Cost-Effective and Reliable Communication Infrastructure for Smart Grid Deployment Panel: Co- SimulaEon of ICT and Power DistribuEon Intelligent Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) Feb 21, 2014 Prof. Saifur Rahman
Normal Grid vs Smart Grid Normal Phone Smart Phone
Starting and End Points of a Smart Grid From Generator to Refrigerator Power Plant Transmission DistribuEon Home Business End- use Appliances
Smart Grid Power Network vs. Communication Network Architecture Microgrid Non- renewable Energy SubstaEon SubstaEon Smart Meter Customer Electric Vehicle Microgrid Wind Enegy Solar Energy Power GeneraEon Power Transmission Grid Power DistribuEon Grid Power ConsumpEon Power Grid Control Center Wired Backhaul Network Wireless Backhaul Base StaEon Data AggregaEon Point (DAP) Wide Area Network (WAN) Concentrator CommunicaEon Grid Neighbor Area Network (NAN) Smart Meter Smart Home Device Home Area Network (HAN) Source: McGill University
Sample Smart Grid Applications GeneraEon & Transmission Domains: Wide area control Wide area proteceon Wide area monitoring DistribuEon Domain: Meter reading Fault restoraeon Demand response TOU/RTP/CPP pricing Electric transportaeon DistribuEon automaeon Customer Domain: Home automaeon Building automaeon
Communication Technologies for the Smart Grid Wired: DSL Fiber opec Coaxial cable Power line carrier Wireless: Z- Wave WiFi (802.11) ZigBee (802.15) WiMAX (802.16) Cellular (2G, 3G, 4G) Wireless mesh Satellite
Typical Smart Grid Communication Requirements Security Reliability Scalability Availability Low Latency Interoperability Cost EffecEveness Quality of Service (QoS)
Network Requirements for Customer Premises Applications Requirements: CommunicaEon technologies that support low data rate, and short coverage distance Applica;on Typical data (Bytes) Typical data sampling requirements Home automaeon 10-100 Once every configurable periods (e.g., 1 min, 15 min, etc) Building automaeon >100 Once every configurable periods (e.g., 1 min, 15 min, etc) Latency Reliability Seconds > 98% Seconds > 98% Technology candidate: WiFi, ZigBee, Ethernet.
Network Requirements for NAN Applications Requirements: CommunicaEon technologies that support higher data rate, longer coverage distance and more reliable than those for premises area network. Applica;on Typical data (Bytes) Typical data sampling requirements Latency Meter reading 100 As needed (on demand) < 15 seconds > 98% Pricing 100 1 per device per broadcast event < 1 minute > 98% Reli- ability Direct load control 100 1 per device per broadcast event < 1 minute > 99.5% Volt/VAR control 150-250 1 per device per hour < 5 seconds > 99.5% Fault clearing, isolaeon, restoraeon 25 1 per device per event < 5 secs in <1.5 min of fault event > 99.5% Distributed storage 25 2-6 per dispatch period per day < 5 seconds > 99.5% Electric transportaeon 100-255 1-4 per PHEV per day < 15 seconds > 98% Technology candidates: Fiber opec, ZigBee mesh, WiFi mesh, WiMAX, cellular.
Network Requirements for WAN Applications Requirements: CommunicaEon technologies that support high data rate, long coverage distance and reliable. Applica;on Wide- area voltage stability control Typical data (Bytes) Typical data sampling requirements Latency Reli- ability 4-157 Once every 0.5 5 seconds < 0.5 seconds > 99.9% FACTS/HVDC control 4-157 Once every 30 sec 2 min < 30 seconds > 99.9% Cascading failure control 4-157 Once every 0.5 5 seconds < 0.5 second > 99.9% AdapEve islanding 4-157 Once every 0.1 second < 0.1 second > 99.9% Wide area monitoring >52 Once every 0.1 second < 0.1 second > 99.9% Technology candidates: Fiber opec, WiMAX, cellular.
Example: HEM Simulation Setup in OPNET Objec;ve: Compare latency, throughput, reliability, power consumpeon of ZigBee, WiFi, and Ethernet in an HEM environment Single story house with 1,600- square feet. HEM HEM HEM Access Point Switch ZigBee WiFi Ethernet
Comparison: Latency, Throughput, Reliability, Power Consumption and Cost Latency (msec) (Latency results show for 10 smart plugs) Reliability Power Consump;on /unit 12 Costs ZigBee 4.3 6.2 100% ~ 36mw Chip: ~$2.75- $3.5/unit Cable: $0 Access point/switch: $0 WiFi 0.9 1.6 100% ~210mw Chip: ~$8- $16/unit Cable: $0 Access point/switch: $20- $50 Ethernet 0.5 0.7 100% ~300mw Chip: ~$1- $13/unit Cable: ~$1/meter Access point/switch: $20- $50
Platform for a Home Energy Management or Building Energy Management unit PC Embedded System www.raspberrypi.org OR 13
Example: AMI Simulation Setup in OPNET (Hybrid Fiber-WiMAX network) Backbone network: Fiber opec Server (MDMS); Backbone concentrator. Smart meter network: WiMAX 60 smart meters/5 groups A local concentrator The hybrid fiber- WiMAX scheme fully meets AMI reliability requirements specified by the IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability (IEEE Std 2030-2011). No data drop Latency < 4ms - 15 seconds
15 Security and Reliability What if data drops? What if data was modified? What will happen to power system operaeon? Internet Firewall Server
16 ICT & Power Systems These results idenefy opportuniees and limitaeons of ICT networks. Power system planners need to be aware of these properees so that the informaeon flow required by them can be delivered by ICT providers.
Thank You Prof. Saifur Rahman Virginia Tech, USA Email: srahman@vt.edu www.saifurrahman.org www.ari.vt.edu www.ceage.vt.edu