Grey fuzzy optimization of cutting parameters on Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness of Aluminium

Transcription

1 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 Grey fuzzy optimization of cutting parameters on Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness of Aluminium S. Nanda, Ranganth M.S., S. Singhal, R. Batra Department of Mechanical, Production & Industrial and Automobile Engineering Delhi Technological University New Delhi, India Abstract The research presented successfully applies fuzzy logic and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) for optimization of turning process carried out on cylindrical bars of Aluminium 606. Pre-recorded responses (Material Removal Rate & Surface Roughness) subject to three level control factor (Rake Angle, Feed Rate & Speed) variation in accordance with Taguchi s L7 orthogonal array have been utilized for the present research. The data was converted into Grey Relational Coefficients (GRC) using larger-the-better and smaller-the-better techniques for MRR and surface roughness respectively. These GRCs were input into Mamdani type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to compute Multi Performance Characteristic Index (MPCI) and Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratios were calculated for each set of responses. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out using Main Effects Plot of S/N ratios for MPCI to optimize the cutting parameters by maximization of MRR and minimization of surface roughness. The combination of cutting parameters, ABC i.e. rake angle of, speed of 70 RPM and feed of 0. mm/rev was concluded as the optimum setting if the prime requirement is the maximization of MRR and ABC, i.e. º rake angle, 70 rpm and 0. mm/rev when the prime requirement is the minimization of surface roughness for the given operation. Keywords ANOVA; Fuzzy logic; Grey Relational Analysis; Material Removal Rate; Membership function; S/N Ratio; Surface Roughness. I. INTRODUCTION In any machining process, it is important to determine the cutting parameters for optimal machining performance. In basic turning, a single point cutting tool traverses a helical path to reduce the diameter of the workpiece. The experiments conducted by Ranganath M S et al. (0) on Aluminium (606) recorded Material Removal Rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) as responses to variation in cutting parameters in basic turning. Their experiments included variation in Rake Angle, Speed and Feed Rate followed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to the maximum Material Removal Rate and minimum surface roughness. Taguchi s theory on Design of Experiments (DOE) using its orthogonal arrays is widely used owing to its uncomplicated approach to achieve an unbiased and most efficient experimental procedure for a given number of outcomes []. It was also used in designing the experiments for the turning operation carried out by the authors. This research paper uses the responses recorded in the same experiment [] to find the optimum value of cutting parameters using grey fuzzy logic. The experiments (machining trials) were conducted on a conventional lathe machine (Kirloskar Turnmaster-5) on a cylindrical bar (50mm X 50mm) made out of HINDALCO made Aluminium-606. The control factors: Rake Angle, Speed and Feed Rate were varied in levels and recorded responses in form of MRR and Surface Roughness (Ra) according to the L7 orthogonal array followed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to optimize results. Fuzzy logic is a concept largely popularized in the extensive research by Zadeh (965) wherein he proved the convex theorem for disjoint fuzzy sets. It is now regarded as an essential tool in dealing with uncertain and vague information. In fact, definitions of performance characteristics such as lower the better, higher the better or nominal the better contains to some extent an uncertainty []. The fundamental characteristic of uncertain systems is the incompleteness and inadequacy in their information. The research objects of grey systems theory consist of such uncertain systems that they are known only partially with small samples and poor information. Grey system theory thus utilizes this partial information to come up with the complete picture on a subject. On these accounts, this research focuses on the use of fuzzy logic and grey relational analysis for optimization of performance characteristics of turning operation as described above. The outputs obtained from the experimental data were normalized into Grey Relational Coefficients (GRC) by using concepts derived from Grey Systems Theory. Larger-the-better and smaller-the-better techniques were used for MRR and surface roughness respectively. These GRCs were subdivided into linguistic variables which are the core of any fuzzy logic problem statement and subsequently fed into a specifically modeled Mamdani type Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) in MATLAB. The results attained from FIS were recorded as Multi Performance Characteristic Index (MPCI) for which nominal-the-better type Signal to Noise ratio was computed. Finally, a Main Effects plot for S/N ratios was plotted in Minitab to obtain the optimal cutting parameter setting. Balazinski and Bellerose attempted to apply fuzzy set theory to machining processes. They introduced an idea of a fuzzy decision support system (FDSS) working on compositional rule of inference which could be implemented on metal cutting processes. Fang and Jawahir quantified the effects of major influencing factors on the total machining performance (TMP) in finish turning of steels by Corresponding Author Co-Author 805

