Titlepage Bridging Applications SPECTRUM Enterprise Manager Application & Gateway
Notice Aprisma Management Technologies, Inc. (Aprisma) reserves the right to make changes in specifications and other information contained in this document without prior notice. The reader should in all cases consult Aprisma to determine whether any such changes have been made. The hardware, firmware, or software described in this manual is subject to change without notice. IN NO EVENT SHALL APRISMA, ITS EMPLOYEES, OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, AGENTS, OR AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THIS MANUAL OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT, EVEN IF APRISMA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF, KNOWN, OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN, THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Copyright May 2 by Aprisma Management Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Order Number: 932562-1 Aprisma Management Technologies, Inc. 121 Technology Way Durham NH 3824 SPECTRUM, the SPECTRUM IMT/VNM logo, DCM, IMT, and VNM are registered trademarks, and SpectroGRAPH, SpectroSERVER, Inductive Modeling Technology, Device Communications Manager, and Virtual Network Machine are trademarks of Aprisma or its affiliates. C++ is a trademark of American Telephone and Telegraph, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. OSF/Motif and Motif are trademarks of the Open Software Foundation, Inc. X Window System is a trademark of X Consortium, Inc. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. Virus Disclaimer Aprisma makes no representations or warranties to the effect that the Licensed Software is virusfree. Aprisma has tested its software with current virus checking technologies. However, because no anti-virus system is 1% reliable, we strongly caution you to write protect and then verify that the Licensed Software, prior to installing it, is virus-free with an anti-virus system in which you have confidence. Bridging Applications Page 2
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Contents Introduction to Bridging Applications 6 Extended LANs...6 Frame Filtering...7 Bridging Views...7 Ethernet Special Database Application 9 Configuring Filters...9 Ethernet Special Database Views...9 Ethernet Special Database Tables View...11 Special Database Filter View...13 Ethernet Special Database Filter-To-Port Mapping Table View...15 Ethernet Special Database Delete Filter-To-Port Mapping Table View...16 Spanning Tree Application 17 Spanning Tree Views...17 Spanning Tree Information View...19 Spanning Tree Port Configuration View...22 Static Application 24 Static Views...24 Static Database Table View...26 Static Database Entry View...27 Creating a Static Database Entry...28 Transparent Application 29 Transparent Bridging Views...29 Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table...3 Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table...31 Transparent Bridge Information View...33 PPP Bridging Application 36 PPP Bridging...36 Bridging Applications Page 4
Contents Contents PPP Bridge Configuration...36 PPP Bridge Configuration Table View...38 PPP Bridge Table View...4 PPP Bridge Media Table...42 PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table...43 Source Routing Application 44 Source Routing Views...44 Source Route Port Pair Table...44 Source Route Port Pair Table View...46 Source Route Bridge Configuration Table View...48 Source Route Bridge Statistics Table View...5 Translation Application 52 Translation Bridging...52 Token Ring To Ethernet Translation View...53 IBM Protocol Translation View...55 SNAP Packet Translation View...56 Index 57 Bridging Applications Page 5
Introduction to Bridging Applications This section describes the concept of Bridging, and presents the generic Bridging applications seen using SPECTRUM. Bridges are generally more flexible and intelligent than repeaters. Bridges interconnect separate LAN or WAN data links, and learn addresses of stations that can be reached over each data link. Traffic can then be relayed selectively across each bridge. The bridging function operates in the MAC sublayer and is transparent to layers above the MAC sublayer. Bridges can interconnect networks using different transmission techniques or differing MAC methods. Multiple bridges can be used to interconnect a series of networks. A bridge can be set up to connect a LAN data link to a WAN telecommunications operation, and a pair of bridges with a telecommunications entity between can be used to interconnect two different LAN locations. Extended LANs Individual LAN data links that are interconnected by bridges are considered to be a single subnetwork. Subnetwork station addresses must be unique and must use the same station address format. An extended LAN is actually a LAN subnetwork constructed of bridges and is differentiated from a single physical LAN. Operating layers above the MAC sublayer view the extended LAN as if it were a single LAN data link. Bridging Applications Page 6
Introduction to Bridging Applications Frame Filtering Frame Filtering A bridge can implement a frame filtering mechanism, or filtering bridge, to receive all frames that are transmitted over each attached data link. Based on each frame s destination address, the bridge determines if each frame can be transmitted across the bridge to any other attached data links. A bridge can therefore isolate network traffic, generated on a LAN data link from other LAN data links in the extended LAN. Broadcast traffic generated on one LAN is transmitted across a bridge to other data links to which it is attached; traffic generated by any station is received by all stations on the extended LAN. Bridging Views This section describes the views available for the Bridging applications supported by the device. The following table describes the supported Bridging applications and corresponding model type names. Bridging Applications Page 7
