Configuration Bitstream Mapping with Programmable Resources on Spartan-3A FPGA using XDL and FAR

Configuration Bitstream Mapping with Programmable Resources on Spartan-3A FPGA using XDL and FAR Pravin N. Matte #1, Dr. Dilip D. Shah *2 # Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering and Management, Wagholi, Pune, India * Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, JSPMs Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune, India. 1 pravin.matte@raisoni.net; 2 dilip.d.shah@gmail.com Abstract Configuration bitstream in FPGA is specific to vendor. It is difficult to understand bitstream format and eventually impossible to know how bits are placed in LUTs, flip flop, multiplexer, input and output interconnection network in FPGA. Normally user is not interested in knowing internals of FPGA, however it is believed that by opening the internals of FPGA, development would become very fast as it is achieved by open source community. In this paper we have proposed a simplified methodology to map configuration bitstream to its programmable resources targeting Spartan-3A FPGA. A simple AND gate design implemented in VHDL under different constraints. Correlation between different locations of AND gate is established with frame address register, XDL file report, FPGA editor and device view in PlanAhead. Keyword - Bitstream, Configuration memory, FPGA, FAR, NCD, XDL I. INTRODUCTION It is widely believed that the analysis of bitstream format is a tedious task. Increase in the complexity of digital circuit design demand for FPGA with more resources is increasing. FPGA has applications in wide variety of domains like space, telecommunications, networking, handheld devices etc. FPGA based industries demand CAD tools for design and development to meet time-to-market design metric. Like in open source communities, FPGAs development techniques are not open and certain things are vendor specific. Hence third party tools development has limited scope. If bitstream format would have been opened to users then possibility of cloning the device and IPs would have increased. Development on design tool side demands FPGAs internal details. Knowing FPGA bitstream definitely helps further development. Beside this, research communities and academicians are interested in knowing bitstream details. Limited work has been done in this direction. A bitstream is a file that contains programming information for an FPGA. FPGAs bitstream is generated by CAD tools and configures (reconfigures) resources on FPGA fabrics to implement desired design. Fig. 1 depicts general structure of bitstream file during configuration. Bitstream file is viewed as file containing header for device name, architecture, and date information. After the start header it has synchronization word, device identification along with various device initialization commands. Most of the data is for actual configuration of FPGA. Last part of bitstream again contains command registers like CRC, DESYNC etc. and then FPGA goes into start sequence operation. These details are contains in bitstream file. Each FPGA device has its own bitstream format to configure itself. Design Name Architecture Date Synchronization Word, Configuration & CMD Reg. (followed by data) FARs & Frame s Data Configuration & CMD Reg. like CRC, DESYNC, NOOP (followed by data) Header Configuration Commands Configuration Data Configuration Commands Fig. 1 General structure of bitstream file Though fair amount of work is done to know bitstream format, this paper presents simple approach to understand FPGA bitstream and its mapping with resources on FPGA. Section II focused on related work done. FPGA generic architecture, design flow and bitstream format is described in section III. Preparation of background information is presented in section IV. A simple approach to analyze FPGA bitstream is elaborated in section V targeting Spartan-3A Xilinx FPGA. Results are discussed in section VI. At the end paper is concluded with conclusion in section VII. DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 423

