Computer Structure and Logic Pearson Certification Team Pearson 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
Computer Structure and Logic Table of Contents Introduction xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers 3 History of Computers 3 The von Neumann Computer Model 4 Modern Computers 7 From Tubes to Transistors 7 Integrated Circuits 10 History of the PC 11 Birth ofthe Personal Computer 11 The IBM Personal Computer 13 The PC Industry Nearly 30 Years Later 14 What Is a PC? 17 Who Controls PC Software? 18 Who Controls PC Hardware? 21 White-Box Systems 24 PC Design Guides 25 System Types 26 System Components 26 Chapter Review Questions 28 Case Study 1 31 Case Study 2 31 Answers and Explanations 31 Case Study 1 Solution 3 3 Case Study 2 Solution 33 Chapter 2 Understanding Computer Math and Measurement Numbering Systems Used in Computers 3 5 Decimal Numbering System 36 Binary Numbering System 36 Binary Versus Decimal MB/GB 40 Data Storage and Overhead 43 Hexadecimal Numbering System 44 Basic Boolean Operations 45 AND 46 OR 47
Contents v NOT 47 Mixed Boolean Operations 48 Measuring Data Transfer and Frequency 48 Bandwidth 49 Parallel Information Transfers 49 Serial Transfers 51 Hertz (Hz) 51 Chapter Review Questions S3 Case Study 1 56 Case Study 2 56 Answers and Explanations 56 Case Study Case Study 1 Solution 57 2 Solution 58 Chapter 3 I/O Ports and Devices 61 Understanding I/O Ports 61 USB 61 USB Port Types, Speeds, Adding USB Ports 66 Serial (COM) 67 Types of Serial Cables 69 and Technical Details 62 Standard IRQ and I/O Port Addresses 70 Parallel (LPT) 70 SCSI 72 Multiple Device Support with SCSI Host Adapters 73 Jumper Block and DIP Switch Settingsfor Device IDs 74 SCSI Standards 74 IEEE 1394 (FireWire) 75 IEEE 1394 Ports and Cables 75 IEEE 1394-Compatible Devices and Technical Requirements 76 PS/2 (Mini-DIN) 77 Centronics 77 1/8-Inch Audio Mini-Jack 77 SPDIF Digital Audio 78 MIDI Port 79 RG-6 Coaxial 79
vi Computer Structure and Logic Understanding Input Devices 80 Keyboard 80 Mouse and Pointing Devices 81 Game Controllers 82 Bar Code Reader 82 Biometric Devices 82 Voice-Activated Typing 83 Understanding Display Types 83 CRT Monitor 84 LCD Monitor 85 Data Projector 86 Touch Screens 87 Understanding Video Connector Types 88 VGA 88 DVt 89 HDMI 89 Component/RGB 91 S-Video 91 Composite 91 Printing Fundamentals 93 Laser Printers 93 Toner Cartridges 94 Laser Printer Paper and Media 95 Inkjet Printers 96 Ink Cartridges 97 Inkjet Printer Paper and Media 98 Thermal Printers 98 Thermal Printer Ribbons 99 Thermal Printer Paper 100 Impact Printers 100 Impact Printer Ribbons 101 Impact Printer Paper and Media 102 Understanding Multimedia Devices 103 Webcam 103 Digital Camera 103 MIDI Music and MIDI Ports 103
Contents vii Sound Card 103 Microphone 104 Video Capture Card 105 Chapter Review Questions 106 Case Study 1 109 Case Study 2 109 Answers and Explanations 110 Case Study 1 Solution 112 Case Study 2 Solution 112 Chapter 4 Motherboards and Buses 115 Motherboards and Their Components 115 The System Bus and I/O Bus 116 The Chipset 117 Form Factors 118 ATXand Micro ATX 118 BTX 119 NIX 120 Riser Cards and Daughterboards 120 Integrated I/O Ports 122 Memory Slots 124 Expansion Slots 124 PCI Slots 125 AGP 125 PCIe (PCI Express) Slots 126 AMR and CNR Slots 128 Mass Storage Interfaces 129 EIDE/PATA 130 SATA 131 SCSI 131 Choosing the Best Motherboard for the Job 133 Installing Motherboards 133 Step-by-Step Motherboard Removal (ATX and BTX) 134 Step-by-Step Motherboard Removal (NLX) 136 Preparing the Motherboard for Installation (ATX/BTX) 137 Step-by-Step Motherboard Installation (ATX/Baby-AT) 137 Step-by-Step Motherboard Installation (NLX) 138
viii Computer Structure and Logic Troubleshooting Motherboards 138 System Does Not Start 139 Devices Connected to the Port Cluster Don't Work 143 Devices Connected to Header Cables Don't Work 144 Mass Storage Devices Do Not Work Properly 145 Memory Failures 145 Card, Memory, or Heat Sink Blocked by Motherboard Layout 145 Installing Adapter Cards 146 General Installation 146 Display Adapters 149 Sound Cards 150 Video Capture Cards 150 Troubleshooting Adapter Cards 151 Device Connected to Adapter Card Doesn't Work 151 Performing Driver and Firmware Upgrades 152 Chapter Review Questions 153 Case Study 1 156 Case Study 2 156 Answers and Explanations 157 Case Study 1 Solution 158 Case Study 2 Solution 159 Chapter 5 The CPU 161 Intel and AMD Processors 161 Intel Processors 162 AMD Processors 165 Processor Sockets and Packaging 168 Overview of Processor Differences 168 CPU Technologies 169 CPU Clock Rate 170 Hyperthreading (HT Technology) 171 Dual-Core and Multi-Core 171 Processor Throttling 172 MMX and 3DNow! Instruction Sets 172 Overclocking 173 Cache 174 VRM 175 32-Bit Versus 64-Bit 175