Introduction to Bridging Applications Bridging Views Table 1: Bridging Application Model Types Bridging PPP Bridging Application Spanning Tree Bridging Translation Transparent Bridging Ethernet Special Database Bridging (Enet SDB) Source Routing Static Bridging CSIBridge Model Types PPP_BridgeApp1471 Span_Tree_App or CT_Stp_App CT_Trans_App Transparent_App or CT_TP_App CT_BdgEnet_App CT_Sr_App Static_App Under Model Types in Table 1, CT indicates each application comes from an Aprisma proprietary MIB. These proprietary or enterprise MIBs are extensions of RFCs, in the case of bridging, RFC 1286. The difference between the Spanning_Tree_App and the CT_Stp_App is that CT_Stp_App will support a Cabletron enterprise MIB in addition to the RFC MIB. The differences between RFCs and enterprise MIBs may translate into additional options from the application s Icon Subviews menu. Each bridging application is described in the following sections. Chapter 1 Bridging Applications Page 8
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Application The Ethernet Special Database allows you to filter packets through a bridge port using a filtering scheme. You can configure filters established in the Ethernet Special Database to filter on any part of a packet except its header. Configuring Filters You can filter on: Information within a packet Source Address, Destination Address, Ethernet Data Type, and Data (including the offset). Any port designated as a receiver port (where the packets are filtered). Bridging activity on the device s bridge ports (e.g., forwarding/filtering). Ethernet Special Database Views One application-specific subview is available for the Ethernet Special Database application. From the CtBdgEnet_App Icon Subviews menu, select the Ethernet Special Database Tables View, which is shown in Figure 2 (Page 1). Bridging Applications Page 9
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Figure 2: Bridge Ethernet Special Database Tables View File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : 123.45_Enet SDB Help Name Contact FTransparent Name Network Address 123.45.67.89 System Up Time Manufacturer 14+18:54:49 Cabletron Description Cabletron EMM-E6 Revision 4. with Routing Services Device Type EMM-E6 Location Prime-App IP Routing Serial Number Cabletron Bridge Ethernet Special Database Tables Sort Find Update Filter State Offset DestinationAddress - SourceAddress - Type - PacketDataWindow 1 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 2 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 3 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 4 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 5 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 6 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7 Disabled XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Sort Find Update Filter Receive Port Ports To Be Forwarded To Total Ethernet Filters If No Match SearchFDB Before Pressing a Button: Enter Filter.ReceivePort Create/View filter-to-port Entry Delete filter-to-port Entry 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 1
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Ethernet Special Database Tables View Access: Select Ethernet Special Database from the Ct_BdgEnet_App Icon Subviews menu. This view provides information about Ethernet Special Database filters including: which ports receive packets which ports have special filtered packets forwarded to them You can manipulate table entries, create and delete filters, and modify filter-to-port mappings. The Filter Information table displays filter information and allows you to modify these filters by double-clicking on an entry to access the Special Database Filter View. The Filter-To Port Mapping table displays pairing information between filters and ports. Double-click on an entry to access the Ethernet Special Database Filter-To-Port Mapping View which allow you to modify the filters. The fields and filter buttons are described below. Filter Number Displays the number of the currently selected filter. The possible range is from 1 to 19. State Allows you to Enable or Disable the filter. Offset Indicates the offset (in bytes, from the beginning of the data in the packet) where the Data Mask will be applied (valid range is -1437). The default for this field is zero (no data offset). An example of a valid offset to enter into this field is 16. Bridging Applications Page 11
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Ethernet Special Database Tables View Destination Address Displays a 6-byte hexadecimal field for the filter which can be used to mask out Ethernet Destination Addresses. This field allows you to configure the filter to search outgoing packets according to their destination. The destination address must be entered as a MAC address. Total Ethernet Filters This field indicates the number of configured Ethernet or Token Ring Filters. The default value is nineteen, the maximum number of filters that can be created for use in the Ethernet or Token Ring Special Database. If No Match Click on this button to display the outcome if an incoming or outgoing packet does not match an established Ethernet Special Database filter. Possible selections are: SearchFDB, Filter, and Forward. Enter Filter. ReceivePort Enter a filter number and an associated filter port into this field before clicking on any buttons in this section. Create/View Filter-To-Port Entry Click on this button to access the Ethernet Special Database Filter-To-Port Mapping View. This view allows you to modify the filter number, port number, and ports to which filtered packets should be forwarded. Bridging Applications Page 12
