Index Aarhus Convention Process 121 125 accountability decision-making 62 63 governments 41, 121 125 independent MSPs 215 measuring 63 strategies 249 action plans 149 157, 242, 260 see also implementation Agenda 21 democracy 43 local 149 157 stakeholders 3, 28 29 tripartite approaches 36 37 agendas design 225 setting 103 104, 123, 228, 256 agreement procedures 107 108 all-win 19 argument culture 6, 66 autonomy 70 awareness raising 149 157 background papers 159, 160, 230 Bahá í model of consultation 68 69 balance criteria 221 Beijing+5 Global Forum Online Discussions 125 128 better decisions criteria 68 biotechnology 163 166 bottom line payoff 92 Brent Spar Project 131 135 business 5 6, 137, 174 182 calls for input 246 capacity building 229, 234 235, 258 participation 44, 116, 234 235 CDW see Global Environment Facility, Country Dialogue Workshop programme centralized communication networks 77 78 CERES see The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies chairing 114, 236, 237 239, 258 259 checking back 103, 116 117, 231 closure design characteristics 236, 241, 260 determining 108 109 The Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), GRI 140 144 cohesiveness 82 collaboration 54 56, 210, 213 collectivism 70 71, 86 Columbia 144 149 commitment 45 common learning 161 162, 262 263 communication Aarhus Convention 123 channels 87, 105 106, 117, 235 236, 257 258 definition 15, 16 diverse groups 73 95 general public 180, 247 ground rules 65 72, 232 233, 257 258 integrating mechanisms 81 82 Local Agenda 21 153 154 power differences 146 147 see also meta-communication community-based political counterpoints 144 149 comprehension 155 156, 180, 247 compromise 49, 78 79, 240 conf licts Brent Spar 132 133 definition 16 diversity 49, 218
308 INDEX goals 227 industry and NGOs 37 38, 165 interactive resolution 93 LA21 151 process design 214 conformity pressure 78 79 consensus 47, 48 49, 239 240, 243 consensus-building communication 15 17, 69 70 conflicts 151 decision-making 115, 117 diverse groups 80 81 constituencies checking back 103, 116 117, 231 stakeholder identification 132 constructive stakeholder communication 233 consultation, Bahá í model 68 69 context 211 225, 252 255 Cooperation for Sustainable Development in the Lower Columbia River Basin 144 149 cooperative management strategies 250 251 coordination 1, 118, 170 171 country dialogues 168, 195 199 credibility 51 52, 193 cross-sectoral networks 262 263 CSD see United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development culture 85 87 dams 71 72, 199 206 debates 7, 16, 18, 159 decentralization 77 78, 184 decision-making accountability 62 63 conflicts 115, 117 design characteristics 212, 236, 239 241, 242, 253, 259 diverse groups 73 95 impacting 244 stakeholder participation 5 6 transparency 11, 112 113, 118 see also official decision-making democracy 42 43, 215, 264 depolarization 78 79 design 99 100, 117, 209 248, 225, 251 261 dialogue communication 67 consensus-building 80 country 168, 195 199 debate contrast 7 definition 16, 18 design characteristics 20 21, 210, 211, 235 241, 258 260 food safety 163 166 interactive conflict resolution 93 ministerial 157 160 preparation 104 105 digital divide 248 diplomacy 35 36 dissemination 58, 111 112 diversity conflict 218 group composition 73 95, 210, 211, 226 227, 235 241, 258 260 unity 48 49 documentation design characteristics 110 111, 241 242, 260 outcome 115 eclectic approaches 7 12 ECOSOC see United Nations, Economic and Social Council effectiveness 41, 80 81, 249 electronic communication 235 236 empowerment 234 235 engagement strategies 250 The Environment Council 131 135 environmental reporting 140 144 equity 41, 46 47, 149 157, 230, 249 250 Europe 188 192 evaluation see monitoring and evaluation expertise 78, 262 facilitation design characteristics 212, 222 224, 236, 237 239, 255, 258 259 practice overview 109 110 stakeholders 220 FfD see United Nations, Financing for Development Hearings flexibility 222, 250 follow-up 115, 204 205 food safety 163 166 forestry practices 186 188 forum 16 framing 211, 225 229, 256 funding
