Lesson 4 Exponential Functions I

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1 Lesson 4 Exponential Functions I Lesson 4 Exponential Functions I Exponential functions play a major role in our lives. Population growth and disease processes are real-world problems that involve exponential change and can be modeled by exponential functions. Problems involving money, such as the growth of our savings account or the amount of interest we pay on a loan, can also be modeled by exponential functions. In this lesson, we begin our investigation of exponential functions by comparing them to linear functions, examining how they are constructed and how they behave. We then learn methods for evaluating exponential functions and solving equations that involve exponential functions. Lesson Topics: Section 4.1: Linear Functions vs. Exponential Functions Characteristics of Linear Functions Comparing Linear and Exponential Growth Using the Common Ratio to Identify Exponential Data Horizontal Intercepts Section 4.2: Characteristics of Exponential Functions Section 4.3: Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing Graphing Using the TI83/84 Calculator Viewing Window Section 4.4: Applications of Exponential Functions 149

2 150 Lesson 4 Exponential Functions I

3 Lesson 4 - Mini-Lesson Section 4.1 Linear Functions vs. Exponential Functions Problem 1 MEDIA EXAMPLE Linear Functions vs. Exponential Functions a) Complete the input/output table for each of the functions below then graph each function on the grid provided. x f ( x ) = 2x g ( x ) = 2 x b) What do you notice about the outputs in the table above and about the graphs for each function? 151

4 Exponential Functions vs. Linear Functions The outputs for linear functions change via addition. The outputs for exponential functions change via multiplication. Let s continue to examine the differences between similar looking linear and exponential functions. Problem 2 WORKED EXAMPLE Linear Functions vs. Exponential Functions a) Complete the input/output table for the functions below. x f ( x ) = 3x + 4 g ( x ) = 4( 3) x b) What is the common additive step value for f x ( ) = 3x + 4? What type of function is f x ( )? To get from one output to the next, we add 3. f x ( )is a linear function. c) What is the common multiplicative step value for g x ( )? g x ( ) = 4( 3) x? What type of function is To get from one output to the next, we multiply by 3. g x ( ) is an exponential function. 152

5 Problem 3 YOU TRY Linear Functions vs. Exponential Functions a) Complete the input/output table for the functions below. x f ( x ) = 4x +5 g ( x ) = 2( 4) x b) What is the common additive step value for f x ( ) = 4x +5? What type of function is f x ( )? c) What is the common multiplicative step value for g x ( )? g x ( ) = 2( 4) x? What type of function is 153

6 Are the Data Exponential? To determine if an exponential function is the best model for a given data set, we calculate the y 2 ratio,, for each of the consecutive ordered pairs. If this ratio is approximately equal for each y 1 of the consecutive ordered pairs, then an exponential function models the data best. Problem 4 WORKED EXAMPLE Are the Data Exponential? Determine if the data in the table below would be well modeled by an exponential function. x y Ordered Pair (1, 1.75) (2, 7) (3, 28) (4, 112) (5, 448) The table below shows the computation of y 2 y 1 for each set of consecutive ordered pairs. (x, y ) 1 1 (x, y ) y y 1 (1, 1.75) (2, 7) = 4 (2, 7) (3, 28) 28 7 = 4 (3, 28) (4, 112) = 4 (4, 112) (5, 448) = 4 y 2 Because = 4 for all consecutive ordered pairs, we say that the data are exponential. What the y 1 table helps us visualize is that to get from one output value to the next, we multiply by 4. You will see later that the value 4 is called the growth factor of the table s exponential model. 154

7 Problem 5 MEDIA EXAMPLE Linear Data vs. Exponential Data Analyze each of the following data sets to determine if the set can be modeled best by a linear function or an exponential function. Write the equation that goes with each data set. a) x y b) x y Problem 6 YOU TRY Use Common Ratio to Identify Exponential Data a) Given the following table, explain why the data can be best modeled by an exponential function. Use the idea of common ratio in your response. x f (x) b) Determine an exponential model f x ( ) = ab x that fits these data. Start by identifying the values of a and b and then write your final result using proper notation. 155