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Ethernet Special Database Tables View Delete Filter- To-Port Entry Click on this button to access the Ethernet Special Database Delete Filter-To-Port Mapping View, in which you can delete a Filter-To-Port entry. Special Database Filter View Access: Double-click on a Filter Information Table entry in the Ethernet Special Database Tables View. This view allows you to modify filters in the Ethernet Special Database and also allows you to designate what the filter is configured to search for in a packet. Clicking on the Apply, Read, or Clear buttons completes the modification process (Cancel closes the dialog box without saving changes). Filter Number Displays the number of the currently selected filter. Possible range is 1 to 19. State Allows you to enable or disable the filter. Offset Indicates the offset (in bytes, from the beginning of the data in the packet) where the Data Mask will be applied (valid range is -1437). The default for this field is zero (no data offset). An example of a valid offset is 16. Bridging Applications Page 13
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Special Database Filter View (Continued) Destination Address Displays a 6-byte hexadecimal field for the filter which can be used to mask out Ethernet Destination Addresses. This field allows you to configure the filter to search outgoing packets according to their destination. The destination address must be entered as a MAC address. Source Address Displays a 6-byte hexadecimal field for the filter which can be used to mask out Ethernet Destination Addresses. This field allows you to configure the filter to search incoming packets according to their source. The source address must be entered as a MAC address. Type Displays the Ethernet Special Database Tables View. This hexadecimal 2-byte filter field can be used to mask out a specified protocol type field. Examples of protocol type are: 8 = TCP/IP, 8137 = Novell, bad = Banyan, 8f3 = AppletalkARP. Data Window Displays the hexadecimal 64-byte field used to mask out the packet information. Bridging Applications Page 14
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Ethernet Special Database Filter-To-Port Mapping Table View Access: Double-click on a Filter-To-Port Mapping Table entry in the Ethernet Special Database Tables View, or click the Create/View Filter-To-Port Entry button. This view displays pairing information between filters and ports. You can Sort, Find, or Update this view, and modify these filters in the Ethernet Special Database Delete Filter-To-Port Mapping Table View (Page 16). Filter Specifies which of the nineteen filters is referenced for use in the Filter-To-Port Mapping Table. Receive Port Specifies the port receiving packets. Ports To Be Forwarded To Displays the ports to which packets meeting filter requirements are sent. Bridging Applications Page 15
Ethernet Special Database Application Ethernet Special Database Views Ethernet Special Database Delete Filter-To-Port Mapping Table View Access: Click on the Delete Filter-To-Port Entry button in the Ethernet Special Database View. This table displays pairing information for filters and ports. Doubleclicking on an entry accesses the Cabletron Bridge Ethernet Special Database Filter-To-Port Mapping View in which you can make modifications. FilterNumber.PortNumber Displays index pairing information for the filter and port numbers used by the Ethernet Special Database. Specify which Filter-To-Port entry to delete. Delete Entry Click on this button to display the Filter-To-Port pairing entry specified in the FilterNumber. PortNumber field (shown above). Chapter 3 Bridging Applications Page 16
Spanning Tree Application Spanning Tree Application A spanning tree bridge learns appropriate routes from frames and ensures all bridges are using the same network topology. This section describes the views available from this application. Spanning tree bridges are used to form tree structures in which any two stations on an extended LAN are connected by one active path. A spanning tree bridge is transparent to ordinary stations on the interconnected LANs. To create and maintain the spanning tree, each bridge periodically multicasts Hello frames to all other bridges on the extended LAN. These frames are used to calculate the spanning tree and ensure all bridges are using the same topology. Redundant links are not used. If a bridge or link failure occurs, the Hello frame transmissions allow the bridges to quickly calculate a new spanning tree. Spanning Tree Views There is one application-specific subview available for the spanning tree application from the CT_Stp_App Icon Subviews menu, the Spanning Tree Information View. The Spanning Tree Information View is illustrated in Figure 4. Bridging Applications Page 17
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Figure 4: Spanning Tree Information View File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH: 21.2_SpanningTree Help Name Contact Description Location Spanning Tree Net Addr 134.141.23.23 System Up Time Manufacturer 63+1:55:123 Cabletron System CabletronEMM-E6Revision3.1.3 Device Type EMM-E6 Prime Application Bridging Serial Number Spanning Tree Information Protocol 82.1 Root Port 4 Root Bridge Root Cost Bridge Priority Bridge Max Age Bridge Hello TIme Bridge Forward Delay...1D..B6.58 3 x8 2 2 15 Last Topology Change +5:35:4 Topology Changes 48 Max Age 2 Hello TIme 2 Hold Time 1 Forward Delay 15 Sort Find Update Print Port 1 2 3 4 5 6 Priority x8 x8 x8 x8 x8 x8 State Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding Status Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled PathCost Designated Root 1 7 7 1 1 1...1D..B6.58...1D..B6.58...1D..B6.58...1D..B6.58...1D..B6.58...1D..B6.58 Designated Cost Designat 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 18
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Spanning Tree Information View Access: Select Spanning Tree from the CT_Stp_App Icon Subviews menu. Protocol Click on this button to access a list of spanning tree algorithms for this device. Possible selections are 82.1d (82.1 compliant spanning tree algorithm environment), DEC_LANBridge _1 (DEC LAN Bridge 1 environment), and None (no spanning tree algorithm enabled). The default is 82.1d. Root Bridge The Ethernet address of the bridge currently functioning as the root bridge. Root Cost The value or cost of the data path from the device to the root bridge. Bridge Priority The part of the device ID that contains the identifier used in the spanning tree for priority comparisons. You can specify an allowed range of through FFFF. The default is 8. Bridge Max Age The maximum time, displayed in hundredths of a second, that a BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) can exist before it is discarded if a bridge is the root or is attempting to become the root. The default is 2 seconds. Bridging Applications Page 19
