Index A Abstract class Circle class creation, 454 constructor, 453 data member, 457 definition, 453 interface, 455 three-level class hierarchy, 458 Vessel class, 456 457 volume() function, 454 455 Access specifiers, 407 408 Address-of operator, 153 Aggregation, 402 AND operator, 61, 92 Arithmetic operations, 29 Array<T,N> template, 140 Arrays of characters, 131 definition, 105 dynamic allocation, 169 initial values, 111 of pointers, 158 runtime, 119 size, 111 usage, 106 assert() macro, 311 average() function, 223 B Beans array argument, 225 Binary literals, 28 Binary mode get() and put() function, 561 562 main() function, 563 numerical data, 563 array containers, 566 function template, 565 #include directives, 567 is_arithmetic<t> template, 565 main() function, 568 primes_count elements, 569 read() function, 564 static_assert(), 565 566 vector<t> container, 567, 569 570 write() function, 564 565 validate_files() function, 563 Binary notation, 11 Bitwise operators AND, 61 exclusive OR flags, 67 setfill() manipulator, 67 setw() manipulator, 67 flags, 57 OR, 62 record information, 57 58 shift operators, 59 definition, 58 logical operations, 60 signed and unsigned integers, 60 Bubble sort, 130 Bubble up, 130 C Call stack, 213 Capture clause, 279 Casting pointers, 447 449 change() function, 276 change_it() function, 220 Character set, 17 escape sequences, 18 control characters, 19 double quotes, 20 problem characters, 19 string literal, 20 trigraph sequences, 18 593
index C++ language characters ASCII codes, 16 escape sequence, 19 trigraph sequence, 18 UCS codes, 17 Unicode, 17 classes, 7 code presentation styles, 8 compile and link process, 8 9 definition, 1 header files, 7 numbers big-endian and little-endian systems, 14 binary numbers, 9 floating-point numbers, 15 hexadecimal numbers, 11 negative binary numbers, 12 octal integers, 14 object-oriented approach, 20 objects, 7 proceduaral programmming, 20 programming concepts comments, 2 functions, 3 header files, 3 input/output streams, 5 keywords, 6 names, 6 namespaces, 5 preprocessing directives, 3 return statement, 5 statements, 4 structure, 2 whitespace, 3 source files, 7 Standard Library, 1, 7 templates, 7 Class, 315 access specifiers, 320 addbox() function, 360 arrays, 340 const member function, 339 constructors Box class, 323 copy constructor, 330 default constructor, 322, 326 definition, 324 delegating constructor, 329 explicit keyword, 327 initialization list, 326 data hiding, 317 data members, 321 definition, 320 destructors, 347 encapsulation, 316 friend functions, 333 boxsurface() function, 335 main() function, 335 unrestricted access, 336 function member, 321 inheritance, 317 manipulators, 539 540 ios header, 541 with arguments, 541 542 nested class, 359 listboxes() member, 361 Truckload class, 360 with public access, 362 non-const function, 339 object size, 341 pointers, 350 Box object, 351 listbox() member, 351 Package class, 353 package objects, 352 setnext() function, 353 Truckload object, 352 (see also Truckload class) polymorphism, 318 private data members, accessing, 331 references, 350 standard stream objects, 536 537 static data members, 342 accessing, 345 Box class constructor, 346 constructor, 344 getobjectcount() function, 344 345 objectcount, 343 static function members, 342 accessing, 347 getobjectcount() function, 346 streambuf type, 536 stream extraction operations, 538 stream insertion operations, 538 539 struct keyword, 321 terminology, 319 this pointer return type, 337 volume() function, 336 typedefs, 537 volume() function, 338 Class templates, 495 array template, 498 assignment operator, 499, 502 constructor, 498, 500 container classes, 496 default values, 518 definitions, 496 destructor, 501 594