Contents ix Choosing the Best Processor for the Job 176 Performance 176 Thermal Issues 176 32-Bit Versus 64-Bit (x64) Compatibility 176 Other Processor Features 177 Installing and Upgrading Processors 177 Removing die Heat Sink 178 Removing the Processor 180 Installing a New Processor 181 Slot-Type CPU (Early Pentium HI, Early AMD Athlon, and Others) 183 Troubleshooting Processors 185 System Runs Slower Than Rated Speed 185 Causesfor Overheating 185 Fan Failure 185 Incorrect Heat Sink for Processor Type/Speed 185 Overheating of the Processor or System 185 Underclocked System 186 Processor Failure 186 Chapter Review Questions 187 Case Study 1 190 Case Study 2 190 Answers and Explanations 190 Case Study 1 Solution 192 Case Study 2 Solution 192 Chapter 6 Memory and Storage 195 RAM Basics 195 RAM Types 198 DRAM 198 SRAM 198 SDRAM 198 DDR SDRAM 199 DDR2 SDRAM 199 Rambus 199 Comparison of Memory Modules 200 Installing DIMMs and Rambus RDRAM Modules 202 Hard Disk Drives 204
Computer Structure and Logic PATA and SATA Data and Power Cables 205 PATA Drive Jumpering and Cable Select 206 ATA Specifications 207 ATA/IDE Drive Physical Installation 209 SATA Hard Drive Physical Installation 211 Installing an SATA Host Adapter 213 Configuring PATA BIOS 214 Configuring SATA BIOS 216 Creating an ATA or SATA RAID Array 218 Optimizing ATA/IDE Performance 221 Selecting the PIO and DMA Transfer Modes 221 Selecting the IDE Block Mode 223 Installing IDE Bus-mastering Drivers 223 Enabling DMA Transfers for PATA Devices in Windows Adjusting Disk Caching Settings in Windows 225 CD and DVD Optical Drives 226 CD and DVD Drive Interfaces 227 Physical Installation of Optical Drives 227 IDE/ATAPI Optical Drive Installation Issues 228 Chapter Review Questions 229 Case Study 1 232 Case Study 2 232 Answers and Explanations 232 Case Study 1 Solution 234 Case Study 2 Solution 234 Chapter 7 Computer Operation 237 Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware 237 Configuring the System BIOS 240 Accessing the BIOS Setup Program 241 BIOS Settings Overview 243 Automatic Configuration ofbios/cmos Settings 246 Selecting Options 247 Main Menu 247 Standard Features/Settings Menu 248 PATA and SATA BIOS Configuration 249 Floppy Drive BIOS Configuration 249 System Information 249
Contents xi Advanced BIOS Settings/Features Menu 251 Integrated Peripherals Menu 252 Onboard Devices Submenu 253 I/O Devices Submenu 253 PATA/IDE and SATA Configuration Menus 255 Power Management Menu 256 PnP/PCI Configuration Settings 257 Hardware Monitor 259 Processor and Memory Configuration 260 Security Features 262 Exiting the BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes 263 Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting 264 Beep Codes 265 POST Error Messages 266 POST Hex Error Codes 266 BIOS Updates 268 Flash BIOS Update 269 BIOS Chip Replacement 271 Chapter Review Questions 273 Case Study 1 276 Case Study 2 276 Answers and Explanations 276 Case Study 1 Solution 278 Case Study 2 Solution 278 Chapter 8 Operating Systems 281 Types of Operating Systems 281 Mac OS 282 Linux 283 Windows 283 Differences in Windows Versions 284 GUI 284 System Requirements 287 Windows Interfaces 287 Windows Explorer 288 Common Tasks View 289 Windows Vista Additions to Windows Explorer 290 Windows 7 Additions to Windows Explorer 290
xii Computer Structure and Logic My Computer 291 Control Panel 292 Command Prompt 293 Network 294 My Network Places 295 Taskbar/Systray 296 Start Menu 296 Managing Disk Partitions, Files, and Folders 298 Disk Partitions 298 Using Disk Management 299 Mount Points and Mounting a Drive 303 Windows File Systems 304 FAT32 304 NTFS 304 Working with Folders/Directories 305 File Management 306 Creating Files 306 File Types 307 File Names and Extensions 308 Indexing 309 File Permissions 310 DEFRAG 311 CHKDSK.EXE 312 Format 313 System Management Tools 314 Device Manager 314 Computer Management and the MMC 317 Task Manager 318 Event Viewer 319 System Restore 321 Chapter Review Questions 323 Case Study 1 326 Case Study 2 326 Answers and Explanations 327 Case Study 1 Solution 328 Case Study 2 Solution 329