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Spanning Tree Information View (Continued) Bridge Hello Time When the bridge is the root bridge, or is attempting to become the root, this field indicates the length of time, in hundredths of a second, that the bridge waits between sending configuration BPDUs. The default value for this field is 2 seconds. Bridge Forward Delay The length of time, displayed in hundredths of a second, that the device spends in the listening or learning state, when moving to the forwarding state. The root bridge on the network sets Bridge Forward Delay. You can modify this, but the new value only takes affect if the device is the root bridge. Root Port The number of the port that provides the lowest cost path to the root bridge. Last Topology Change The time, displayed in days+hours: minutes:seconds, that has elapsed since the bridge s Topology Change Flag last recorded the value of a topology change. Topology Changes The number of times the bridge s Topology Change Flag has changed since initializing or powering up the bridge. Max Age The maximum age of received protocol information before discard. Max Age is displayed in hundredths of a second. Bridging Applications Page 2
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Spanning Tree Information View (Continued) Hello Time Indicates, in hundredths of a second, the length of time the root bridge or bridge attempting to become the root waits before resending configuration BPDUs. Hold Time The minimum time elapsing between the transmission of configuration BPDUs through a given bridge port, displayed in hundredths of a second. Forward Delay The time delay in switching from the blocking state to the listening state, or the time spent in the learning state while moving from the listening state to the forwarding state. Spanning Tree Port Table This table provides configuration information for each of the device s ports. Double-click on an entry to access the Spanning Tree Port Configuration View (Page 22) and port-specific information. Bridging Applications Page 21
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Spanning Tree Port Configuration View Access: Double-click any Spanning Tree Port Table entry in the Spanning Tree Information View. This view describes configuration information for each of the device s ports and allows you to enable/disable the port or modify the port configuration. Port Number The device s bridging port number. Port Status Toggle this between enabled and disabled to change the port status. Port Priority The network port priority, which is one of the values used by the Spanning Tree Algorithm to choose a root for the device. A lower number indicates a higher priority. The default is 8; the allowable range is to 255. Port Path Cost The portion of the total path cost that is associated with this port. In a parallel bridge network, the Spanning Tree Algorithm selects the bridge with the lowest path cost as the root bridge. The allowable range is 1 to 65535. The default is 1 for Ethernet and 1 for FDDI. Bridging Applications Page 22
Spanning Tree Application SpanningTreeViews Spanning Tree Port Configuration View Port State The traffic state of the port is one of the following: Disabled- Management has disabled the port. No traffic can be received or forwarded while the port is disabled. Learning- The device is learning network addresses. The Learning state occurs when the device s Acquired Database is created during start-up or reconfiguration. Listening - The device is not adding information to the Filtering Database but is monitoring BDPU traffic while preparing to move from the Learning to Forwarding state. Forwarding - The device is on-line and this port is forwarding traffic. Blocking - The port will not forward any traffic. Broken - The port is malfunctioning. Designated Root The identifier of the bridge recorded as the root in Configuration BPDUs transmitted by the Designated Bridge (for the segment to which this port is attached). This value is used as the Root Identifier parameter in all Bridge Configuration PDUs originated by this node. Designated Cost The path cost of the Designated Port of the segment connected to this port. Designated Bridge The identifier of the bridge that is assumed to be the root on the network. Designated Port The number of the port that offers the lowest cost path from the device to the root bridge. Forward Transitions The number of times the port has changed from the learning state to the forwarding state. Bridging Applications Page 23
Static Application Static Application Static bridging deals with destination-address filtering. This section describes the views available from the Static Bridging application. Static bridging allows you to create an entry that stays in the static routing table without aging out or being removed should a device be powered off. The Static Group (one of the five groups within RFC 1286, the Bridge MIB) contains objects that describe the entity s state with respect to destination-address filtering. If destination-address filtering is not supported this group will not be implemented. This group is applicable to any type of bridge which performs destination-address filtering. Static Views There is one application-specific subview available for the Static Bridging application from the Static_App Icon Subviews menu, the Static Database Table View. The Static Database Table View is shown in Figure 5. Further subviews can be obtained by double-clicking an entry in the Static Database Table View. Bridging Applications Page 24
