CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction and Evolution of Computer 1.1 Concept and Characteristics of Computer... 2 1.2 Application of Computers... 6 1.3 History of Computer... 8 Mechanical Calculating Era... 8 Electro-Mechanical era... 11 Electronic Computers Era... 12 History of Computer in Nepal... 14 1.4 Generation of Computers... 15 First Generation of Computers (1940 1956)... 15 Second Generation of Computers (1956 1963)... 16 Third Generation of Computers (1964 Early 1970s)... 17 Fourth Generation of Computers (Early 1970s Till Date)... 18 Fifth Generation of Computer (Present and Beyond)... 20 1.5 Computer Speed and Measurement Unit... 21 Keywords... 22 Exercise 1... 23 Chapter 2 Classification of Computer 2.1 On the Basis of Working Principle... 26 Analog Computer... 26 Digital Computer... 27 Hybrid Computer... 27 2.2 On the Basis of Size... 28 Super Computer... 28 Mainframe Computer... 29 Mini Computer... 30 Micro Computer... 30 2.3 On the Basis of Brand... 33 IBM Computer... 33 IBM Compatible... 34 Apple/Macintosh... 34 2.4 On the Basis of Model... 34 XT... 34 AT... 35 PS/2 Computer... 35
2.5 Mobile Computing... 35 Keywords... 37 Exercise 2... 38 Chapter 3 Number System and Their Conversion 3.1 Number System Conversion... 42 3.2 9 s and 10 s Complements Decimal Subtraction... 51 3.3 Binary Calculations... 53 Keywords... 56 Exercise 3... 57 Chapter 4 Logic Function and Boolean Algebra 4.1 Logic Function and Boolean Algebra... 60 Basic Logical/Boolean Operation... 61 4.2 Introduction of Truth Table, Boolean Expression... 62 4.3 Logic Gate... 63 AND Gate... 63 OR Gate... 64 NOT Gate... 64 NAND Gate... 65 NOR Gate... 65 X-OR Gate... 66 X-NOR Gate... 56 Universal Gate... 67 4.4 Duality Principle... 68 4.5 Laws of Boolean Algebra... 69 4.6 De Morgan s Theorem... 73 4.7 Venn Diagram... 75 Keywords... 76 Exercise 4... 77 Chapter 5 Computer System 5.1 Concept of Computer Architecture and Computer Organization... 80 5.2 Components of Computer System... 80 Input Unit... 81 Processor /Central Processing Unit... 82 5.3 Microprocessor... 84 Components of Microprocessor... 85 5.4 Concept of System Buses... 85
5.5 Memory... 87 Primary Memory... 87 Cache Memory... 89 5.6 Storage Device... 91 Magnetic Disk... 91 Hard Disk... 91 Floppy Disk... 93 Flash Memory... 93 Pen Drive... 93 Memory Card... 93 Magnetic Tape... 94 Optical Disk... 94 Other External Storage Device... 96 5.7 Input Devices... 97 Keyboard... 97 Mouse... 98 Scanner... 98 Joystick... 99 Light Pen... 99 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)... 99 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)... 100 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)... 100 Barcode Reader... 101 Digital Camera... 101 Touch Screen... 101 Touchpad... 102 Trackball... 102 Smart Card... 102 Microphone... 103 5.8 Output Devices... 103 Monitor... 103 Printer... 106 5.9 Interfaces... 110 Serial Port... 111 Parallel Port... 111 USB Port... 111 FireWire or IEEE 1394... 111 Slots... 112 5.10 Identification, Configurations and Specifications of PC... 113 5.11 Software... 114 Types of Software... 114 System Software... 114
Application Software... 116 Computer Virus... 117 Keywords... 119 Exercise 5... 120 Chapter 6 Operating System 6.1 Fundamental Concept... 124 Introduction to Operating System... 124 Role of Operating System... 125 Functions of an Operating System... 126 Types of Operating System... 129 6.2 Disk Operating System... 136 Introduction to Operating System... 136 Booting... 136 6.3 Windows Operating System... 145 Introduction to GUI and its Features... 145 Working with a Windows Environment... 146 Working with a Windows Application Program... 150 Working with Files and Folders... 