE/TE: 570-577, 579-585, 586-592, 632 SE/TE: 651, 662-666, 676, 680-684, 691-695, 699-704, 713, 715-716 1
G.2.6 Recognize and use coordinate geometry to verify properties of polygons such as regularity, congruence and similarity. G.2.7 Develop simple geometric proofs involving congruent and similar polygons and provide reasons for each statement. Quadrilaterals G.2.8 Describe, classify, and recognize relationships among the quadrilaterals such as squares, rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, trapezoids and kites. G.2.9 Prove and apply theorems about parallelograms and trapezoids (including isosceles trapezoids) involving their angles, sides, and diagonals and prove that given quadrilaterals are parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, or trapezoids (as appropriate). Triangles G.2.10 Define, identify, construct, and solve problems involving perpendicular bisectors, angle bisectors, medians and altitudes in triangles. G.2.11 Construct triangles congruent to given triangles, explaining and justifying the process used. G.2.12 Use theorems to show whether two triangles are congruent (SSS, SAS, ASA) or similar (AA, SAS, SSS). SE/TE: 238, 425-430, 431-437, 439-446, 463-471, 474-483, 572-577, 580-581, 584, 605-606, 608-609, 614, 617-618, 631-633 SE/TE: 233, 242-244, 247, 249, 251, 253-255, 260-263, 267, 271-272, 275-279, 282-287, 292, 474-481, 485 SE/TE: 378-382, 383-387, 388-394, 396-403, 404-409, 410-414, 415-418, 420-421, 426-430, 446 SE/TE: 378-382, 383-387, 388-395, 396-403, 404-409, 410-414, 415-418, 420-421, 426-430, 431-437, 439-443, 444, 445-446 SE/TE: 308-314, 316, 317, 320-322, 325-328, 329-332, 334, 335, 428, 597, 673, 818-821, 856, 860, SE/TE: 244, 249, 258, 279, 291-293 G.2.13 Apply the triangle inequality theorem. SE/TE: 348-351, 362 G.2.14 Develop simple geometric proofs involving triangles and provide reasons for each statement. Isosceles Triangles G.2.15 Prove and apply the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse. Right Triangles G.2.16 Prove the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse and use them to solve problems, including problems involving the length of a segment in the coordinate plane. G.2.17 Prove and apply the relationships that exist when the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle. G.2.18 Use special right triangles (30-60 and 45-45 ) to solve problems. SE/TE: 238-245, 246-249, 250-255, 257, 274-280, 291-292, 474-483, 484-492, 505 SE/TE: 181, 233, 239, 242, 244, 247, 251, 253, 254, 260-263, 267, 272, 275-279, 282, 283, 285-287, 340, 341, 347, 356, 441, 476, 497, 485, 519, 526, 539 SE/TE: 266-272, 291 SE/TE: 515-519, 520-523, 524, 554, 560-561 SE/TE: 484-492, 506 SE/TE: 524-530, 561 2
G.2.19 Define and use the trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent) in terms of angles of right triangles. G.2.20 Deduce and apply the area formula A=1/2 absinc, where a and b are the lengths of two sides of a triangle and C is the measure of the included angle formed by the two sides. G.2.21 Solve problems that can be modeled using right triangles, including problems that can be modeled using trigonometric functions. Interpret the solutions, and determine whether the solutions are reasonable, using technology as when appropriate. G.3 Circles G.3.1 Construct the circle that passes through three given points not on a line and construct tangents to circles and circumscribe and inscribe circles, justifying the processes used. G.3.2 Define, deduce and use formulas for, and prove theorems for radius, diameter, chord, secant, and tangent. G.3.3 Define, deduce and use formulas for, and prove theorems for measures of arcs and related angles (central, inscribed, and intersections of secants and tangents). G.3.4 Define, deduce and use formulas for, and prove theorems for measures of circumference, arc length, and areas of circles and sectors. G.3.5 Find the equation of a circle in the coordinate plane in terms of its center and radius and determine how the graph of a circle changes if a, b, and r are changed in the equation (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2. G.3.6 Develop simple geometric proofs involving circles and provide reasons for each statement. G.4 Polyhedra and Other Solids G.4.1 Identify, justify and apply properties of prisms, regular pyramids, cylinders, right circular cones and spheres. G.4.2 Solve problems involving congruent and similar solids. G.4.3 Find and use measures of sides, volumes, and surface areas of prisms, regular pyramids, cylinders, right circular cones and spheres. Relate these measures to each other using formulas. SE/TE: 533-535, 536-540, 541, 562, SE/TE: 682-685, 715 SE/TE: 274, 276, 279, 489, 491, 517, 519, 522-523, 524, 526-527, 529-530, 533, 535, 543-548, 549-559, 561-562 SE/TE: 807, 832, 848 SE/TE: 802-807, 808-811, 813-817, 818-822, 827-830, 833-840, 849-851 SE/TE: 686-689, 815-818, 823-826, 827-830, 849 SE/TE: 67-71, 688, 690-696, 699-704, 710, 711, 849 SE/TE: 841-846, 849 SE/TE: 802-807, 808-811, 813-817, 818-822, 823-826, 827-830, 833-840, 849-848 SE/TE: 724-728, 736-740, 757-758, 776 SE/TE: 783-790, 791 SE/TE: 736-740, 741-746, 747-751, 752-756, 757, 761-767, 769-775, 776-781, 793-795 3