Static Application Static Views Figure 5: Static Database Table View File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : 123,45 Static Help Name Contact Description Static ESX-132 WAN Connection Table Net Addr SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type 63+1:55:123 ESX-132 Location Prime Application Bridging Serial Number Static Database Table Sort Find Update Destination Address Print Receive Port Ports To Be Forwarded To Status Before Pressing the Button: EnterMACAddress.ReceivePort Create a Static Database Entry 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 25
Static Application Static Views Static Database Table View Access: Select Static Table from the Static_App Icon Subviews Menu. The Static Database Table view provides information on packets forwarded to a specific destination address. The Static Database Table contains destination-address filtering information configured into the bridge by local or network management. The table specifies the settings of ports allowed to forward frames received from specific ports and containing specific destination addresses. Double-clicking on a table entry accesses the Static Database Entry View (Page 27), which allows you to modify table values. Enter MAC Address.Receive Port Specify the pairing of a MAC (physical) address with a receiving port database entry. This information must be entered into the field before clicking on the Create a Static Database Entry button. Create a Static Database Entry Click on this button to access the Create a Static Database Entry View. This view allows you to modify the MAC address for the receive port pairing and the status of the entry. Bridging Applications Page 26
Static Application Static Views Static Database Entry View Access: Double-click a Static Database Table entry in the Static Database Table. This view displays the same fields as the Static Database Table, but allows you to modify a table entry s values. Destination Address The unicast, multicast, or broadcast Destination MAC address to which this entry s filtering information applies. Receive Port The port number from which a frame must be received for this entry s filtering information to apply. The frame will be forwarded to the port that was selected in this view. A value of zero indicates that this entry applies to all ports on the device for which there is no other entry. Ports To Be Forwarded To The set of ports to which frames received from a specific port and destined for a specific MAC address are allowed to be forwarded. If no port is selected, the frame is filtered. A value of zero indicates this entry applies to all ports on the device for which there is no other entry. Bridging Applications Page 27
Static Application Static Views Static Database Entry View (Continued) Status Click to configure the entry residing in the Static Database. Possible values are: Other- Indicates this entry is currently in use, and the conditions under which it will remain in use are different from each of the following values. Invalid- Writing this value to the object removes the corresponding entry. Permanent- Indicates this entry is currently in use, and will remain in use after the next reset of the device. Delete_On_Reset - Indicates this entry is currently in use, and will remain in use until the next reset of the device. Delete_On_Timeout - Indicates this entry is currently in use, and will remain in use until aged-out. Creating a Static Database Entry To add a Static Database Table entry, follow these steps: 1 Enter a valid address in the MACAddress.ReceivePort field. Use for both, 1 for FDDI, and 2 for ENET. The MACAddress.Receive Port entry 1D.23.9.12.67.14. is a valid example. 2 Select Save All Changes from the File menu. 3 Click on the Create a Static Database Entry button to access the Create a Static Database Entry View. 4 In this view s Ports To Be Forwarded To area, select a port other than the one you specified in the new MACAddress.ReceivePort field. 5 Select the desired status for the port. 6 Select Save All Changes from the File menu. The new Static Table entry will now appear in the Static Database Table. Bridging Applications Page 28
Transparent Application Transparent Application Transparent bridges learn the network s topology by analyzing the source address of incoming frames and can reduce the volume of traffic seen on an individual segment of the network. This section describes the views available from the Transparent Bridging application. Transparent bridges operate in a manner that is transparent to network hosts. A transparent bridge learns the network s topology by analyzing the source address of incoming frames from all attached networks. From this process, it builds a table, which it then uses as a basis for traffic forwarding. When a frame is received on one of the bridge s interfaces, the bridge looks up the frame s destination address in its internal table. If the table contains an association between the destination address and any of the bridge s ports, aside from the one on which the frame was received, the frame is forwarded out the indicated port. If no association is found, the frame is sent to all ports except the inbound port. Broadcasts and multicasts are also flooded in this way. Transparent Bridging Views Two main application-specific views are available for the Transparent Bridging (Transparnt_App) application: Transparent Bridging Port Pair table Bridge Information The Transparent Bridge Information View, which contains double-click zones to sub-views, is shown in Figure 7. The Transparent Application s model type name is CT_Tp_App. Bridging Applications Page 29
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table Transparent Bridging Views The CT_Tp_App application icon provides access to the Transparent Bridge Information View (Page 33), which displays status and identification data for bridging source and destination ports. Figure 6, Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table, shows this table. Figure 6: Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : 123.45_Transparent Help Name Contact Name Network Address 123.45.67.89 System Up Time Manufacturer 14+18:54:49 Cabletron Description Cabletron Device Type Location Prime-App Bridging Serial Number Cabletron Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table Sort Find Update Source Port 1 1 1 1 Destination Port Forward Packets State 2 Enabled 3 Enabled 4 Enabled 5 Enabled Print 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 3