153 Customizing the Taskbar and Desktop... 156 Customizing Windows... 162 Use of Accessories... 168 6.4 Concept of Open Sources Operating System... 169 Introduction to Open Sources Operating System... 169 Introduction to UNIX, Linux... 170 Keywords... 172 Exercise 6... 173 Chapter 7 Programming Concept and Logic 7.1 Programming Languages... 176 Machine Language... 177 Assembly Language... 177 Third Generation Language (3GL)... 179 Fourth Generation Language (4GL)... 180 Fifth Generation Language (5GL)... 182 7.2 Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler... 182 Assembler... 182 Interpreter... 183 Compiler... 183 7.3 List of High Level Programming Languages... 184
7.4 Concept of Program... 186 7.5 Difference of Program and Software... 189 7.6 Concept of Programming Statement... 190 7.7 Syntax and Semantic... 190 7.8 Program Design Tool... 192 Algorithm... 192 Flowchart... 193 7.9 Program Control Structure... 196 Sequence... 196 Selection... 197 Iteration... 202 7.10 Introduction to Data Types... 206 7.11 Codes... 206 Keywords... 207 Exercise 7... 209 Chapter 8 Application Package 8.1 Word Processor... 212 Concept of Word Processor... 212 Types of Word Processing... 212 Basic terms of Word Processing... 213 Working and Editing Text... 221 Formatting Characters and Paragraphs... 223 Formatting Pages... 225 Working with Tables... 226 Working with Templates and Styles... 227 Drawing and Working with Graphics... 229 Performing a Mail Merge... 230 Document Collaboration... 231 Working with Outlines and Long Documents... 232 Working with WordArt and Charts... 232 Project Work on Word Processor (Case Study)... 234 8.2 Spread Sheet... 234 Concept and Use of Spread Sheet... 234 Types of Spread Sheet... 235 Basic Fundamentals of Spread Sheet... 235 Formatting a Worksheet... 238 Creating and Working with Charts... 240 Managing Workbook... 240 General Function and Formula... 241 Data Filter and Sorting... 243
Working with Other Objects... 243 Data Analysis and Pivot Table... 244 What if-analysis... 244 Project Work on Spread Sheet (Case Study)... 246 8.3 Presentation... 248 Concept of Presentation... 248 Basic Fundamental of Presentation... 249 Editing a Presentation... 253 Design and Formatting Presentation... 253 Transition of Presentation... 254 Animation and Custom Animation... 255 Working with Tables, Graphics and Word Art... 256 Working with Graphs and Organization Charts... 259 Working with Multimedia... 260 Project Work on Presentation (Case Study)... 261 Exercise 8... 262 Chapter 9 Internet and Email 9.1 Internet... 264 Introduction of Internet... 264 Uses of Internet... 264 Concept of Protocols... 266 Web Browser, Web Page, Website, Web Server, URL, DNS... 267 Search Engine, Messenger Services... 271 Setting Browser Properties... 272 Setup Network Connection... 272 9.2 Email... 274 Concept of Email... 274 Uses of Email... 274 Web Based Email and POP Email... 276 Keywords... 276 Exercise 9... 277 Chapter 10 Web Page Designing 10.1 Introduction to HTML... 280 10.2 Type of Tags... 280 10.3 Basic Structure of HTML... 281 10.4 Character Formatting... 283 10.5 Create Ordered and Unordered List... 288 10.6 Insert Image and Objects... 290
10.7 Create Hyperlink... 292 10.8 Create Table... 294 10.9 Design Form and Frame... 297 10.10 Concept of CSS and Script... 301 10.11 Webpage Design and Editing Tools... 306 10.12 Project Work on Web Page... 307 Keywords... 308 Exercise 10... 308 Case Study... 309 Tim Berners Lee... 309 Chapter 11 Final Project Work 11.1 Project Work on Webpage Designing or Office Package... 310 11.2 Documentation of the Project... 310 HSEB Model Questions... 311 Sample Answer of HSEB Model... 312 HSEB Old Questions... 327 Index... 341 Bibliography... 344