Index 309 design characteristics 212, 224 225, 255 impacts of 113, 115 lack of 119, 174 GEF see Global Environment Facility gender 41, 84 85, 150 151 general public credibility 51 52 design characteristics 245, 246 248, 261 environmental groups relationship 135 LA21 comprehension 155 156 genetically modified plants for food production (GMOs) 161 162, 163 166 Global Environment Facility (GEF), Country Dialogue Workshop (CDW) programme 195 199 Global Public Policy (GPP) networks 18 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 140 144 GMOs see genetically modified plants for food production goals design characteristics 225 practice overview 97 98, 103, 116 setting 227 228, 256 governance definition 26 global 10, 26 38 principles 40 41, 250 governments accountability 41, 121 125 institutional strengthening 251 policies 263 264 responsibility 65 stakeholders 215, 219 GPP see Global Public Policy GRI see Global Reporting Initiative group composition 11, 73 95, 116, 225, 226 227, 256 groupthink 82 83, 227 Habermas normative theory 67 68 Habitat II Conference 33, 34 health 188 192 hearing 18 high-diversity groups 11 human rights 174 182 ICLEI see International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ideal speech situation 67 68, 70 identification processes 100 103, 212, 216 222, 253 255 ideological approaches 8, 10 IIED see International Institute for Environment and Development implementation design characteristics 242 244, 260 diverse groups 89 90 LA21 149 157 monitoring 119 responsibility for 108, 115 inclusiveness 59, 217, 219, 250 individualism 70 71, 86 industry 37 38, 65, 165, 187 influence 78, 81 Informal Environment Ministers Meeting (8th), Norway 157 160, 229 information access to 57 59, 121 125, 230, 262 263 design characteristics 210, 254 general public 246 248 media 247 informed consent 57 59 inputs 211, 229, 246, 257 258 institutional aspects back-up 134 organization 109 110 strengthening 251 institutionalization 204, 244 interactive conflict resolution 93 intergovernmental institutions negotiations 176 177 participation 4, 215, 263 264 strengthening 251 international aspects declarations 190 global governance 27 policy 4 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) 149 157 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 167 170, 186 188 internet 58, 87, 105 106, 235 236, 248 issues design characteristics 20, 210, 212, 253
310 INDEX identifying 100 101, 114, 216 217 practice overview 97, 99 justice 46 47, 121 125 knowledge networks 172 key stakeholders 3, 28 29, 31 34 LA21 see Local Agenda 21 labour 174 182 language 217 leadership 50 51, 80 81, 91 learning design characteristics 53, 210, 250 mutual 161 162, 262 263 legitimacy 60 62, 215, 219, 250 life-long learning 53 listening 161 162 Local Agenda 21 (LA21) 149 157 major groups 3, 28 29, 31 34 majority see consensus MAMA-86 Drinking Water Project, Ukraine 154 management strategies 250 251 mapping 218, 230 media 112, 247 mediation 91 93 Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development 220 meetings 211, 235 241, 258 260 see also dialogue Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 214 meta-communication definition 16 17 design characteristics 260 mechanisms 107, 245 246 research 95, 118 meta-maps 230 minerals 182 185 Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD) 182 185 ministerial meetings 157 160, 229 minority representation 81, 226 MMSD see Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project monitoring and evaluation 21, 104 105, 119, 206, 243 244 MOU see Memorandum of Understanding MSD see United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development Multistakeholder Dialogues MSP see multi-stakeholder processes multi-stakeholder processes (MSP), definitions 2 3, 19 20 multilayer policy-making 122 multinational corporations 141 mutual learning 161 162, 262 263 National Councils for Sustainable Development (NCSD) 170 174 National Strategies for Sustainable Development (NSSD) 167 174 NCSD see National Councils for Sustainable Development negotiation 91 93, 135 139, 176 177 networks communication 77 78, 172 cross-sectoral 262 