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Views Transparent Bridging Port Pair Table Access: Select Transparent Table from the CT_Tp_Appl Icon Subviews menu. The Transparent Bridge Information View is shown in Figure 7, Transparent Bridge Information View. Source Port The source port in this connection from which packets are being sent. Destination Port The destination port in this connection to which packets are sent. Forward Packets The total number of packets being sent from the Source port to the Destination port. State The state of the connection between this source port and the final destination port. Values are Enabled or Disabled. Bridging Applications Page 31
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Views Figure 7: Transparent Bridge Information View SpectroGRAPH : 123.45_Transparent File View Tools Bookmarks Help Model Name Transparent Net Addr 132.177.119.23 SystemUp Time 14+18:54:49 Contact Name Manufacturer Cabletron Description Cabletron EMM-E6 Revision 4. Device Type EMM-E6 Location PrimaryApp IP Routing Serial Number Transparent Bridge Information Forwarding Database Table Total Ports 5 Learned Entry Discards Aging Time Mac Address Bridge Type 3..1D.94.34 Transparent Mac Address Cisco-.5F.25 Cisco-1.7F.C8 Cisco-3.2F.EA Systek-96.88.8 Cabletron-.6.1F Cabletron-39.4E Cabletron-5.92.16 Port 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Status Learned Learned Learned Learned Learned Learned Learned 1 2 3 4 Port Sort Find Update Max Info Inframes 816 1516 45 45 6751828 2533338 Port Table Print OutFrames InDiscards 4 6731815 Sort On Order No Sort Ascending Find Print Update 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 32
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Views Transparent Bridge Information View Access: Select Bridge Information from the CT_Tp_Appl Icon Subviews menu. This view displays two tables with data on transparent bridge ports and bridge operation. The Port Table provides information for every port associated with transparent bridging. The Forwarding Database table provides information on unicast MAC addresses, for which the bridge has forwarding or filtering information, and is used by the Transparent Bridging function to determine how to forward frames. Total Ports The number of ports controlled by this transparent bridging entity. Learned Entry Discards The total number of Forward Database entries not learned and discarded due to a lack of space in the Forward Database. If this value is increasing, it indicates the Forward Database is regularly becoming full and is degrading performance. If this value is high but not presently increasing, it indicates that there is a problem but it is not significant. Aging Time The time-out period in seconds for aging out dynamically learned forwarding information. This value can be modified. MAC Address The physical address of the device. Bridging Applications Page 33
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Views Transparent Bridge Information View (Continued) Bridge Type The type of bridging performed by this device. Possible bridging types are: Unknown, Transparent, and Sourceroute. Port Table Port The number of the transparent bridging port. Max Info The maximum size of non-mac frames this port can receive or transmit. Inframes The number of frames that have been received by this port. Outframes The number of frames transmitted by this port. In Discards The number of valid frames received by this port but discarded by the Forwarding Process. Forwarding Database table MAC Address A unicast MAC address for which the bridge has forwarding or filtering information. Port The port number of a unicast MAC address for which the bridge has forwarding or filtering information. A value of zero indicates that the destination address port number has not yet been learned by the device. Bridging Applications Page 34
Transparent Application Transparent Bridging Views Transparent Bridge Information View (Continued) Status The status of the Forward Database entry. The options are: Other- None of the following. This entry would include the situation where some MIB object other than that specified in the Forward Database or Static Table is being used to determine how frames addressed to the entry specified in the MAC address field are being forwarded. Invalid- This entry is no longer valid (e.g., it was learned but has since aged-out) but has not been removed from the table. Learned- This entry indicates that the value specified in the Port field was learned and is being used. Self- Indicates that the address specified in the MAC address field is one of the device s addresses and the port specified in the Port fies address. Mgmt- Indicates that the address specified in the MAC address field is also an existing destination address in the Static Table. Bridging Applications Page 35
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging Application This section provides a description of the PPP Bridging sub-applications. Interfaces configured for Point-To-Point Bridging are described in this application section. PPP Bridging Four application-specific subviews are available for the PPP Bridge application. From the PPP_BdgApp1474 Icon Subviews menu access the: PPP Bridge Configuration Table PPP Bridge Table PPP Bridge Media Table PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table These views are described in the following sections. Note: The Point-To-Point (PPP) application is only present if an interface on an installed BRIM is configured for PPP. PPP Bridge Configuration This view provides information on Bridge Network Protocol. You can update and sort the information contained in the table. Figure 8, PPP Bridge Configuration Table provides a description for the PPP Bridge Configuration Table. Bridging Applications Page 36