8 Section 4.2 Characteristics of Exponential Functions Exponential Functions General Form and Characteristics Exponential Functions are of the form f x ( ) = ab x where: a is the initial value (also can be found by computing f 0 ( )). b is the base (b > 0 and b 1 ); also called the growth factor or decay factor. Input is in the exponent location. The graph of f x ( ) is in the shape of the letter J with vertical intercept b (note that b is the same as the common ratio from previous examples). (0, a) and base If b >1, the function is an exponential growth function, and the graph increases from left to right. If 0 < b < 1, the function is an exponential decay function, and the graph decreases from left to right. Problem 7 WORKED EXAMPLE Examples of Exponential Functions Complete the table for each of the exponential functions listed below. a) Function f ( x ) = 2( 3) x Initial Value Vertical Intercept Base Growth or Decay 2 (0, 2) 3 Growth 3>1 Graph b) g ( x ) = 1523( 1.05) x 1523 (0,1523) 1.05 Growth 1.05>1 c) h x ( ) = ( ) x 256 (0, 256) 0.85 Decay 0.85<1 156

9 Problem 8 YOU TRY Examples of Exponential Functions Complete the missing table items for each of the exponential functions listed below. a) Function Initial Value Vertical Intercept Base Growth or Decay Graph f ( x ) = 4( 5) x b) g ( x ) = 522( 0.72) x Characteristics of Exponential Growth Functions f ( x ) = ab x,b >1 Domain: All Real Numbers or or(, ) Range: f x ( ) > 0or(0, ) Horizontal Intercept: DNE Vertical Intercept: (0, a) Horizontal Asymptote: y = 0 Left to right behavior: Increasing Characteristics of Exponential Decay Functions f ( x ) = ab x,0 < b < 1 Domain: All Real Numbers or or(, ) Range: f x ( ) > 0or(0, ) Horizontal Intercept: DNE Vertical Intercept: (0, a) Horizontal Asymptote: y = 0 Left to right behavior : Decreasing 157

10 Problem 9 MEDIA EXAMPLE Characteristics of Exponential Functions Complete the table below for each of the functions. Draw your graph by hand first, then confirm using your calculator and the window: X[ ], Y[0..500]. Graph f ( x ) = 150( 1.25) x g ( x ) = 150( 0.75) x Initial Value Base Domain Range Horizontal Intercept Vertical Intercept Horizontal Asymptote Increasing or Decreasing 158

11 Problem 10 YOU TRY Characteristics of Exponential Functions Complete the table below for each of the functions. Draw your graph by hand first, then confirm using your calculator and the window: X[ ], Y[0..500]. Graph f ( x ) = 235( 1.14) x g ( x ) = 235( 0.95) x Initial Value Base Domain Range Horizontal Intercept Vertical Intercept Horizontal Asymptote Increasing or Decreasing 159

Problem 11 Section 4.3 Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing WORKED EXAMPLE Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing ( ) x = 300 by graphing.

This will help you later as you determine a good viewing window on the calculator. ( ) x. This is an exponential o Left hand side: Y = 125 1.

12 Problem 11 Section 4.3 Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing WORKED EXAMPLE Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing ( ) x = 300 by graphing. You will first sketch a graph by hand then use Solve the equation the Graphing/Intersection Method on your calculator. Begin by drawing sketch of the graphs for this equation. This will help you later as you determine a good viewing window on the calculator. ( ) x. This is an exponential o Left hand side: Y = growth function with vertical intercept (0, 125) o Right hand side: Y = 300. This is a horizontal line with vertical intercept (0, 300). o Sketch both of these functions by hand on the same graph, then circle the intersection point. On your graphing calculator, press Y= then enter Y1 = ( ) x and Y2 = 300 ( ) x. Note: You could also let Y1 = 300 and Y2= Press WINDOW then enter the values for your viewing window. Both graphs and the intersection point must appear on the calculator screen. See guidelines below. o Start with Xmin and Xmax at 10 and 10. These values will need to be changed if the intersection point does not appear on the screen. o Ymin: Remember that the range of any exponential function of the form y = ab x is (0, ), so set Ymin = 0. o Ymax: This value needs to be large enough so that both graphs appear on the screen. In this example, the vertical intercepts are (0, 300) and (0, 125), so Ymax needs to be larger than 300. Ymax = either 350 or 400 would be good choices here. Press GRAPH to make sure both graphs and the intersection point appear on the screen. Press 2 nd >CALC Scroll to 5: INTERSECT and press ENTER 160

