FCAT FLORIDA COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT TEST. Glossary. Copyright Statement for this Assessment and Evaluation Services Publication

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1 FCAT FLORIDA COMPRHNSIV ASSSSMNT TST Glossary lementary M Middle School H High School Copyright Statement for this Assessment and valuation Services Publication Authorization for reproduction of this document is hereby granted to persons acting in an official capacity within the State System of Public ducation as defined in Section (1), Florida Statutes. The copyright notice at the bottom of this page must be included in all copies. The Administrator Assessment and valuation Services Florida Department of ducation Turlington Building, Room West Gaines Street Tallahassee, Florida Copyright 2000 State of Florida Department of State

2 GLOSSARY The terms defined in this glossary pertain to the Sunshine State Standards in mathematics for grades 3-10 and the content assessed on FCAT in mathematics. Absolute value a number s distance from zero (0) on a number line. For example: 3 = -3 H Acute angle an angle that measures less than 90 o and greater than 0 o.

3 Additive identity the number zero (0); that is, adding 0 does not change a number s value (e.g., = 5). H Additive inverse a number and its additive inverse have a sum of zero (0) H Property (e.g., in the equation = 0, 3 and 3 are additive inverse of each other).

4 Algebraic equation a mathematical sentence in which two expressions are connected by an equality symbol. H Algebraic expression an expression containing numbers and variables H (e.g., 7x), and operations that involve numbers and variables (e.g., 2x + y or 3a 4). Algebraic expressions do not contain equality or inequality symbols.

5 Algebraic order the order of performing computations is parentheses first, H of operations then exponents, followed by multiplication and/or division, then addition and/or subtraction. For example: 5 + (12 2) 2 3 x x Algebraic rule a mathematical expression that contains variables and describes a pattern or relationship.

6 Altitude the perpendicular distance from a vertex in a polygon to its opposite side. H Angle the shape made by two rays extending from a common end point, the vertex. Measures of angles are described using the degree system.

7 Area the inside region of a two-dimensional figure measured in square units (e.g., a rectangle with sides of 4 units by 6 units contains 24 square units or has an area of 24 square units). Associative the way in which three or more numbers are grouped for property addition or multiplication does not change their sum or product [e.g., (5 + 6) + 9 = 5 + (6 + 9) or (2 x 3) x 8 = 2 x (3 x 8)]. M

8 Axes (of a graph) the horizontal and vertical number lines used in a rectangular graph or coordinate grid system. Bar graph a graph that uses bars to display data.

9 Base the line or plane upon which a figure is thought to rest. Break a zigzag on the line of the x- or y-axis in a line or bar graph M indicating that the data being displayed do not include all of the values that exist on the number line used. Also called a Squiggle.

10 Capacity the amount of space that can be filled. Both capacity and volume are used to measure three-dimensional spaces; however, capacity usually refers to fluids, whereas volume usually refers to solids. Central angle an angle that has its vertex at the center of a circle. M

11 Chart a data display. M Circle graph a data display. M

12 Circumference the perimeter of a circle is called its circumference. M Closed figure a two-dimensional figure whose beginning and ending points meet, such that the plane in which the figure lies is divided into tow parts the part inside the figure and the part outside the figure (e.g., circles, squares, rectangles).

13 Commutative property the order in which two numbers are added or M multiplied does not change their sum or product (e.g., = or 4 x 7 = 7 x 4). Complementary angles two angles, the sum of which is exactly 90 o. M

14 Composite number a whole number that has more than two factors. Concrete having a definite form or relating to an actual object. M representations of numbers

15 Congruent a term describing figures or objects that are the same shape and size. Coordinate grid or a network of evenly spaced, parallel, horizontal and System vertical lines especially designed for locating points, displaying data, or drawing maps.

16 Coordinates numbers that correspond to points on a coordinate graph in the form (x, y), or a number that corresponds to a point on a number line. M Counting principle if a first event has n outcomes and a second event has m outcomes, then the first event followed by the second event has n x m outcomes. M

17 Customary units the units of measure developed and used in the United States. Customary units for length are inches, feet, yards, and miles. Customary units for weight are ounces, pounds, and tons. Customary units for volume are cubic inches, cubic feet, and cubic yards. Customary units for capacity are fluid ounces, cups, pints, quarts, and gallons. Cylinder a three-dimensional figure with two parallel bases that are congruent circles. M

18 Data displays/ different ways of displaying data in tables, charts, or graphs, graphs including pictographs, circle graphs, single-, double-, or triple-bar and line graphs, histograms, stem-and-leaf plots, box-and-whiskers plots, and scatter plots. M Decimal number any number written with a decimal point in the number. A decimal number falls between two whole numbers (e.g., 1.5 falls between 1 and 2). Decimal numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes called decimal fractions (e.g., five-tenths is written 0.5).

19 Diameter a line segment from any point on the circle passing through the center to another point on the circle. M Direct measure obtaining the measure of an object by using measuring devices, either standard devices of the customary or metric systems, or nonstandard devices such as a paper clip or pencil.

20 Distributive property for any real numbers a, b, and x, x(a + b) = ax + bx. M Divisible a term describing a number capable of being divided into equal parts without a remainder.

21 ffects of operations the results of applying an operation to given numbers (e.g., adding two whole numbers results in a number greater than or equal to the original numbers. mpirical the likelihood of an event happening that is based on probability experience and observation rather than on theory.

22 nlargement an increase in size in all dimensions by a uniform amount. M quation a mathematical sentence (e.g., 2x = 10) that equates one expression (2x) to another expression (10).

23 quivalent expressions expressions that have the same value but are presented in a different format using the properties of numbers. [e.g., ax + bx = (a + b)x]. M quivalent forms the same number expressed in different forms of a number (e.g., 3, 0.75, 75%). 4

24 xplain in words directions requesting a written description of the procedures for finding the solution to the problem presented. xponent the number of times the base occurs as a factor. For M (exponential form) example, 2 3 is the exponential form of 2 x 2 x 2. The numeral 2 is called the base, and the numeral 3 is called the exponent.

25 xpression a collection of numbers, symbols, and/or operation signs that stands for a number. xtrapolate to estimate or infer a value or quantity beyond the known M range.

26 Face one of the plane surfaces bounding a three-dimensional figure (a side). Factor a number or expression that divides exactly another number (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, and 20 are factors of 10).

27 Finite graph a graph having definable limits. H Flip a transformation that produces the mirror image of a geometric figure. Also called a Reflection.

28 Fraction any part of a whole is called a fraction (e.g., one-half written in fractional form is 1 2 ). Function a relation in which each value of x is paired with a unique value of y.

29 Function table a table of x- and y-values (ordered pairs) that represents the function, pattern, relationship, or sequence between the two variables. M Grid a network of evenly spaces, parallel, horizontal, and vertical lines.

30 Height a line segment extending from the vertex or apex of a figure to its base and forming a right angle with the base or basal point. Hypotenuse in a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle. M

31 Hypothesis a proposition or supposition developed to provide a basis for further investigation or research. M