II. RELATED WORK FPGAs configuration bitstream is the final output of any VLSI CAD tool design methodology. In [1] database of mapping bitstream to their functional role is prepared using theoretical algorithm. This database is utilized to produce net list from any bitstream. The work shown in [1] is for Xilinx Virtex-II devices. Documentation on Xilinx Design Language (XDL) is scare. XDL provide access to almost all features of Xilinx devices. Various use cases and elaborated documentation provided in [2]. In [3], a method is presented to generate NCD from bitstream file. Due to availability of official documents on internal architecture and configuration, it was possible for researchers to build development tools for FPGA. Alex and Clifford reversed engineered Lattice Semiconductor s ice4 FPGA. This was first step towards the source tool chain for single FPGA [4]. Bil a reverse engineering tool presented in [5] retrieves netlist from bitstream for certain section of bitstream. VPR [6] performs packing, placement and routing. It maps technology mapped netlist to hypothetical FPGA specified by user. A low level bitstream manipulation tools BitMAT [7] and BITMAN [8] targeted Virtex- II FPGAs. A Java library named abit for direct manipulation of Atmel FPSLIC series bitstream and partial reconfiguration found in [9]. In [1] an open source tool based on library of micro-bitstream created for primitives and merged for creating larger design with simple merging operations. An open source tool set for reconfigurable computing presented in [11] is based on C++. Torc infrastructure can read, write, and manipulate EDIF and XDL netlist as well as Xilinx bitstream packets (but not configuration frame internals). Currently supported devices include all Virtex, VirtexE, Virtex2 pro, Virtex5, Virtex6, Virtex6L devices. PARBIT a tool in [12] extracts and relocates Virtex partial bitstream. The RapidSmith project [13] provide exclusive platform for implementing experimental idea, algorithms on Xilinx FPGAs. Knowing bitstream format opens innovative approach for development in FPGA technology. Mostly, such type of work depends upon available documentation from vendor. But the vendor does open fair amount of information for end users and keeps certain information closed to avoid cloning of their devices. In this paper we have proposed a simple approach to map configuration bitstream to FPGA resources. III. FPGA GENERIC ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN FLOW FPGA means field programmable gate array. Any arbitrary digital function is implemented in FPGA. It can be programmed to implement desired hardware on it. Basic building blocks of FPGAs are configuration logic blocks (CLBs), I/O blocks, switch blocks, routing resources, memory blocks, and other dedicated functional block. The Fig. 2 gives general architecture of FPGA and Spartan -3A FPGA layout as viewed in PlanAhead design tool. CLBs Switch Block Interconnect Input output Blocks Fig. 2 (a) General architecture of FPGA Fig. 2 (b) Spartan-3A layout in Plan Ahead Fig. 2 FPGA architecture and PlanAhead view of Spartan-3A layout A typical FPGA design flow consists of different stages like design entry, synthesis, mapping, place and route and bitstream generation. Fig. 3 depicts FPGA design flow. Three main stages of design are design entry and synthesis, design implementation and design verification [14]. Design entry is made either in schematic capture or in hardware design languages or with both. Synthesis is the process by which a given design is converted to logical design format (EDIF) or NGC file (by using Xilinx Synthesis Technology GUI). Design implementation converts the logical design format into Native Circuit Description (NCD) file. NCD file contains the physical DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 424

information of FPGAs. The bitstream file generated after this stage is used to program the FPGA. In the last stage designer verifies whether the circuit meets timing and functionality requirements Design Entry HDL/ Schematic Synthesis Mapping Place and Route Bitstream Generation 11111111 11111111 11111111 1111111 Fig. 3 Typical FPGA design flow IV. BACKGROUND: HDL-NCD-XDL Listing 1 shows VHDL codes for two input AND gate. DPI1 and DIP2 are the two input ports and LED1 is the output port. Fig. 4 represents RTL schematic and Fig. 5 shows schematic of AND gate generated after VHDL codes compiled on Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7. Device utilization summary is given in Table 1. Other relevant information is generated by the tool. Here we gathered information necessary for mapping of FPGA configuration bitstream to its resources. andgate.ncd file is located in project folder directory. It is Native Circuit Description file which contains how HDL codes are mapped to physical resources like LUTs, flip flops, I/Os, routing etc. on FPGA. But it is not in human readable format. Xilinx Design Language is used to convert NCD file into human readable format. A command like xdl ncd2xdl andgate.ncd converts NCD to XDL file. and Gate.xdc contains human readable information. A brief introduction of XDL is given by illustrating andgate example. Listing 1. VHDL code of AND gate Fig.4 RTL schematic Fig. 5 Schematic of AND gate DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 425