13 Notice the question, First Curve? The calculator is asking if ( ) x is the first curve in the intersection. Y1 = Press Enter to indicate Yes Notice the question, Second Curve? The calculator is asking if Y2 = 300is the second curve in the intersection. Press Enter to indicate Yes Press Enter at the Guess question and obtain the screen at right. Your intersection values are given at screen bottom and the intersection is marked with a cursor. Our final answer isx = 3.92(rounded to two decimals). This corresponds to the ordered pair (3.92, 300). Problem 12 WORKED EXAMPLE Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing ( ) x = 131 by graphing. You will first sketch a graph by hand then use Solve the equation the Graphing/Intersection Method on your calculator. Begin by drawing sketch of the graphs for this equation. This will help you later as you determine a good viewing window on the calculator. o Left hand side: Y = 62(0.96) x. This is an exponential decay function with vertical intercept (0, 62) o Right hand side: Y = 131. This is a horizontal line with vertical intercept (0, 131). o Sketch both of these functions by hand on the same graph, then circle the intersection point. *Notice that, in this case, the solution will be negative. On your graphing calculator, press Y= then enter Y1 = 62(0.96)^x and Y2 =

Press WINDOW then enter the values for your viewing window. Both graphs and the intersection point must appear on the calculator screen. See guidelines below. o Start with Xmin and Xmax at 10 and 10.

Ymax = either 150 or 200 would be good choices here. Press GRAPH to make sure both graphs and the intersection point appear on the screen. We have a problem here.

14 Press WINDOW then enter the values for your viewing window. Both graphs and the intersection point must appear on the calculator screen. See guidelines below. o Start with Xmin and Xmax at 10 and 10. These values will need to be changed if the intersection point does not appear on the screen. o Set Ymin = 0. o In this example Ymax needs to be larger than 131. Ymax = either 150 or 200 would be good choices here. Press GRAPH to make sure both graphs and the intersection point appear on the screen. We have a problem here. When graphed on this viewing window, the notice that the intersection point does not appear on the screen. Judging from the graph, the intersection point should be farther to the left (toward the negative values) so we will need to change Xmin. Press WINDOW and change the value for Xmin. Try Xmin = -30 or Xmin = -50. You may need to try several values and that is OK. Press GRAPH to verify that the intersection point appears on your screen. Press 2 nd >CALC Scroll to 5: INTERSECT and press ENTER Press Enter at the First Curve question to indicate Yes Press Enter at the Second Curve question to indicate Yes Press Enter at the Guess question to indicate Yes Our final answer isx = This corresponds to the ordered pair ( , 131). 162

15 GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING WINDOW VALUES FOR INTERSECTIONS While the steps for using the Graphing/Intersection Method are straightforward, choosing values for your window are not always easy. Here are some guidelines for choosing the edges of your window: Start by drawing a sketch of the graph by hand. This will help you visualize the situation, and will help you to determine the viewing window. The intersection of the equations MUST appear clearly in the window you select. Try to avoid intersections that appear just on the window s edges, as these are hard to see and your calculator will often not process them correctly. When choosing values for x, start with the standard Xmin = -10 and Xmax = 10 UNLESS the problem is a real-world problem. In that case, start with Xmin=0 as negative values for a world problem are usually not important. If the values for Xmax need to be increased, choose 25, then 50, then 100 until the intersection of graphs is visible. When choosing values for y, start with Ymin = 0 unless negative values of Y are needed for some reason. For Ymax, make sure to choose a value so that all graphs and intercepts ( ) x = 1000, then choose Ymax appear on the screen. So, if solving something like to be bigger than 1000 (say, 1200 or 1500). Otherwise the graph of y = 1000 will not appear. If the intersection does not appear in the window, then you will need to adjust your Xmin or Xmax settings. Try to change only one window setting at a time so you can clearly identify the effect of that change (i.e. make Xmin smaller OR make Xmax bigger but not both at once). Refer to your sketch and try to think about the functions you are working with and what they look like and use a systematic approach to making changes. Problem 13 WORKED EXAMPLE Choosing Window Values for Exponential Equations The table below illustrates recommended window values to show important aspects of the given equations. Graph each one on your own calculator to verify the window choices below. Y1 is the left side of the equation and Y2 is the right side. Other window values will also work. Equation Xmin Xmax Ymin Ymax 50 = 25(1.15)x = 25(1.15)x = 10(0.86)t = 10(0.86)t = 1000(2.32)x = 1000(2.32)x