Index friends function, 522 getsize() member, 499 instantiation, 496, 503 Box class, 506 explicit instantiation, 504, 518 implicit instantiation, 504 505 main() function, 507 member functions, 504 out-of-range index values, 506 subscript operator, 508 try block, 508 what() function, 507 member function, 500 nested class (see Stack) non-type parameters, 509 arguments, 516 array template, 511, 514 assignment operator, 513 conditional operator, 516 copy constructor, 512 destructor, 512 exception, 516 function parameter, 510 member function, 511 pointers, 517 subscript operator, 513 parameters non-type parameter, 497 type parameter, 497 specialization complete specialization, 520 partial specialization, 521 static_assert(), 519 static members, 508 subscript operator, 499, 502 Comma operator, 116 Constant max, 166 Constant pointers, 160 Const function parameter, 223 Constructor Box class, 415 copy constructor Carton class, 412 definition, 412 413 creation, 409 411 default constructor, 414 definition, 409, 412 Container array<>, 142 deleting elements from vector, 147 vector<t>, 144 Copy constructor Carton class, 412 definition, 412 413 Crosscast, 448 C-style string, 131 D Data hiding, 317 Data types. See Class Debugging assert() macro, 311 description, 306 preprocessing directives, 307 tools for, 306 Decimal integer literals, 26 Decimal notation, 10 Decision making arbitrary calculation, 101 boolean literals, 80 character classification, 86 comparison operators, 80 conditional operator definition, 95 if statement, 95 increment operator, 95 program, 96 Converting Character, 87 floating-point values, 82 if-else statement char variable, 88 definition, 88 isalnum() function, 88 logic, 88 program, 89 if statement declaration, 83 logic, 82 program, 83 84 semicolon (;), 83 locale header, 87 logical operators AND, 92 negation, 93 94 OR, 93 usage, 92 Nested if-else statements, 89 Nested if statements, 85 relational operators, 79 standard library functions, 87 switch statement, 101 102 break statement, 97 case label, 97 cases, 97 case values, 99 creation, 97 default label, 97 integer constant expression, 97 isalpha() function, 99 program, 98 tolower() function, 99 unconditional branching, 100 595
index Default argument values, 231 Default capture clause, 279 Default constructor, 414 Delete operator, 169 Destructors, 416 Dimensions Setup, 137 dothat() function, 439 dothis() function, 439 Do-while loop, 121, 166 167 Downcast, 448 draw() function, 431, 453 dynamic_cast<>() operator, 450 Dynamic memory allocation, 167 arrays, 169 hazards, 171 E Encapsulation, 316 Error handling, 463 Exceptions, 463 class objects base class type, 478 catch block, 475, 483 code implementation, 474 default constructor, 474 dynamic type, 479 header file, 474 parameter type, 479 rethrow exceptions, 480 working principles, 477 definition, 464 functions constructor try block, 486 destructor, 487 exceptions thrown, 486 function try block, 485 handling process, 467 nested try blocks, 471 Standard Library, 487 Box class constructor, 490 catch block, 489 dimension_error objects, 491 492 exception class, 489 logic_error classes, 490 runtime_error classes, 490 std::range_error function, 491 Trouble exception class, 491 throw exception, 465, 469 functions, 470 try blocks, 470 throwit() function, 473 try block, 464 uncaught exception, 468 std::abort() function, 468 std::exit() function, 469 std:: terminate() function, 468 Explicit type conversion compiler, 47 explicit cast, 48 old-style casts, 49 program, 47 48 static_cast keyword, 47 Extension namespace, 296 External linkage const variable, 289 definition, 288 Extern declaration, 289 Extern keyword, 75 extract_words() function, 263 F File read/write operations fstream object, 572 ifstream/ofstream object, 571 random access binary stream, 572 constructor, 573 data members, 573 file_exists() member, 574 fstream member, 573 isprime() member, 576 next_prime() member, 575 object-oriented approach, 572 Primes class, 577 subscript operator, 576 File streams properties, 542 reading file, text mode close (), 548 coding implementation, 546 547 eof() function, 546 547 explicit cast, 546 fail() function, 545 ifstream object, 545 void*(), 546 types, 542 writing file, text mode close(), 545 cmath header, 544 coding implementation, 543 fstream header, 544 ofstream object, 543 unsigned long, 544 Fill() function, 141 find_words(), 228 596