2 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 employing a fuzzy-set method and gave a series of fuzzy-set models which could be used to assess the TMP quantitatively for any provided input conditions. The Machining data Handbook which provided an easy access to an immense collection of machining data was computerized by Bardie which led to the integrated automation of the manufacturing process. He proposed a fuzzy logic model for the selection of machining data for a certain machining process and later himself applied fuzzy logic principles for selection of cutting conditions in machining processes with the aid of Hashmi and Ryan. A new pulse discriminator was developed to classify various discharge pulses in electrical discharge machining (EDM) by utilizing the fuzzy set theory. Automatic synthesis of membership functions of the fuzzy pulse discriminator was made possible by bestowing a machine learning method based on a simulated annealed algorithm. Fuzzy logic was applied coupled with Taguchi dynamic experiments for optimization of EDM process. The fuzzy reasoning of the multiple performance characteristics were performed using fuzzy logic and electrode wear ratio (EWR) and material removal rate (MRR) were considered to optimize machining parameters []. The precision and accuracy of the high speed EDM process was optimized using Taguchi fuzzy-based approach [5]. Each process responses were designed according to the Taguchi methodology and their efficiencies were determined by investigating the relationships between the machining precision and accuracy with the help of fuzzy logic system [6]. An attempt was made to improve the machining accuracy at corner parts for wire-edm without compromising much at the cutting feed rate. A multi-variable fuzzy logic controller was developed and results showed machining error reduction to less than 50% than those in normal machining. A used-friendly intelligent system was established for a more precise selection of EDM parameters. In this system, a compact selection technique was applied based on fuzzy-expert rules which had taken into consideration many parameters that could not be measured easily [7]. An improved approach for optimization of EDM process was implemented based on grey-fuzzy logic. The effects of machining parameters on the multiple process responses in the EDM process were studied and analyzed [] and later, it was seen that the grey relational analysis method based on the orthogonal array was more straightforward than the fuzzy-based Taguchi method for optimization the EDM process with the multiple process responses. An approach of grey and fuzzy along with Taguchi method was employed to develop a hybrid multi-optimization algorithm. Mamdani type fuzzy inference system was employed to convert the grey relational coefficient (GRC) of these performance parameters into a single multi performance characteristics index (MPCI) [8]. II. THEORY A. Grey Systems The grey system theory is employed for explaining the complex co-relationships among the multi-responses involved in the machining process in the form of grey relational coefficients. In grey systems, a color spectrum from black to white is used to describe the degree of clearness of the available information. According to these systems, black represents the systems with completely unknown information, white represents those systems having completely known information, and grey represents the systems with partially known information and partially unknown information. The intensity of the shade of the grey determines the clarity with the available information. Higher the intensity less is the quality of the known information. Developed by Julong Deng in 98, the grey system theory deals with the uncertain systems with small samples and poor information. Useful information is generated, excavated and extracted from the partially known information available with uncertain systems. It helps in a better study and analysis of operational behavior of the systems. Grey systems theory attempts to analyze systems and processes incorporating uncertainty and vagueness of information prevalent in most of the scientific scenarios. It defines situations with no information as black, and those with perfect information as white. The situations where there is neither complete presence nor absence of information, it characterizes them as grey. This theory is applied in various ways in different domains like grey relational analysis, grey modelling, grey programming, grey control and grey clustering. This research focuses on just one aspect of the vast theory; Grey Relational Analysis or GRA. Before application of any other attribute of the theory the first step is to normalize the data being input in the system as units of different response attributes might be different and they might also be taking into account different ranges of data. B. Responses The responses recorded in the paper are Surface roughness (Ra) and Material Removal Rate (MRR). Surface roughness is the deviation of the surface of the workpiece from its ideal surface. Larger the deviations, more rough is the surface. In the experiment, Surface roughness is an undesirable factor because the surface is desired to be as smooth as possible. MRR is the volume of the workpiece removed per second. Mathematically, MRR is given by (). = () Here, WRV is the workpiece removal volume in mm and T is the machining time in seconds. In the experiment, MRR is desired to be as large as possible because a large MRR means a low total machining time for the same volume of material removed. A compromise has to be made between a low surface roughness and a large MRR. In the experiment, surface roughness is measured in micro meters and material removal rate is measured in mm/sec. C. Taguchi Analysis Dr. Genechi Taguchi developed a comprehensive quality improvement methodology that included the Design of Experiment (DOE) technique which has now gained popularity as Taguchi s method. The method utilizes a very different approach to DOE as compared to other methods. Industry welcomed the effort of the scientist for application of DOE which was earlier limited to the academic community. He created a set of orthogonal arrays for direct application in the industry and new methods of analysis for analyzing the responses as measured from experiments. This research primarily relies on L7 array and thorough analysis of Signal to Noise ratio to ensure a design 806