16 Problem 14 MEDIA EXAMPLE Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing In each situation below, use graphing to find the solution to the equation using the Graphing/Intersection Method described in this lesson. Fill in the missing blanks for each situation. Include a rough but accurate sketch of the graphs and intersection point. Mark and label the intersection. Round answers to two decimal places. a) Solve 50 = ( ) x Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = b) Solve 250 = ( ) x Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = c) Solve 5 = ( ) t Solution: t = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = 164

17 d) Solve 40 = ( ) t Solution: t = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = e) Solve 1500 = ( ) x Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = e) Solve 400 = ( ) x Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = 165

18 Problem 15 YOU TRY Solving Exponential Equations by Graphing In each situation below, use graphing to find the solution to the equation using the Graphing/Intersection Method described in this lesson. Fill in the missing blanks for each situation. Include a rough but accurate sketch of the graphs and intersection point. Mark and label the intersection. Round answers to two decimal places. a) Solve ( ) x = 250 Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = b) Solve ( ) x = 1250 Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = c) Solve 45 = ( ) x Solution: x = Xmin = Xmax = Ymin = Ymax = 166

19 Section 4.4 Applications of Exponential Functions Writing Exponential Function Models Use the following steps to help you write an exponential model for a given data set: 1. Identify the initial value. This is the a part of the exponential function f x ( ) = ab x. To find a, look for the output that goes with an input of Find the common ratio. This is the b part of the exponential function f x ( ) = ab x. To find b, make a fraction (ratio) of any two consecutive outputs (as long as the inputs are separated by exactly 1). Simplify this fraction and round as the problem indicates to obtain the value of b. 3. Plug the values of a and b into f x ( ) = ab x to write the exponential function model. Problem 16 MEDIA EXAMPLE Writing Exponential Function Models The population of a small city is shown in the following table. Assume that the population grows exponentially. Let t = 0 represent the year Year Population , , ,584 a) Write the exponential function model for this situation. Round any decimals to two places. b) Use your model to predict the population in 2008 (to the nearest person). c) Use your model to predict in what year the population will reach 50,000 (to the nearest year). 167

20 Problem 17 YOU TRY Writing Exponential Equations/Functions The table below shows the value, V n ( ), of a car after n years after purchase. Assume the value decreases exponentially. n = years after purchase V ( n ) = Value of Car 0 24, , ,342 a) Write the exponential function model for this situation. Round any decimals to two places. b) You finance the car for 5 years. What will be the value of the car when the loan is paid off? Use your model from part a) and show all your work. Write your answer in a complete sentence. Problem 18 MEDIA EXAMPLE Writing Exponential Equations/Functions Rabbit populations are known to grow very quickly. Suppose in 2000, you bought a breeding pair of rabbits. By 2001, you were the proud owner of 32 rabbits. Assume your population continues to grow and grows exponentially. a) Write the exponential function model for your population of rabbits, P t ( ), t years after b) Use your model to predict your population of rabbits in c) According to your model, in what year will your rabbit population exceed 100,000 rabbits? Round your answer to the nearest whole year. 168

21 Problem 19 YOU TRY Writing Exponential Equations/Functions In 2010, the population of Gilbert, AZ was about 208,000. By 2011, the population had grown to about 215,000. Assume that the population grows exponentially. a) Write the exponential function model that expresses the population of Gilbert, P t after Round numerical values to three decimals as needed. ( ), t years b) Use your model to predict the population of Gilbert in Write your answer in a complete sentence. c) Based on the model, in what year will the population of Gilbert reach 300,000? Round your answer to the nearest whole year. Write your answer in a complete sentence. Problem 20 YOU TRY Applications of Exponential Functions One 8-oz cup of coffee contains about 100 mg of caffeine. The function A x ( ) = 100( 0.88) x gives the amount of caffeine (in mg) remaining in the body x hours after drinking an 8-oz cup of coffee. Show all work. Write answers in complete sentences. Round numerical results to two places. a) Identify the vertical intercept of this function. Interpret its meaning in this situation. b) How much caffeine remains in the body 8 hours after drinking a cup of coffee? c) How long will it take the body to metabolize half of the caffeine from one 8-oz cup of coffee? (i.e. How long until only 50 mg of caffeine remains in the body?) 169

Lesson 8 Introduction to Quadratic Functions

Lesson 8 Introduction to Quadratic Functions We are leaving exponential and logarithmic functions behind and entering an entirely different world. As you work through this lesson, you will learn to identify