Table 1. Device Utilization Summary Logic Utilization used Available Utilization Number of 4 input LUTs 1 1,48 1% Number of occupied Slices 1 74 1% Number of Slices containing only related logic 1 1 1% Number of Slices containing unrelated logic 1 % Total Number of 4 input LUTs 1 1,48 1% Number of bonded IOBs 3 18 2% Average Fanout of Non-Clock Nets 1. Xilinx Design Languages (XDL) The NCD file contains all necessary information to implement the design on FPGA. But the NCD file format is Xilinx specific and it is not possible to analyze it. However, Xilinx has provided Xilinx Design Language in Xilinx ISE Design suite. It converts NCD file into XDL file which is human readable. Less information is available on XDL documentation. XDL File Format An XDL file is a text file contains information about the name of the design, intended Xilinx FPGA device and cfg attribute which allows user to configure the certain aspects of the design. It also lists logical slices, nets for routing design. The keyword inst is used to begin the instance statement. Instance is the instance of FPGA primitive. After the instance keyword the name of the instance is mentioned. It is followed by instance type. Placement of the slice is described by the keyword placed or unplaced after the instance type. A string beginning with cfg keyword used to configure the LUT contents and other functionality. Instance statement for DIP1 in case of AND gate example is given below. inst "DIP1" "IBUF", placed RIOIS_X17Y1 P78 cfg " DELAY_ADJ_ATTRBOX::FIXED GTSATTRBOX::#OFF IBUF_DELAY_VALUE::DLY ICEINV::#OFF ICLK1INV::#OFF ICLK2INV::#OFF IDDRIN_MUX::#OFF IFD_DELAY_VALUE::DLY IFF1::#OFF IFF1_INIT_ATTR::#OFF IFF1_SR_ATTR::#OFF IFF2::#OFF IFF2_INIT_ATTR::#OFF IFF2_SR_ATTR::#OFF IFFATTRBOX::#OFF IFFDMUX::#OFF IMUX::1 IOATTRBOX::LVCMOS25 IREV_USED::#OFF ISR_USED::#OFF MISRATTRBOX::#OFF MISR_CLK_SELECT::#OFF O1INV::#OFF O1_DDRMUX::#OFF O2INV::#OFF O2_DDRMUX::#OFF OCEINV::#OFF ODDROUT1_MUX::#OFF ODDROUT2_MUX::#OFF OFF1::#OFF OFF1_INIT_ATTR::#OFF OFF1_SR_ATTR::#OFF OFF2::#OFF OFF2_INIT_ATTR::#OFF OFF2_SR_ATTR::#OFF OFFATTRBOX::#OFF OMUX::#OFF OREV_USED::#OFF OSR_USED::#OFF OTCLK1INV::#OFF OTCLK2INV::#OFF PCICE_MUX::#OFF PCIRDY_MUX::#OFF PULL::#OFF REVINV::#OFF SEL_MUX:: SLEW::#OFF SRINV::#OFF T1INV::#OFF T2INV::#OFF TCEINV::#OFF TFF1::#OFF TFF1_INIT_ATTR::#OFF TFF1_SR_ATTR::#OFF TFF2::#OFF TFF2_INIT_ATTR::#OFF TFF2_SR_ATTR::#OFF TFFATTRBOX::#OFF TMUX::#OFF TREV_USED::#OFF TSMUX::#OFF TSR_USED::#OFF T_USED::#OFF DELAY_ADJ_BBOX:DIP1.DELAY_ADJ: INBUF:DIP1_IBUF: PAD:DIP1: " ; The logic blocks are interconnected by the nets. FPGA fabric contains the static wires. The nets are used for routing purpose. A net has outpin as one starting point and inpin as endpoints (it can be multiple). The configuration in FPGAs routing structure is the connection between these nets. In Xilinx terminology these are called pips (programmable interconnect points). The inpin and outpin are connected by pip declaration. A set of pips declarations constitutes a single net. Pip is declared as pip LOC S -> E where pip is keyword, LOC is the location of pip, S is the starting point and E is the endpoint of the wire. Finally summary statements give statics of modules, instances and nets used in the design. Listing 2 summaries the description of XDL file format for andgate example compiled for XC3S5A Spartan-3A FPGA. Latter in the paper this design is named as default as it is compiled without any constraint. DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 426

