Comparative Study of Adhoc Network Protocols

e-issn 2455 1392 Volume 2 Issue 6, June 2016 pp. 436 441 Scientific Journal Impact Factor : 3.468 http://www.ijcter.com Comparative Study of Adhoc Network Protocols Darshan Sonavane 1, Sheetal C. Chandoskar 2 1,2 Bharati Vidyapeeth s Institute of Management and Information Technology, Navi Mumbai Abstract - The wireless technology is becoming one of the most prominent areas of research. This paper focuses on the most widely used transceiver standard in Wireless Networks Bluetooth (over IEEE 802.15.1), ZigBee (over IEEE 802.15.4), and Wi-Fi (over IEEE 802.11) and are the three protocol standards for short range wireless communications with low power consumption. In this paper, we provide a study of these popular wireless communication standards, evaluating their main features.it is believed that the comparison presented in this paper would benefit application engineers in selecting an appropriate protocol. I. INTRODUCTION With the development of network and communication technology, the Wireless Network has solved the inconvenience into people s life in many ways. For accessing networks and services without cables, wireless communications is a fast-growing technology to provide the flexibility and mobility, It has many benefits like reducing the cable restriction, dynamic network formation, low cost, and easy deployment, convenient organizing network, small influence to environment, low power consumption, etc. At present, wireless communication technology that has been used widely are, WiFi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth etc. Now a days we all are using the wireless technology for the transmission of the data to its expected destination instead of using the cables.previously we were using the cabel wires which we need to connect to our systems which was inconvinent to use. Suppose,consider the senario the user is travelling from one station to another station and he need to send the data immediately to the other user who wants that data,but he cant send it because while travelling from one station to another station he don t have the cable connection of network to his personal computer.so to overcome this kind of issues with the cable wire the wireless technology is discovered in which the networks like bluetooth,wifi and zigbee are developed by the IEEE under certain standards. IEEE has developed this differentt kind of networks under different standards for the data transmission to be done effectively and efficiently from sourse to destination from anywhere if a user has wireless connection to the network. IEEE discovered this networks one after another.the IEEE discovered this kind of wireless networks because their were limitations in previous networks. The IEEE firstly delivered the bluetooth then wifi and then Zigbee. The bluetooth and zigbee are the short distance networks that is they both are used for shorter distance data transmission where as the wifi is used for the wider distance as compared to both of them. The IEEE faced the several issues with bluetooth or drawback in it to overcome that drawbacks they discovered the wifi that is wireless fidility with large range and better amount of speed as compared to that of bluetooth. Now a days we can see how frequently the users are using the wifi technology in the daily use for transmitting the data. But in case if user is not having the bandwidth to send the data from his location to the destination then their will not be complete transmission of the data that meanse it is not reliable. To overecome the issues in the wifi and bluetooth the IEEE team comes up with a network called Zigbee. The Zigbee consumes low power than that of the bluetooth as well as wifi, also it is reliable network protocol,and used for the short range transmission. The zigbee in its first innovation was developed @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 436

using the star topology,but the same problem was faced by the IEEE team which were faced with bluetooth and wifi then in its second innovation the IEEE comes with mesh topology in zigbee but the problem was no bandwidth sharing was possible with it.to overcome all the issues of bluetooth and wifi the IEEE comes with the cluster tree topology in zigbee which allows the data transfering node to share the parent bandwidth if in case the transferring node do no have the sufficient bandwidth to transfer the data from source to destination. For this purpose the Zigbee uses the Adaptive Parent Based Framework as well as the Pull Push Reliable Protocol. In this paper, after an overview of the mentioned three short range wireless protocols, we attempt to make a preliminary comparison of them and then specifically study the techniques that they use for transfer, topology they use, number of nodes they can serve, security mechanism and power consumption. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II briefly introduces the wireless protocols including Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi ; Section III Comparison table. Then, in Section IV, Comparison of three on parameters that are mentioned above.section V Conclution. II. WIRELESS PROTOCOLS In the past decades we all were using the cable networks for the transmitting the data from the one source to destination which were very inconvenient kind of usage of the network while travelling and also increasing the wires all around the world to overcome the such scenarios the IEEE comes up with the some wireless techniques to transfer the data to the users. Using those techniques the transferring of the data is can be possible while travelling or from anywhere. The protocols which were discovered by the IEEE group and their usage and working is mentioned below: Zigbee ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost, wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications. The Zigbee technology is developed by IEEE 802.15.4 committee and ZigBee Alliance. Zigbee networks support 3 network topologies: star, cluster tree and mesh topology Fig 1. Star, Cluster tree, Mesh Topology [3] star networks are suitable for simple requirements with low power consumption. Mesh networks have capability of high level reliability and provides various paths in network. Cluster tree topology actually just utilizes a hybrid star and mesh topology, benefits both for high level of reliability and support for battery power nodes Star topology used central hub concept, in which each device in network uses central hub for communication with each other and hence failure of central hub lead to failure of entire network. @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 437

Thus it lead to use of Mesh Topology for its communication. In Mesh Topology each and every device in network is connected to each other thus overcoming the problem of central hub failure. Use of the mesh topology helps to decrease the latency of the network. The cluster tree network works similar to mesh network along with added advantage of bandwidth sharing [4]. Bluetooth Bluetooth is the wireless technology used for the transferring of the data over short distance from fixed and mobile devices and building Personal Area Network (PAN). The Bluetooth was developed for alternative to RS-232 cable wires. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Internet Group(SIG). The Bluetooth is developed by the IEEE under 802.15.1 standard.bluetooth communication occurs between master radio and slave radio. Bluetooth radios are symmetric that same device can operate as master and also slave. Each radio has 48 bit unique address that is fixed. Two or more devices comes together can forms the ad-hoc networks called Piconnets [3]. All units within a piconet share the same channel. Each piconet has one master device and one or more slaves. There may be up to seven active slaves at a time within a piconet. Thus, each active device within a piconet is identifiable by a 3-bit active device address. Inactive slaves in unconnected modes may continue to reside within the piconet.a master device only can initiate the communication link. However, once the link is established the slave may request a master/slave switch to become the master. where the slaves are not allowed to talk with each other directly without the permission of the master.all communication occurs within the slave and the master. Slaves within a piconet must also synchronize their internal clocks and frequency hops with that of the master. Each piconet uses a different frequency hopping sequence. Radio devices used Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). A master device in a piconet transmits on even numbered slots and the slaves may transmit on odd numbered slots.multiple piconets with overlapping coverage areas form a scatternet. Each piconet may have only one master, but slaves may participate in different piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. A device may be a master in one piconet and a slave in another or a slave in more than one piconet. WiFi WiFi (or Wi-Fi) is short for Wireless Fidelity. WiFi is a wireless networking technology that allows computers, mobile phones, game consoles, and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. WiFi was first released for consumers in 1997 by the organization named IEEE(Institution of Electrical Engineers) the standard was name as 802.11 [3]. Year Name Frequency band Data Transfer Rate 1999 802.11 a 5Ghz 54 Mbit/s 1999 802.11 b 2.4 Ghz 11 Mbit/s 2003 802.11 g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbit/s 2009 802.11 n 5 GHz 600 Mbit/s 2013 802.11 ac 5 GHz 1.3 Gbps Table 1. Evolution of WiFi The smallest building block of a wireless LAN is a basic service set (BSS), which consists of some number of stations executing the same MAC protocol and competing for access to the same shared wireless medium. A BSS may be isolated or it may connect to a backbone distribution system (DS) through an access point (AP). The access point functions as a bridge. In BSS, client station do not communicate directly with one another. Rather if 1 station in BSS want to communicate with another station in same BSS,the MAC frame is first sent from originating station to AP, and then from AP to @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 438