3 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 that is immune to the influence of uncontrollable factors. One of the major reasons for the success for the method was the inclusion of loss function. It changed the way quality was normally defined. It describes increment in loss in value due to increase in variation from intended condition. This description was considered a breakthrough in describing quality, and helped the continuous improvement movement that was popularized by Japanese automakers post World War II. Also, in Taguchi s method for DOE the results obtained from experiments are analyzed to either determine the trend of influence of factors and interactions under study or establish the best or the optimum condition for a product or a process. It can also help predict the expected response under optimum experimental conditions that can be identified by studying the main effects of the experiment. This research also includes the main effects plotted using Minitab for the experimental data obtained. Taguchi method recommends majorly two forms of analysis. The first approach, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is the most commonly used statistical method to gain in insight into contribution of individual factors in a production process. It should be noted that the desired optimum may not necessarily lie among the many experiments already carried out, as the data represents only a small fraction of all the possibilities. The second one, S/N analysis is recommended for multiple runs, it requires to use the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for the same steps in the analysis. It can help identify the most robust set of operating conditions from variations within the results. D. Grey Relational Analysis In the analysis of grey systems, the responses are fed in the fuzzy inference system as inputs. But the range of the responses may vary from one case to another. It could extend to thousands or may vary in decimals. This variation between the responses in a single experiment makes it difficult to analyse or compare. Grey Relational Analysis is a method which compares the relational degrees of different responses rather than their absolute values. The relational degrees of the responses are found out by calculating the grey relational coefficients. These coefficients are then inputted into the fuzzy inference system and processed upon. To calculate grey relational coefficients, first the responses (here, Measured Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate) are normalized between 0 and by using () and (). This step is known as grey relational generating. Equation is used for smaller the better type of responses, here surface roughness as it is an undesirable factor and should be kept as small as possible. Equation is used for larger the better type of responses, here Material Removal Rate as the volume of the material which is removed per second should be as large as possible. i = i = (for smaller the better) () (for larger the better) () Here, j(i) is ith observation for the jth response, max j(i) is the maximum value of the observation of the jth response and min j(i) is the minimum value of the observation of the jth response. The value obtained from grey relational generation is xj(i). Now, if x0j(i) is the ideal sequence for a response where i=,,,7, i.e. x0j()=, x0j()=, x0j()= and so on because closer the value of xj(i) to, better it is and the ideal situation occurs if every value is equal to. Then the grey relational coefficient µj(i) is given by (). μ =.. () where Δj(i) = x0j(i) - xj(i) i.e. it is the absolute difference between x0j(i) and xj(i), Δmin is the minimum value and Δmax is the maximum value out of all the Δj(i) for the jth response and ξ is called the distinguishing coefficient. The value of distinguishing coefficient can be anything between 0 and. In the paper, value of ξ is taken as 0.5. E. Fuzzy Inference System A Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is a system which maps the inputs (grey relational coefficients) to the outputs (MPCI) using fuzzy logic concepts. The mapping obtained provides a base from which inferences can be made. There are two types of FISs viz Mamdanitype FIS and Sugeno-type FIS. Both type of FISs are similar in the fuzzification processes and in the application of rules. The main difference is in the way the crisp output is computed and displayed. While the output of a mamdani type FIS is calculated by defuzzification of the output, a Sugeno-type FIS computes weighted average of the output and gives either a constant output or a linear mathematical expression. In the paper, Mamdani-type FIS is used. The FIS is made in the fuzzy toolbar of MATLAB software. In a fuzzy inference system, first the grey relational coefficients of the responses are fed into the fuzzifier which uses the membership functions to fuzzify the coefficients. A membership function is a curve which maps the grey relational coefficients to the degree of membership or the membership value between 0 and. The membership functions are chosen based on the input responses. In the paper, Gaussian membership function is chosen as it best suits the requirements as per the input data. The three basic steps in fuzzy logic are fuzzification, application of fuzzy rules and defuzzification. Fuzzification means conversion of crisp or numeric value into linguistic variables or fuzzy subsets. The fuzzy subsets are derived from the corresponding membership functions. In the paper, linguistic variables, i.e. low, medium and high are used for both inputs as shown in figure () and 5 linguistic variables, i.e. very low, low, medium, high and very high are used for the multiresponse output as shown in figure (). After fuzzification a series of fuzzy rules are applied. Fuzzy rules are If-Then statements which 807