Listing 2. XDL file from NCD file for AND gate default design example. # ======================================== # XDL NCD CONVERSION MODE $Revision: 1.1$ # time: Sat Jan 27 :55:22 218 # ======================================== # The syntax for the design statement is: # ======================================== design "andgate" xc3s5atq144-5 v3.2, cfg " _DESIGN_PROP::PK_NGMTIMESTAMP:151698746" ; # ======================================== inst "DIP1" "IBUF",placed RIOIS_X17Y1 P78 inst "DIP2" "IBUF",placed BIOIS_X16Y P72 inst "LED1" "IOB",placed RIOIS_X17Y1 P76 inst "LED1_OBUF" "SLICEL",placed CLB_X16Y1 SLICE_X23Y # ======================================== net "DIP1_IBUF", outpin "DIP1" I, inpin "LED1_OBUF" G1, pip CLB_X16Y1 G1_B1 -> G1_B_PINWIRE1, pip CLB_X16Y1 OMUX_W1 -> G1_B1, pip RIOIS_X17Y1 I1_PINWIRE -> IOIS_Y1, pip RIOIS_X17Y1 IOIS_Y1 -> OMUX1, ; Note: In the above listing cfg keyword and its listing is not included. V. METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION Initially an AND gate was designed and implemented in VHDL hardware description language without any constraints. Latter same VHDL codes were used to implement AND gate design with different constraints so that AND gate will map to different location. The pblock is used for restricting AND gate on FPGA layout along with defined I/O pins location is mentioned in the Table 2. In each case, design is compiled on Xilinx ISE 14.7 Design Suite [15]. Ensure that generate debug is enabled in process properties dialog box. This is shown in Fig. 6. This will generate FAR address for each configuration frame. Fig. 7 shows location of CLBs on FPGA layout selected for experimentation for default, const_1 and const_2. After compiling same AND gate design with different constraints of slices and I/O pins assignment, a bit file database is prepared. Each andgate.bit file is analysed separately. Configuration bitstream file is opened in Hex Editor Neo. A frame containing all zero in bitstream file is selected. After that with the help of hex editor all such frames containing zeros are found out. An observation of starting portion and ending portion of the frame is noted. The important part of bitstream is the configuration data and its addresses. For all the designs, FAR addresses containing configuration information are tabulated. Frame addresses which points to zero configuration information are neglected. This process will separate out bitstream information into four parts: starting, ending, design information and no information of design. The design information portion is pointed by FAR register addresses. PlanAhead tool is used to observe device view for mapped resources on Spartan-3A in FPGA layout. An FPGA editor [16] is used to view how resources are placed and routed. Table 2. Floor planning of AND gate and constraints net "DIP2", cfg " _BELSIG:PAD,PAD,DIP2:DIP2", ; net "DIP2_IBUF", outpin "DIP2" I, inpin "LED1_OBUF" G4, pip BIOIS_X16Y I1_PINWIRE -> IOIS_Y1, pip BIOIS_X16Y IOIS_Y1 -> OMUX15, pip CLB_X16Y1 G4_B1 -> G4_B_PINWIRE1, pip CLB_X16Y1 OMUX_N15 -> G4_B1, ; net "LED1", cfg " _BELSIG:PAD,PAD,LED1:LED1", ; net "LED1_OBUF", outpin "LED1_OBUF" Y, inpin "LED1" O1, pip CLB_X16Y1 Y1 -> E2BEG4, pip RIOIS_X17Y1 E2MID4 -> IOIS_G3_B, ; # ==================================== # SUMMARY # Number of Module Defs: # Number of Module Insts: # Number of Primitive Insts: 4 # Number of Nets: 6 Const. No. Pblock Range CLB DIP1 DIP2 LED1 Default NA CLB_X16Y1 RIOSIS_X17Y1 BIOIS_X16Y RIOIS_X17Y1 P78 P72 P76 Const_1 SLICE_X2Y28:SLICE_X21Y29 CLB_X15Y15 RIOSIS_X17Y15 RIOSIS_X17Y15 RIOSIS_X17Y14 P11 P13 P14 Const_2 SLICE_XY3:SLICE_X1Y31 CLB_X1Y16 TOIOIB_X1Y17 TOIOIB_X1Y17 TOIOIB_X1Y17 P141 P14 P143 Const_3 SLICE_XY:SLICE_X1Y1 CLB_X1Y1 BIOIB_X1Y BIOIB_X1Y BIOIS_X2Y P39 P37 P38 P39 Const_4 SLICE_X1Y2:SLICE_X11Y21 CLB_X6Y11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Const_5 SLICE_X2Y2:SLICE_X3Y21 CLB_X2Y11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Const_6 SLICE_X4Y2:SLICE_X5Y21 CLB_X3Y11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Const_7 SLICE_X6Y2:SLICE_X7Y21 CLB_X4Y11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 427