Index For loop, 108, 110 floating-point values, 113 range-based, 116 Fragmentation, memory, 172 Function header, 4 Functions, 3, 213 characteristics of, 214 in classes, 214 declaration, 218 definition, 214 for loops, 216 inline, 239 main(), 230 overloading const pointer parameters, 245 const reference parameters, 246 default parameter values, 246 largest() function, 241 pointer parameters, 243 reference parameters, 243 pass-by-reference, 225 pass-by-value mechanism, 219 array, 222 pointer, 221 pointer to function, 255 prototypes, 218 recursive (see Recursive function) returning values pointer, 233 reference, 238 return statement, 217 static variables, 239 template definition, 247 explicit type argument, 250 instances, 248 overloading, 251 specialization, 250 typename, 248 Fundamental data types, 23 arithmetic operations, 29 assignment operations const variables, 32 conversion, 32 << operators, 32 lvalue, 30 program, 31 rvalue, 30 auto keyword, 52 automatic variables, 71 binary literals, 28 binary operators, 28 bitwise operators (see Bitwise operators) character variables arithmetic expressions, 50 definition, 50 escape sequences, 50 unicode character, 51 cmath header numerical functions, 40 program, 42 radians calculation, 41 42 sqrt() function, 43 trigonometric functions, 41 decimal integer literals, 26 declaration, 34 using directive, 34 dynamic variable, 71 enumerators compile-time constants, 68 creation, 67 definition, 67 explicit value, 68 old-style enumerations, 70 program, 68 69 standard output stream, 68 explicit type conversion compiler, 47 explicit cast, 48 old-style casts, 49 program, 47 48 static_cast keyword, 47 extern keyword, 75 floating-point calculations NaN and ±infinity operands, 40 operands, 38 pitfalls, 38 floating-point literal, 38 floating-point variables, 37 global variables advantages, 72 and automatic variables, 73 74 definition, 71 Example.cpp, 72 increment operator, 74 main(), 72 scope resolution operator, 74 hexadecimal literals, 27 implicit conversions, 46 increment and decrement operators definition, 35 postfix decrement, 35 postfix increment, 35 limits standard library header, 49 50 Lvalues and Rvalues, 52 53 octal literals, 27 op= assignment operators, 32 33 597
index Fundamental data types (cont.) operator precedence and associativity C++ operators, 56 definition, 55 expression, 56 sizeof operator, 34 static keyword, 71 static variables, 75 stream manipulators integer values, 45 iomanip header, 44 setprecision() parameter, 44 typedef keyword, 70 unary operators, 28 variables (see Variables) G getweight() function, 422, 424 Global namespace, 295 Global variables advantages, 72 and automatic variables, 73 74 definition, 71 Example.cpp, 72 increment operator, 74 main(), 72 scope resolution operator, 74 H Header file description, 292 preventing duplication in, 293 Heap/free store, 167 Hexadecimal literals, 27 I, J, K Implicit conversions, 46 Indefinite loops, 127 index_min, 235 Indirection operator, 154 Indirect member selection operator, 171 Inheritance, 317, 399, 426 vs. aggregation, 401 class access level of, 406 access specifiers, 407 408 Box class, 402 403 Carton class, 403 404 constructor (see Constructor) data member, 418 definition, 399, 401, 415 destructors, 416 hierarchies, 400 main() function, 404 member function, 419 protected keyword, 405 multiple inheritance (see Multiple inheritance) Inline functions, 239 Interface, 455 Internal linkage, 288 isalnum() function, 88 is_arithmetic<t> template, 312 isprime function, 167 L Lambda expressions, 271 capture clause, 279 definition, 272 function parameter, 275 function templates, 274 naming of, 272 recursion in, 283 std::function template type, 276 in template, 281 Linkage definition, 288 for name, 288 listvector<t>(), 282 list_words() function, 228 Loop definition, 107 do-while loop, 121 for loop, 108 indefinite, 127 nested loops, 123 skipping loop iterations, 125 while loop, 117 Loop control expression, 114 115 M main(), 230 Max_word_length() function, 265 Member selection, pointer, 171 Memory leaks, 172 Multidimensional arrays, 134 character, 138 dimensions setup, 137 initializing, 136 Multiple inheritance ambiguity problems, 421, 424 Carton class, 421 CerealPack class, 420, 423 class hierarchy, 420, 424 425 data members, 422 definition, 419 598