destination station. Similarly a MAC frame from station in BSS to a remote station is sent from local station to AP and then relayed by AP over the DS on its way to destination station. The DS can be a switch, a wired network or a wireless network. When all the station in BSS are mobile station, with no connection to other BSSs, the BSS is called as independent BSS (IBSS).An IBSS is typically a adhoc network.in an IBSS, the station all communicate directly, and no AP is involved. III. COMPARATIVE STUDY The comparative study between the Bluetooth, Wifi and Zigbee is done in this paper on the basis of the frequency,battery life,nodes per network,bandwidth etc. as described in the following table: Comparison: Features WiFi IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth IEEE ZigBee IEEE 802.15.1 802.15.4 Application Wireless LAN Cable Replacement Control and Monitor Frequency Bands 2.4 GHz; 5 GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz, 868MHz, 915MH Battery Life (Days) 1-5 1-7 100-7,000 Nodes Per Network 30 7 65,000 Bandwidth 2-100Mbps 1Mbps 20-250Kbps Range (Metres) 1-100 1-10 1-75 and more Topology Tree Tree Tree, Cluster Tree, and Mesh Standby Current 20 * 10-3 amps 200 * 10-6 amps 3 * 10-6 amps Memory 100KB 100KB 32-60KB Basic cell BSS Piconet Star Extension of the basic cell ESS Scatternet Cluster tree, Mesh Data protection 32-bit CRC 16-bit CRC 16-bit CRC low power consumption Main Features Ease and low cost, low with short range based power radio signal on low cost transceiver in each device. Low cost, low power, low data rate and short range Wi-Fi: The wifi technology uses the spread spectrum techniques to transfer the data. Wifi uses the DSSS (802.11) complementary code keying or OFDM modulation with 14 channels and 22 MHz bandwidth. The wifi has been standardize under 802.11 standarad,which is known to work with the 2.4GHz,5GHz,though there have been recent development where wifi is working at 60GHz frequency.wifi channels have the bandwidth power of 0.3,0.6 or 2MHz. The wifi technology is developed for the PAN,LAN as well as for WLAN. Although it is developed for the PAN,LAN and WLAN but the transmission speed of data rate is different for the different standards of wifi such as 802.11a and c have the speed of 54 mbps and 802.11b transfer the data with the speed of 11 mbps. Basically the wifi is used for only 30 to 100 meters of the distance to transfer the data. Wifi having low power version but it is not power efficient technology[3]. @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 439

The wifi based devices should have the good battery backup The network size of the wifi network is up to 2007 nodes.the wifi based networks provides the security to transfer the data from one person to another person for this the wifi uses the WEP,WPA and WPA2 protocols for the network encryption and security. Since the wifi uses the star topology, the data which is send to destination it first goes to central hub and then transferred to the exact destination, if in case the central hub goes down then the transferring of the data will totally stops which increases the latency of the network and decreases the throughput of the network. This problem can be solved using the bandwidth sharing technology which is not implemented with the wifi. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is also a wireless network which is used to transfer the data in short range of 10m only. The Bluetooth is developed by the IEEE under the 802.15.1 standard which uses the frequency hopping technique to transfer the data. Bluetooth consumes more power than any of the wireless network present now a days. Bluetooth based channel consumes bandwidth up to 1MHz. The Bluetooth can have maximum 8 nodes connected to each other. The Bluetooth uses the point to point master slave topologies for the transferring of the data. The data transfer rate of Bluetooth is 1mbps. Connecting the two bluetooth is fairly simple task. The Bluetooth not uses the self healing technology or it does not uses the bandwidth sharing property which is helpful for self healing that is if in case any node goes down the other node gets active which is not having a traffic and not having other data packets for the transmission and transfers the data. Since the traffic on the network increase and latency also get increased therefore the throughput goes down. The Bluetooth technology also provides the security to the users data while transferring but which is not good enough now days. The Bluetooth only uses the key matching techniques now also[3]. ZigBee: The zigebee is one of the wireless network