Const. No. Pblock Range CLB DIP1 DIP2 LED1 Const_8 SLICE_X8Y2:SLICE_X9Y21 CLB_X5Y11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Const_9 SLICE_X2Y22:SLICE_X3Y23 CLB_X2Y12 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Const_1 SLICE_X2Y26:SLICE_X3Y27 CLB_X2Y14 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 LIOIS_PCIXY11 P12 P13 P1 Fig. 6 Enable debugging of bitstream in process properties of generate Programming A. Default on device layout A. Default zoom view B. Const_1 on device layout B. Const_1 zoom view DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 428

C. Const_2 on device layout C. Const_2 zoom view Fig. 7 Different CLB location selections with constraints VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of Configuration Bitstream Bitstream files consist of a start header (Fig. 8), configuration data, bitstream final command (Fig.1) and start-up sequence. The start header contains information like design name, target device, file modification time, dummy word, synchronization word, reset CRC, device ID code, etc. The packets contain configuration commands and configuration data. The small state machine in FPGA controls configuration of programmable resources on FPGA. The command register in FPGA is either read or written by configuration information in data frames in bitstream. Always action taken by state machines is as per the command registers data. The data frames are loaded with configuration data as pointed by the frame address register (FAR). Configuration data frames can be, single frame, set of frames or full configuration space. During continuous writing of configuration data into FPGA, the FAR is automatically incremented after every FDRI write [17]. In this case frame length register (FLR) contains the length of data frame. It is written before the initiation of command to load block of data. Finally START, CRC checksum DESYNCH command are executed towards the end of bitstream file as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 11. Figure 8 and Fig. 1 shows starting and ending part of the bitstream file of AND gate example. The interpretation of each word in the frame is explained in Fig. 9 and Fig.11. Fig 8 Start portion of bitstream file (AND Gate) DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 429

321 1F 32C1 5 32 4 32A1 E 3261 3281 3341 18F2 3362 322 3A1 1 56 4A Type 1 write 1 word to HC_OPT_REG Type 1 write 1 word to PU_GWE Type 1 write 1 word to PU_GTS Type 1 write 1 word to MODE_REG Type 1 write 1 word to GENERAL1_REG Type 1 write 1 word to GENERAL2 REG Type 1 write 1 word to SEU_OPT Type 1 write 2 words to EXP_SIGN_REG Data word 1 Type 1 write 2 words to FAR_MAJ FAR_MAJ FAR_MIN Type 1 write 1 word to CMD WCFG command Type 2 write words to FDRI Data Word 1 FFFF AA99 3122 3A1 7 2 3161 9EE 3321 3CF 31A1 49 3141 2F 31C2 221 93 3E1 FFCF 3C1 81 3181 881 Dummy word Sync Word Type 1 Write 2 words to LOUT Data Word 1 Type 1 Write 1 word WCFG Type 1 NOOP Type 1 Write 1word to COR2 Type 1 Write 1 word to CCLK_FREQ Type 1 Write 1 word to FLR Type 1 Write 1 word to COR1 Type 1 Write 2 word to IDCODE Data Word 1 Type 1 Write 1 word to MASK Type 1 Write 1 word to CTL Type 1 Write 1 word to PWRDN_REG Fig.9 Decoding of start portion of bitstream file Fig.1 End portion of bitstream file Conf. Data 32 13 77E7 3A1 3 2 2 2 2 3A1 5 3E1 81 32 E 79C7 3A1 2 D 2 Explanation CRC Register uses a 22-bit CRC checksum Data word 1 Type 1 write 1 word to CMD LFRM command Type 1 NOOP Type 1 NOOP Type 1 NOOP Type 1 NOOP Type 1 write 1 word to CMD START command Masking Register for CTL CRC Register uses a 22-bit CRC checksum Data word 1 Type 1 write 1 word to CMD Type 1 NOOP ( 9 NOOP) DESYNC command Type 1 NOOP Fig. 11 Decoding of end portion of bitstream file DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 43