Contents xiii Chapter 9 Basic Security 331 S ecurity Fundamentals 331 Secure and Insecure File Systems 331 Authentication Technologies 332 Username/Password/PIN 332 Smart Cards 332 Biometrics 333 Protection Against Viruses and Malware 333 Software Firewalls 334 Hardware Recycling and Deconstruction 335 Data and Physical Security 335 Data Access Local Security Policy 335 Encryption Technologies 336 Encrypting File System 331 BitLocker Encryption 337 Backups 338 Data Migration 338 Data and Data Remnant Removal 339 Password Management 339 Locking a Workstation 340 Incident Reporting 340 Social Engineering 341 Access Control Purposes and Principles 342 Operating System Access Control 342 User, Administration, and Quest Accounts 342 User Account Control (UAC) 343 Groups 343 Permissions Actions, Types, and Levels 344 Permission Inheritance and Propagation 344 Moving and Copying Folders and Files 345 Components 345 Restricted Spaces 345 Auditing and Event Logging 346 Installing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Security Features 347 BIOS Security Features 347 Software Firewalls 348 Troubleshooting Software Firewalls 349
Computer Structure and Logic File Systems (Converting from FAT3 2 to NTFS) 3 51 Malicious Software Protection 351 Types of Malware and Infection Methods 351 Training Users in Malware Protection 352 Wireless Security 353 WEP and WPA Encryption 353 Configuring Wireless Clients 3 54 Troubleshooting Wireless Clients 357 Unused Wireless Connections 359 Chapter Review Questions 361 Case Study 1 364 Case Study 2 364 Answers and Explanations 364 Case Study 1 Solution 366 Case Study 2 Solution 366 Chapter 10 Troubleshooting 369 PC Tools 369 Preventing Electrostatic Discharge 370 Using a Troubleshooting Process 372 Determining Whether a Problem Is Caused by Hardware or Software 374 What Components to Check First 375 Points of Failure on the Outside of the Computer 376 "Known-Working" Doesn't Mean "New" Best Sources for Replacement Parts 377 Keeping Track of Your Solutions 378 Troubleshooting Windows 378 Recovering an Operating System 378 Last Known Good Configuration, Safe Mode, and Other Advanced Boot Options 319 Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) 382 Recovery Console 384 Using System Restore with Advanced Boot Options 386 Using Windows Vistas Complete PC Backup 386 Using Automated System, Recovery (ASR) (Windows XP) 387 Diagnosing and Troubleshooting Other Problems 389 Identifying the Problem: User Interview 389 Analyzing the Problem 390 Identifying the Problem: Logs and Services 390
Contents xv Recording Sympto?ns and Error Codes 392 Checking Configurations and Device Manager 393 Common Problems 394 STOP (Blue Screen) Errors 394 Application Troubleshooting 396 Using Task Manager 397 Troubleshooting with Device Manager 398 Where to Go for More Information 401 Chapter Review Questions 404 Case Study 1 407 Case Study 2 407 Answers and Explanations 408 Case Study 1 Solution 409 Case Study 2 Solution 411 Chapter 11 Networks 413 Network Models 414 Client/Server 414 Servers 414 Clients 415 Peer-to-Peer 416 Internet Connectivity Technologies 417 Modems and Dial-Up Internet Connectivity 417 ISDN Internet Connectivity 419 ISDN Hardware 420 Setting Up an ISDN Connection 420 Broadband Internet Services (DSL, Cable, Satellite) 421 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 421 Cable Internet 423 Satellite 425 LANs and Internet Connectivity 425 TCP/IP Applications and Technologies 426 ISP 426 HTTP/HTTPS 426 SSL 427 TLS 427 HTML 427 FTP 428
xvi Computer Structure and Logic Telnet 429 SSH 429 DNS 429 Email 430 SMTP 431 POP 431 MAP 432 Ports 432 Installing Network Interface Cards 433 Cable and Connector Types 433 UTP and STP Cabling 434 Fiber-Optic Cabling 437 Coaxial Cabling 438 Plenum and PVC 439 Connector Types 439 Network Devices 440 Configuring TCP/IP 441 TCP/IP Configuration with a DHCP Server 442 TCP/IP Alternate Configuration 443 TCP/IP User-Configured IP Address, DNS Addresses, and Advanced Settings 444 Understanding IP Addressing, Subnet Masks, and IP Classes 445 WINS Configuration 448 Gateway 448 DNS Configuration 448 Using Network Command-Line Tools 448 Using ipconfig 449 Using ping 450 Using tracert 451 Using the net Command 451 Using nslookup 452 Chapter Review Questions 453 Case Study 1 456 Case Study 2 456 Answers and Explanations 456 Case Study 1 Solution 458 Case Study 2 Solution 459 Index 460