which can be used to transfer the data effectively and efficiently. The zigbee can be used for the small distance and small data transferring. The zigbee is reliable network which provides the assurity to transfer the data to the destination effectively and efficiently in any condition [2]. The ZigBee also uses the spread spectrum technique to transfer the data. The Zigbee firstly use the star topology, in next version to decrease the latency of the network the IEEE come with the version of Zigbee which were using the mesh topology in which each node is connected to each other and self healing but at this stage there were bandwidth sharing was not possible to overcome this drawback IEEE comes with Zigbee cluster tree topology. The zigbee works at 900-928 MHZ and 2.4 MHz. The zigbee based communication channels uses 1MHz which is greater than that of the WIFI and Bluetooth. The is retricted to the WPAN networks in the range of 10-30m. The maximum speed of data transfer in the zigbee is 250kbps. The zigbee consumes the very less power than that of any other wireless networks such as wifi and Bluetooth. The zigbee network consumes 1/4th power consumed by any of the wifi networks. The zigbee device is classified into 3 types such as Zigbee coordinator, Zigbee router and Zigbee end device. The zigbee networks can have the maximum nodes connected to each other in single network which is greater than any network as wifi and Bluetooth. The zigbee network contains of 65000 nodes in one network. @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 440

The Zigbee network is consist of self healing technique. Which means if any node goes down then other node gets active and transfer the data so that the latency of the network will not increase and throughput increases so that it can be preferable to use the Zigbee network rather than using the wifi and Bluetooth for shorter distance. If in case the data which is prepared for the sending and which is divided into 20packets and the device is not having that much bandwidth to transfer the data the Zigbee cluster tree topology networks pull the bandwidth of its parent and transfers the data to the destination and then push this bandwidth to the parent again. This networks at the reliable state when there is no transferring of the data. The zigbee networks uses the Adaptive parent based network and Pull-Push-Reliable algorithm to pull push the bandwidth [4]. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper we have learned about three wireless network ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi topology they use for data transfer, there data transfer speed, number nodes they can serve at the given point in time and till what distance. From above study we have understood how ZigBee is better from WiFi and Bluetooth under parameters of low power consumption and reliability. And added advantage in using ZigBee is its bandwidth sharing functionality [4] and fact that it can serve 65,000 nodes at a time which is far more in numbers as compared to Bluetooth and WiFi. REFERENCES [1] Lee, Jin-Shyan, Yu-Wei Su, and Chung-Chou Shen. "A comparative study of wireless protocols: Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi." Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE. IEEE, 2007. [2] Punitha, R., et al. "Adoptive parent based framework for zigbee cluster tree networks." International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research(2014): 2321-0869. [3] Stallings, William. Wireless communications & networks. Pearson Education India, 2009. [4] Huang, Yu-Kai, et al. "Distributed throughput optimization for zigbee cluster-tree networks." IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems 23.3 (2012): 513-520. [5] Miorandi, Daniele, et al. "Guest editorial: special section on wireless technologies in factory and industrial automation part I." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 3.2 (2007): 95-98. [6] Lee, Jin-Shyan. "Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15. 4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 52.3 (2006): 742-749. [7] Kim, Taehong, et al. "Shortcut tree routing in ZigBee networks." 2007 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing. IEEE, 2007. [8] Lee, Kwang Koog, Seong Hoon Kim, and Hong Seong Park. "Cluster label-based ZigBee routing protocol with high scalability." 2007 Second International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications (ICSNC 2007). IEEE, 2007. [9] Mišić, Jelena, and Carol J. Fung. "The impact of master slave bridge access mode on the performance of multicluster 802.15. 4 network."computer Networks 51.10 (2007): 2411-2449. [10] Pan, Jianping, et al. "Topology control for wireless sensor networks."proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 2003. [11] Shuaib, K., et al. "Co-existence of Zigbee and WLAN, a performance study."2006 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, 2006. @IJCTER-2016, All rights Reserved 441