Decoding of Frame Address Register (FAR) Frame addresses decoded for each of the design is shown in Table 3. All designs belongs to block type containing CLBs, IOBs information. Major address selects major column and minor address selects memorycell address line within a major column. Column labelled with M indicates major address whereas m indicates minor address of frames. The addressing scheme gives the idea of the columns where the design lies vertically. Frame addresses and total number of frames required for implementation of design varies according to design type. S N Table 3. Decoding of frame address register default Const_1 Const_2 Const_3 Const_4 Const_5 Const_6 Const_7 Const_8 Const_9 Const_1 M m M m M m M m M m M M M m M m M m M m M m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 14 3 13 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 14 4 13 1 3 1 3 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 14 5 13 7 3 4 3 6 2 1 2 9 2 1 2 9 2 9 2 1 2 6 6 14 6 13 9 3 5 3 7 2 14 2 13 2 13 2 11 2 17 2 14 2 7 7 14 7 13 11 3 6 3 8 2 15 2 15 2 14 2 12 2 18 2 15 2 9 8 14 8 14 14 3 7 3 9 2 17 3 13 2 15 3 13 4 13 2 17 3 13 9 14 1 14 15 3 8 3 1 2 18 3 14 4 13 3 14 4 14 2 18 4 1 14 11 15 3 9 3 11 8 4 4 15 5 13 6 13 8 4 1 11 14 12 15 1 3 1 3 12 8 1 4 1 5 5 14 6 14 8 1 4 6 12 14 13 15 9 3 11 3 13 8 8 4 6 5 1 6 7 8 8 4 8 13 15 15 14 3 12 3 14 8 9 4 8 5 8 6 1 7 1 8 9 4 9 14 15 1 16 3 13 4 8 11 4 9 5 9 6 6 7 6 8 11 4 11 15 15 7 16 1 3 15 4 1 8 12 4 11 5 11 6 9 7 9 8 12 4 12 16 15 11 3 16 4 8 8 13 4 12 5 12 6 12 7 1 8 13 17 15 12 3 17 4 1 8 17 5 17 7 11 8 17 18 16 3 18 4 11 7 12 19 16 1 4 18 4 12 8 14 2 4 14 21 4 15 Note: M indicates Major Address and m indicates minor address. Matching and Mismatching Patterns in Configuration Bitstream Extended Spartan-3A device, XC3S5A has 367 device frames. Result of match and mismatch pattern in configuration bitstream shown in Fig. 12. Match Pattern Mismatch Pattern 31 22 XX XX XX XX 5 6 4A Fig.12 Match and mismatch patterns in configuration bitstream DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 431

Table 4 indicated the count of match and mismatch patterns as observed in each bitstream file. Also, it gives total count of combined pattern. The frame address for which mismatch pattern were observed are mentioned in Table 3. The mismatch pattern in bitstream file contains information about the implemented designs. Table 4. Match and Mismatch Patterns in Configuration Bitstream Constraint No Pattern Match Found Pattern Mismatch Total Pattern Default 349 19 368 Const_1 353 15 368 Const_2 349 19 368 Const_3 347 21 368 Const_4 351 17 368 Const_5 352 16 368 Const_6 351 17 368 Const_7 351 16 368 Const_8 349 19 368 Const_9 353 15 368 Const_1 353 15 368 Though the HDL codes are same for each design, the location of each design is different on FPGA tiles. For each of the design the mismatch patterns count is different. This is because the routing structure is different for each design. Routing of designs viewed in FPGA editor. Fig. 13 (a) depicts routing structure for default design. Three switch boxes are used for routing. Default design is located by placement and routing tool at bottom right corner of the layout. Fig. 13(b) depicts routing structure for design with const_4. This design resides in middle portion of the layout. For the default design LUT belongs to SLICE_X23Y of CLB_X16Y1. This is also included in statement, inst "LED1_OBUF" "SLICEL", placed CLB_X16Y1 SLICE_X23Y in XDL file generated from NCD file. Also the instance statement for instances DIP1, DIP2 and LED1 are : inst "DIP1" "IBUF", placed RIOIS_X17Y1 P78, inst "DIP2" "IBUF", placed BIOIS_X16Y P72, inst "LED1" "IOB", placed RIOIS_X17Y1 P76 respectively. The instance view shown in Fig. 14 Fig. 13 (a) Default Design DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 432

Fig. 13 (b) Design with Const_4 Fig. 13 The routing structure Fig. 14 (a) Location on FPGA layout Fig. 14 (b) Zoom view of design Fig. 14 Location of default design on FPGA DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 433