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging Figure 8: PPP Bridge Configuration Table File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : PPP_BdgApp1474 Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number PPP Bridge Configuration Table Sort Find Update AdminStatus Tinygram Compress Ring ID Option Line ID Option LAN ID Option Do_Not_Initiate Do_Not_Initiate 123.45_ Bridging Applications Page 37
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging PPP Bridge Configuration Table View Access: Select Configuration from the PPP_BdgApp1474 Icon Subviews menu. Admin Status Indicates whether administrative open or close events exist in the bridging network protocol s finite state machine. Tinygram Compress Indicates whether the local Bridge Configuration Network Protocol (BCNP) entity will initiate the Tinygram Compression Option. Ring ID Option Indicates whether the local PPP entity will initiate the Remote Ring Identification Option negotiation. Line ID Option Indicates whether the local PPP entity will initiate the Tinygram Compression Option. LAN ID Option Indicates whether the local PPP entity will initiate the LAN Identification Option negotiation. Figure 9, PPP Bridge Table shows an example of the PPP Bridge Table View. Bridging Applications Page 38
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging Figure 9: PPP Bridge Table File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH: PPP_BdgApp1474 Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number PPP Bridge Table Sort Find Update Status Local Tinygram Compress Remote Tinygram Compress Local LAN ID Remote Lan ID Closed Closed Off Off Off Off Not_Transmitted Not_Transmitted Not_Transmitted Not_Transmitted 123.45 of... Bridging Applications Page 39
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging PPP Bridge Table View Access: Select Bridge Table from the PPP_BdgApp1474 Icon Subviews menu. This view provides information on the Bridge Network Protocol. You can update and sort the information contained in the table. Admin Status This field displays the operational status of the Bridge Network Protocol. Possible values are: Closed or Open. Local Tinygram Compress This field indicates whether the local node will perform Tinygram Compression when sending packets to the remote entity. Remote Tinygram Compress This field indicates whether the remote entity is expected to perform Tinygram Compression when sending packets to the local node. Local LAN ID This field indicates whether the local node will include the LAN Identification field in transmitted packets. Remote LAN ID Indicates whether the remote entity has indicated that it will include the LAN Identification field in transmitted packets. Bridging Applications Page 4
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging Figure 1: Media Configuration/Bridge Media Configuration Tables File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH: PPP_BdgApp1474 Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App PPP Bridge Media Table SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table Sort Find Update MACType Local Status Remote Status IEEE82.3 IEEE82.4 IEEE82.5 FDDI IEEE82.3 IEEE82.4 Accept Do_Not_Accept Accept Do_Not_Accept Accept Do_Not_Accept Accept Do_Not_Accept Accept Do_Not_Accept Accept Do_Not_Accept Sort MAC Address Accept Do_not_Accept Accept Do_not_Accept Accept Do_not_Accept Find Local Status Update Accept Do_not_Accept Accept Do_not_Accept Accept Do_not_Accept 123.45 of... Bridging Applications Page 41
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging PPP Bridge Media Table Access: Select Media Tables from the PPP_BdgApp1474 Icon Subviews menu. The PPP Bridge Media Table view identifies which MAC media types are enabled for the bridging network control programs. The view contains two tables: the PPP Bridge Media Table, and the PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table. MAC Type The Medium Access Control (MAC) type for which this entry is providing status information. Options are: IEEE 82.3, IEEE 82.4, IEEE 82.5, and FDDI. Local Status Indicates whether the local PPP Bridging entity is accepting or not accepting packets. These are MAC-type packets identified on the PPP Link for the Interface Index. Remote Status Indicates whether the local PPP Bridging entity recognizes the remote PPP Bridging entity is accepting or not accepting packets. These are MAC-type packets identified on the PPP Link for the Interface Index. Bridging Applications Page 42
PPP Bridging Application PPP Bridging PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table Access: Select Media Tables from the PPP_BdgApp1474 Icon Subviews menu. The PPP Bridge Media Configuration Table identifies which MAC media types are enabled for the bridging network control programs. MAC Type Indicates the Medium Access Control (MAC) type for which this entry is providing status information. Options are: IEEE 82.3, II82.4, IEEE 82.5, and FDDI. Local Status Indicates whether the local PPP Bridging entity is accepting or not accepting packets, or the MAC-type identified on the PPP Link for the Interface Index. Chapter 11 Bridging Applications Page 43
Source Routing Application Source Routing Application This section describes the Source Routing Application, which contains utilization statistics derived from source routing. This information may be present in bridging token ring packets, and may affect a specific token ring interface. The Source Routing data is collected from the source routing information potentially present in any token ring packet. This information can be present in a transparent bridging or a mixed bridging environment, and can only be valid in a pure source route bridging environment. Source Routing Views This section provides descriptions for three application-specific tables. These tables are: Source Route Port Pair Table Source Route Bridge Configuration Table Source Route Bridge Table Source Route Port Pair Table The Source Route Port Pair Table View (Page 45) provides information about the Source Route Pair Table. You can update, sort, or search the table for specific information. Refer to Figure 12, Source Route Port Pair Table View. Bridging Applications Page 44