263 global 18, 37 new social partnerships 18 NGT see nominal group technique nominal group technique (NGT) 88 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ECOSOC recognized 27 28 industry 37 38, 165 legitimacy 61 62 power and democracy 264 non-participating stakeholders 245, 246, 261 Novartis Forum Events 161 162 NSSD see National Strategies for Sustainable Development OECD see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development official decision-making processes design characteristics 23, 212, 214 215, 242, 253 impacting 244 practice 112 113, 118 oil storage buoys 131 135 online discussions 192 195 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 163 166 organizational aspects back-up 212, 222 224, 255 coordinating 118 psychology 73 74
Index 311 outcome documents 115 outputs 211, 241 245, 260 outreach 111 112, 148 ownership 45, 250 paper cycles 186 188 participants 22, 99, 102 103, 220 222 participation capacity-building 234 235 civil society 121 125 design characteristics 250, 254 255, 258 funding 224 governance 41 measuring 263 UN reforms 29 31 values 44 46 partnerships 18, 54 56, 153, 250 251 peer-reviews 164 Philippines 172 planning 149 157 planning for sustainable development 167 170, 170 174 polarization 79 policy processes 4, 122, 234, 263 264 political counterpoints 144 149 polluter pays principle 135 position papers 230 231 power democracy 264 differences 146 147 distance 86 diverse groups 88 89 gaps 66 67, 106 107, 114, 117 118, 229, 258 group composition 226 pragmatic approaches 8, 11 prejudice 75 76 see also stereotyping preparatory processes 142, 152 153, 159 procedures design 229 practice overview 99 109 process definition 17 design 211 214, 252 public opinion 51 52 outreach 111 112, 125, 148 see also general public Puerto Princesca Watch, Philippines 153 rapporteuring 110 111, 115, 236, 239, 259 regional coordination 170 171 representation 90, 221 responsibility 64 65, 222, 243 responsiveness 121 125 rights 121 125, 174 182, 203 204 river basins 144 149 scope 22, 99 scoping 216 217 self-determination 240 241 sensitivity 86 87 Shell Brent Spar Project 131 135 size 219 220 social factors gains 251 influence 78 mapping 218 responsibility 64 65 stereotyping 75 76 solidarity 54 56 structural aspects 109 113 stakeholders Agenda 21 3, 28 29 collaboration 210, 213 communication ground rules 232 233 definitions 2 3, 18 19 design characteristics 45, 101 102, 212, 217 220, 254 forum 18 19 non-participating 111, 124, 143, 245, 246 participation 5 6, 98, 114, 116, 215, 263 264 preparations 229, 230 231, 257 statements 17, 19 status 88 89 stereotyping 75 76, 84 85 sustainability reporting 140 144 sustainable development 1, 3, 23 25, 40, 167 170, 170 174 Terms of Reference (TOR) 214 time 22, 98, 99, 118 119, 213 214 timetables 104, 228 229, 256 TOR see Terms of Reference transparency
312 INDEX decision-making 11, 112 113, 118 government 41, 121 125 measuring 63 stakeholder groups 221 strengthening 251 values 56 57 World Bank 192 195 tripartite approaches 36 37 trust 55 56, 95, 224, 233 UNAIDS see United Nations, AIDS understanding 17, 19 United Kingdom Local Agenda 21 149 157 United Nations AIDS (UNAIDS) 35 Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) FfD 136 global governance 31 34 Multi-stakeholder Dialogues (MSD) 128 131 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 27 28 Financing for Development Hearings (FfD) 135 139 Global Compact 174 182 global governance 26 29 reform packages 29 31 unity 48 49 see also consensus value-based approaches 7 8, 10 values 40 52, 52 72, 87, 203 visionary leadership 51 voluntary involvement 220 votes 251 waste management 131 135, 186 188 WBCSD see World Business Council for Sustainable Development WCD see The World Commission on Dams WHO see World Health Organisation win lose 19 win win 19 women 84 85, 125 128, 150 151 see also gender WomenWatch 127 World Bank 192 195, 200 201 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) 186 188 The World Commission on Dams (WCD) 199 206, 220 World Development Report Online Discussion, 2000 192 195 World Health Organisation (WHO) 188 192