Index getweight() function, 422, 424 header file, 422 interface, 420 main().function, 424 virtual base class, 425 426 Myprog, 230 myregion, 295 mysort() function, 279 N Namespace, 6, 294 aliases, 301 declaration, 298 definition, 295 and functions, 298 nested, 302 unnamed, 301 Nested if-else statements, 89 Nested if statements, 85 Nested loops, 123 Nested namespaces, 302 New operator, 168 nextfibonacci() function, 241 non-const reference, 238 Non-type template parameters, 253 normalize() function, 302 Null character, 131 nullptr, 229 Numerical functions, 40 O Object-oriented approach, 20 21 Object-oriented programming (OOP), 315 Octal literals, 27 One-dimensional array, 134 Operator overloading arithmetic operators, 380 Box objects, 381 listbox() member, 382 main() function, 384 max() and min() functions, 382 memory management, 381 operator function, 386 output statements, 384 assignment operator, 369 binary operator, 367 Box class, 365 class members assignment operator, 375, 377 copy constructor, 374, 377 destructor, 375 move constructor, 375, 379 Class_Type operators, 373 definition, 366 function members, 368 function object, 396 global operator, 369 inline function, 370 main() function, 369 member operator function, 370 operators, 366 reference function parameter, 367 relational operators, 372 Return_Type operators, 373 show() function, 371 subscript operator do-while loop, 387 friend function, 388 getbox() member, 392 listboxes() member, 388, 390 operator<<() function, 388 temporary copy, 392 Truckload class, 387 type conversions, 394 conversion operators, 395 increment and decrement operators, 395 unary operators, 374 OR operator, 62, 93 P Pass-by-reference mechanism, 225 Pass-by-value mechanism, 219 array, 222 pointer, 221 peek() function, 556 Pointer definition, 458 pvalue, 168 Vessel class destructor, 459 virtual destructors, 460 Pointer arithmetic operation, 162 Pointers, 151 address-of operator, 153 arithmetic operation, 162 arrays of, 158 constant, 160 definition, 151 difference in, 164 indirection operator, 154 member selection, 171 notation, array name, 164 shared_ptr<t> object, 175, 178 to char, 156 unique_ptr<t>, 174 uses, 156 weak_ptr<t>, 179 599
index Pointer to function, 255 Polymorphism, 318, 429 Base Class Pointer, 430 Box.h and Box.cpp, 431 Carton class definition, 430 casting pointers, 448 449 cost of, 451 452 default argument values, 443 dynamic binding/late binding, 434 dynamic cast, 448 pointer definition, 458 Vessel class destructor, 459 virtual destructors, 460 pointer to derived class convertion Casting pointers, 447 448 CerealPack class, 447 compiler, 447 pure virtual functions (see Pure virtual functions) reference parameter, 444 445, 450 showvolume() function, 432 smart pointers, 444 static binding, 433 ToughPack class, 431 typeid operator, 450 usage, 431 virtual functions access specifiers, 441 class hierarchies, 438 declaration, 434 final, 440 overriding, 440 requirements, 438 showvolume() function, 438 ToughPack class, 437 volume() function, 436 volume() function, 432 433 Postfix decrement operator, 35 Postfix increment operator, 35 power() function, 215 216, 218 Preprocessing directives, 287, 290 Preprocessing identifiers, 291 Pure virtual functions abstract class Circle class creation, 454 constructor, 453 data member, 457 definition, 453 interface, 455 three-level class hierarchy, 458 Vessel class, 456 457 volume() function, 454 455 purpose of, 452 Shape class creation, 453 putback() function, 557 put() function, 558 pvalue, 168 pwords, 228 PWords alias, 229 Q Quicksort algorithm, 261 R Range-based for loop, 116 Raw pointers, 173 Raw string literal, 209 readsome() function, 557 Recursive function, 258 extract_words() function, 263 main() function, 262 max_word_length() function, 265 Quicksort algorithm, 261 show_words() function, 266 sort() function, 264 sorting operation, 261 swap() function, 264 Reference cycles, 173 References, 180 lvalue, 181 rvalue, 182 variable, range-based for loop, 181 Relational operators, 79 resetiosflags() functions, 542 reverse() function, 274 S seekg() function, 555 seekp() function, 555 setiosflags() function, 542 setvalues<t>(), 282 shift_range() function, 235 show_data() function, 233 show_error() function, 246 showhcf function, 284 showvolume() function, 432 Show_words() function, 266 Size() function, 141 Sizeof operator, 34 Smart pointer, 173 sort() function, 264, 276 sqrt() function, 43 600