G.4.4 Visualize solids and surfaces in threedimensional space when given two-dimensional representations and create two-dimensional representations for the surfaces of threedimensional objects. G.5 Geometric Reasoning and Proof G.5.1 Describe the structure of and relationships within an axiomatic system (undefined terms, definitions, axioms/postulates, methods of reasoning, and theorems). G.5.2 Recognize that there are geometries, other than Euclidean geometry, in which the parallel postulate is not true and illustrate its counterparts in other geometries. G.5.3 Understand the difference between supporting evidence, counterexamples, and actual proofs. G.5.4 Develop simple geometric proofs (direct proofs, indirect proofs, proofs by contradiction and proofs involving coordinate geometry) using two-column, paragraphs, and flow charts formats and providing reasons for each statement in the proofs. Process Standards Problem Solving Build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving. Solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems. Monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving. Reasoning and Proof Recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics. Make and investigate mathematical conjectures. SE/TE: 4-9, 43, 46, 80, 724, 726, 737 SE/TE: 10-13, 14, 91-96, 113-120, 121-127 SE/TE: 189 SE/TE: 92-94, 123-127, 130-135, 137, 139 These methods of proof are specifically introduced and taught on: SE/TE: 123, 124, 130, 131, 137, 140, 161, 191, 337-339, 380, 433, 434, 439, 440, 446 SE/TE: 67, 148, 213, 281, 352, 425, 496, 570, 644, 702, 783, 843 SE/TE: 100, 177, 212, 304, 437, 491, 535, 548, 601, 698, 703, 766, 821 SE/TE: 24, 91, 92, 107, 129, 168, 199, 252, 314, 324, 326, 379, 399, 520-521, 525, 667, 701, 740 SE/TE: 102, 160, 210, 269, 339, 399, 455, 499, 552, 624, 725, 764 SE/TE: 123, 158, 251, 267, 337, 433-434, 526 SE/TE: 54, 199, 237, 256, 300, 314, 315, 535, 567, 584, 701, 740, 768, 814, 834 4
Develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs. Select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof. Communication Organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication. Communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others. Analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others. Use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely. Connections Recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas. Understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole. Recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics. Representation Create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas. SE/TE: 90-93, 113-116, 135, 137-141, 282-283, 356, 439, 467-468, 519, 550-551, 612-613, 762-766, 833 SE/TE: 90-93, 113-116, 135, 137-141, 282-283, 356, 439, 467-468, 519, 550-551, 612-613, 762-766, 833 SE/TE: 76, 164, 328, 428, 483, 566, 654, 756, 855 SE/TE: 54, 141, 312, 402, 470, 547, 628, 691, 828 Students analyze the errors made in problemsolving strategies in many exercises throughout the text. SE/TE: 40, 104, 163, 234, 305, 356, 413, 483, 555, 607, 679, 743, 811 SE/TE: 4, 87, 101, 180, 316, 451, 511, 639, 721, 801, 835 SE/TE: 32, 99, 133, 171, 235, 280, 313, 349, 376, 395, 409, 435, 469, 491, 507, 530, 759, 832 SE/TE: 79, 136, 219, 289, 360, 444, 503, 559, 630, 713, 791, 848 SE/TE: 151, 270, 306, 470, 491, 529, 680, 755, 770, 771, 774 SE/TE: 274, 276, 279, 489, 491, 517, 519, 522-523, 524, 526-527, 529-530, 533, 535, 543-548, 549-559, 561-562 5
Select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems. Use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena. Estimation and Mental Computation Know and apply appropriate methods for estimating the results of computations. Use estimation to decide whether answers are reasonable. Decide when estimation is an appropriate strategy for solving a problem. Determine appropriate accuracy and precision of measurement in problem situations. Use properties of numbers and operations to perform mental computation. Recognize when the numbers involved in a computation allow for a mental computation strategy. Technology Technology should be used as a tool in mathematics education to support and extend the mathematics curriculum. Technology can contribute to concept development, simulation, representation, communication, and problem solving. The challenge is to ensure that technology supports-but is not a substitute for- the development of skills with basic operations, quantitative reasoning, and problem solving skills. Graphing calculators should be used to enhance middle school and high school students understanding and skills. SE/TE: 38-42, 204-208, 343-347, 425-430, 431-436, 572-577, 841-846 SE/TE: 151, 270, 306, 470, 491, 529, 680, 755, 770, 771, 774 SE/TE: 76, 451, 547, 653, 673, 711, 740, 789, 830, 873 SE/TE: 822, 858 SE/TE: 822, 858 SE/TE: 20, 28 Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: SE/TE: 713, 780 Opportunities to address this standard can be found on the following pages: SE/TE: 713, 780 Technology is integrated throughout the text; see especially Concept Bytes, Dynamic Activities, and graphing calculator Problems. SE/TE: 50, 97, 196, 329, 404, 515, 586, 737, 815 Technology is integrated throughout the text; see especially Concept Bytes, Dynamic Activities, and graphing calculator Problems. SE/TE: 72, 180, 274, 325, 388, 484, 579, 702, 769 Technology is integrated throughout the text; see especially Concept Bytes, Dynamic Activities, and graphing calculator Problems. SE/TE: 57, 196, 325, 388, 484, 579, 702, 769, SE/TE: 78, 535, 537, 846 6
The focus must be on learning mathematics, using technology as a tool rather than as an end in itself. Technology is integrated throughout the text; see especially Concept Bytes, Dynamic Activities, and graphing calculator Problems. SE/TE: 67, 238, 316, 343, 410, 532, 644, 748, 825, 843 7