The detail view of SLICE_X23Y as viewed in FPGA editor is depicted Fig. 15. Likewise view for other instances generated and routing of nets related with XDL file obtained in listing 2. Fig. 15 LUT mapped on slice VII. CONCLUSION A simplified straight approach to map FPGAs resources to its HDL description is demonstrated in this paper. We found that information in XDL file derived from NCD file is in human readable form and helps to develop the understanding of FPGA design layout. Xilinx ISE Design suite and PlanAhead tool played vital role in analysis. Though we are able to locate FPGA design location vertically with addresses information in FAR_MAJ register, configuration information pointed by FAR_MIN address register is yet not decoded for Spartan-3A FPGA by our approach. We observed that as we move any design from bottom-left position to topleft position to top-right position to top-bottom position, the configuration information in bitstream goes away and away form starting position of bitstream file. The addition of Match Pattern and the Mismatch Pattern in configuration bitstream file equals 368 for all design under study. REFERENCES [1] J.-B. Note and Eric Rannaud, From the bitstream to the netlist", in Proceedings of the 28 ACM/SIGDA 16th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, FPGA 28 (Monterey, California), pp. 264-264, February 24-26, 28, [2] C. Beckhoff, D. Koch, and J. Torresen, The xilinx design language (xdl): Tutorial and use cases," in Reconfigurable Communicationcentric Systems-on-Chip (ReCoSoC), 6th International Workshop, pp. 1-8, 211. [3] Z. Ding, Q.Wu, Y. Zhang, and L. Zhu, Deriving an NCD file from an FPGA bitstream: Methodology, architecture and evaluation, Microprocessors and Microsystems, vol 37, pp. 299-312, May 213, [4] Joushua Vasquez, Reverse Engineering Lattice s ICE4 FPGA Bitstream, https://hackaday.com/215/3/29/reverse-engineeringlattices-ice4-fpga-bitstream/ [5] F. Benz, A. Seffrin, and S. Huss, Bil: A tool-chain for bitstream reverse-engineering,", in Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 22nd International Conference, 212, pp. 735-738. [6] Vaughn Betz and Jonathan Rose, VPR: A new packing, placement and routing tool for FPGA research, International Workshop on Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 1997. [7] Casey J Morford, BitMaT - Bitstream Manipulation Tool for Xilinx FPGAs, Master thesis. December 15 th, 25 Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Blacksburg, Virginia. [8] Khoa Dang Pham, Edson Horta and Dirk Koch, BITMAN: A Tool and API for FPGA Bitstream Manipulations, Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 27-31 March 217. [9] Adam Megacz, A Library and Platform for FPGA Bitstream Manipulation, 15th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM 27), 23-25 April 26, PP 45-54. [1] R. Soni, N. Steiner, and M. French, Open-source bitstream generation," in Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), IEEE 21st Annual International Symposium, 213, pp. 15-112. [11] N. Steiner, A. Wood, H. Shojaei, J. Couch, P. Athanas, and M. French, Torc: Towards an open-source tool flow", 19th International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA 211), February 27-March 1, 211. DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 434

[12] Edson L. Horta, John W. Lockwood, PARBIT: A Tool to transform bitfiles to implement partial reconfiguration of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Report Number: WUCS-1-13, Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 21. [13] C. Lavin, M. Padilla, P. Lundrigan, B. Nelson, and B. Hutchings, Rapid prototyping tools for FPGA designs: RapidSmith, International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT 1), December 21. [14] Xilinx, Command Line Tool User Guide, UG628 (v 14.7), October 2, 213, https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/devref.pdf [15] Xilinx, ISE Design Suite 14: Release Notes, Installation, and Licensing.UG631 (v14.7) October 2, 213, https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx14_7/irn.pdf [16] Xilinx, FPGA Editor Guide 2.1i, http://ebook.pldworld.com/_semiconductors/xilinx/foundation/ise/3.3i/documentation/fpedit.pdf [17] Xilinx, Spartan-3 Generation Configuration User Guide (UG332 (v1.7) January 27, 215 2.1), https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/user_guides/ug332.pdf. DOI: 1.21817/ijet/218/v1i2/181226 Vol 1 No 2 Apr-May 218 435