Index Stack, 167 assignment operator, 527 code implementation, 529 concept, 524 copy() function, 526 527 default constructor, 527 destructor template, 528 freememory() function, 526 527 getline() function, 530 isempty() function, 530 length() function, 530 linked list, 525 node object, 525 pop() operation, 528 push() operation, 524, 528 Standard error stream, 535 Standard Template Library (STL), 7 Statement, C++, 4 Static assertion, 312 Static variables, 75, 239 Stream I/O advantages of, 535 binary mode, 534 (see also Binary mode) class (see Class) data transferring, 534 definition, 534 errors in clear(), 559 exceptions, 560 561 fail() function, 559 560 state flags, 559 560 file read/write operations (see File read/write operations) file streams (see File streams) objects in binary mode, 583 Carton class overrides, 588 589 extraction operator, 580 insertion operator, 579 580 linked list, 590 operator>>() and operator<<() functions, 586 public virtual members, 586 serialization, 579 volume() function, 587 open mode clear() function, 552 close(), 549 definition, 548 fail() function, 552 file overwrite, 548 nextprime() function, 551 554 open (), 549 outfile, 548 seekg() functions, 555 seekp() function, 555 standard output stream, 549 551 tellg() function, 553 values, 548 text mode, 534 unformatted input functions EOF, 556 gcount(), 557 getline(), 557 null-terminated string, 557 peek() function, 556 putback(), 557 readsome() function, 557 single character, 556 unget() function, 556 unformatted output functions, 558 Strings character access, 190 compare() function substr() function, 197 with substring, 196 word, 195 comparison operators, 193 cstring header, 185 erase() function, 207 find() function getline() function, 200 set of characters, 200 string::npos, 198 while loop, 200 insert() function, 204 international characters char16_t, 208 char32_t, 208 wchar_t characters, 208 209 raw string literals, 209 replace() function, 205 rfind() function, 203 string object concatenation, 188 define and initialize, 188 length() function, 186 proverb, 186 187 string type, 185 substr() function, 192 Unicode characters, 209 String stream classes, 578 579 surface() function, 450 swap() function, 264 Switch statement, 101 102 break statement, 97 case label, 97 cases, 97 case values, 99 creation, 97 601
index Switch statement (cont.) default label, 97 integer constant expression, 97 isalpha() function, 99 program, 98 tolower() function, 99 T tellg() function, 553 Ternary operator, 95 TESTFUNCTION identifier, 308 Three-dimensional array, 134 total() function, 418 Trailing return type, 255 Translation unit, 287 Tree structure, 258 TReturn, 252 Trigonometric functions, 41 Truckload class constructor, 355 definition, 354 deletebox() function, 355 getfirstbox() function, 356 getnextbox() function, 354, 356 listbox(), 357 main() function, 359 Package object, 355 Two-dimensional array, 134 type_traits header, 313 U unget() function, 556 Unicode character, 51 UTF-8, 17 UTF-16, 17 Universal Modelling Language (UML), 400 Unnamed namespaces, 301 V Variables const keyword, 26 definition, 23 integer definition, 24 functional notation, 24 initializer list, 24 narrowing conversion, 24 program, 25 signed integer types, 25 unsigned integer types, 26 Vector capacity of, 145 147 container, 147 size of, 145 147 Vessel class, 456 Virtual base class, 425 426 Virtual functions access specifiers, 441 class hierarchies, 438 declaration, 434 final, 440 overriding, 440 requirements, 438 showvolume() function, 438 ToughPack class, 437 volume() function, 436 void keyword, 215 volume() function, 408 409, 432 433, 441 442, 454 W, X While loop, 117 write() function, 558 Y, Z yield() function, 224 602