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Figure 12: Source Route Port Pair Table View File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : CT_Sr_App Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number Cabletron Bridge Source Route Port Pair Table Sort Find Update Source Port Destination Port Pair Packets Pair State 1 1 2 3 Enabled Enabled 123.45 of... Bridging Applications Page 45
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Source Route Port Pair Table View Access: Select Source Route Table from the CT_Sr_App Icon Subviews menu. This view provides configuration information for the bridge ports and bridge path. You can Update, Sort, and Search the table. Double-clicking any table entry opens the Source Route Port Configuration Table. Source Port Provides source routing information for this source port. Destination Port Provides source routing information for this destination port. Pair Packets Displays the number of packets forwarded by the source route bridge from the source port to the destination port. Pair State Displays the state of the source router bridging on this port pair. Bridging Applications Page 46
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Figure 13: Source Routing Bridge Configuration Table File View Tools Bookmarks SpectroGRAPH : CT_Sr_App Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number Bridge Type SourceRoutingTransparent Source Route Bridge Configuration Table Sort Find Update Port 1 2 3 Bridge Number 1 1 1 RingInNumber 65535 65535 65535 RingOutNumber 65535 65535 65535 HopCount 28 28 28 Largest Frame 178 178 178 STE Span Mode Auto-Span Auto-Span Auto-Span 123.45 of... Bridging Applications Page 47
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Source Route Bridge Configuration Table View Access: Select Configuration from the CT_Sr_App Icon Subviews Menu. This view allows you to modify the port values displayed in the Source Route Bridge Configuration Table. Bridge Type The bridge routing type. Types are: Transparent, SourceRouting, and SourceRoutingTransparent. Port The number identifying the port which contains Source Route management information. Bridge Number Uniquely identifies the bridge when more than one bridge is used to span the same two segments. Ring In Number A number that uniquely identifies the segment to which this port is connected. Ring Out Number Identifies the segment number that corresponds to the target segment to which this port is connected. Hop Count The number of routing descriptors allowed in an All Paths or Spanning Tree Explorer frame. Largest Frame Determines how the port behaves when presented with a Spanning Tree Explorer frame. When disabled the port will not send or receive any Spanning Tree Explorer packets. Valid values are: Auto-span, Disabled, or Force. STE Span Mode Returns Auto-span. Bridging Applications Page 48
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views The Source Route Bridge Statistics Table is shown in Figure 14, Source Route Bridge Statistics Table. Figure 14: Source Route Bridge Statistics Table SpectroGRAPH : Source Routing File View Tools Bookmarks Help Model Name Contact Description Location Net Addr Prime-App SystemUp Time Manufacturer Device Type Serial Number Source Route Bridge Statistics Table Sort Find Update PortIn,Out,DiscardStatistics Port Spec In APE In STE In Spec Out APE Out STE Out SegMismatch DupSegs HopCountExc 123.45 of... Bridging Applications Page 49
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Source Route Bridge Statistics Table View Access: Select Statistics from the CT_Sr_App Icon Subviews Menu. Each field represents a number. Port Port showing Source Route management statistics. Spec In Received frames specifically routed over this port s segment. APE In All Paths Explorer frames received over this port s segment. STE In Spanning Tree Explorer frames received over this port s segment. Spec Out Specifically routed frames transmitted over this port s segment. STE Out Spanning Tree Explorer frames transmitted over this port s segment. Seg Out ST Explorer frames that have been discarded by this port because the routing descriptor field contained an invalid adjacent segment value. Bridging Applications Page 5
Source Routing Application Source Routing Views Source Route Bridge Statistics Table View Seg Mismatch Number of ST Explorer frames discarded by this port because the routing descriptor field contained an invalid adjacent segment value. DupSegs Number of ST Explorer frames discarded by this port; the routing descriptor field contained a duplicate segment identifier. HopCountExceeds Number of ST Explorer frames discarded by this port because the Routing Information Field has exceeded the maximum route descriptor length. Bridging Applications Page 51
Translation Application Translation Application Translation bridging provides solutions to problems between transparent bridging and source-route domains. This section describes the views available from the Translation Bridging application. Translation Bridging provides a means for reordering source and destination address bits when translating between Ethernet and Token Ring frame formats. Translational bridging can create a software gateway between two domains. For example, to a source-route bridge (SRB) end station, a translational bridge has a ring and bridge number associated with it, and therefore looks like a standard SRB. To the transparent bridging domain, a translational bridge is another transparent bridge. Translation Bridging One application-specific subview is available for the Translation Bridging application, the Token Ring To Ethernet Translation View (Page 53). This view displays two tables and a choice of protocol translations. Bridging Applications Page 52