4 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 Figure. Membership functions of input Figure. Membership functions of output specify the conditions between the input space (here two grey relational coefficients) and the output space (here one multi performance characteristic index). For example, If Rax = k AND MRRx = k THEN MPCI = k, where Rax and MRRx are the grey relational coefficients of surface roughness and material removal rate respectively and k, k and k are the fuzzy subsets of the respective responses. Nine fuzzy rules are used considering that the larger grey relational coefficient will yield a better or larger output response. A fuzzy multiresponse output is calculated by the fuzzy inference system based on the 9 fuzzy rules and recorded as MPCI, i.e. Multi Performance Characteristic Index. The MPCIs are analysed by calculating the S/N ratios and plotting the Main Effects Plots. F. S/N Ratio S/N Ratio or Sound to Noise ratio is the ratio of the desired signal to the background noise or the ratio of signal power to the noise power. The signal power is desired to be more whereas the noise power should be as low as possible for maximum efficiency. Hence, higher the S/N ratio, better it is. The noise power can be controlled during the experimentation by varying the control factors setting. An optimum condition will give the least noise or unwanted signals. S/N ratios of the MPCIs are calculated based on the higher the better criteria and given by (5). SNR = - 0 * log ( / α) (5) Here, SNR is the sound to noise ratio and α is the MPCI calculated for the corresponding control factor setting. The S/N ratios of the MPCIs obtained are calculated and recorded in table. G. Main Effects Plot Main Effects Plot is a statistical technique for the analysis of group means with respect to the levels of a factor. It is one of the methods of Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA). It is used to compare the average influence of different levels of a factor on a particular response. A main effects plot computes means of the response corresponding a single level factor and plots them on a graph. The points plotted are connected by straight lines. In the paper, Main Effects Plot for S/N ratios with respect to the control factors is plotted. Since the S/N ratio is desired to be more, the control factor setting corresponding to the maximum S/N ratios is the optimum control factor setting. 808

5 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 III. TABLE I. OBSERVATIONS TABLE SHOWING THE OBSERVED RA AND MRR BY CHANGING THE CONTROL FACTORS Expt. No. Control Factors A B C Measured Ra (µm) MRR (mm/sec) Table I depicts the L-7 orthogonal array of the exhaustive set of the three control factors, Rake Angle (A), Speeds (b) and Feed (c), with each of them having three varying values, thus giving a total of 7 experimental readings. Levels, and for rake angle represent º, º and º respectively while that for speeds represent 80, 50 and 70 rpm and that for feed represent 0., 0.5 and 0. mm/rev. The surface roughness and the material removal rate measured from each combination of the control factors is recorded. 809

6 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 IV. CALCULATIONS TABLE II. TABLE SHOWING THE CALCULATED GRCS, MPCIS AND S/N RATIOS OF MEASURED RA AND MRR Expt. No. Grey Relational Coefficients Measured Ra MPCI S/N Ratios MRR The Grey Relational Coefficients are calculated based on lower the better criteria for the surface roughness and higher the better criteria for the material removal rate and are shown in Table II. The calculated GRCs are put into the Fuzzy Inference System to obtain the Multi Performance Characteristic Index. S/N Ratios of the MPCIs obtained are calculated and recorded for each corresponding pair of surface roughness and material removal rate. The highest S/N ratio obtained from table corresponds to the setting ABC, i.e. º rake angle, 70 rpm and 0. mm/rev and surface roughness of. µm and material removal rate of.8 mm/sec. 80

7 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 TABLE III. TABLE SHOWING THE CALCULATED NORMALIZED VALUES, MPCIS AND S/N RATIOS OF MEASURED RA AND MRR Expt. No. Normalized values Measured Ra MPCI S/N Ratios MRR Table III. shows the S/N ratios calculated from the normalized values of the surface roughness and Material Removal Rate i.e. when fuzzy approach was followed. The optimum setting, i.e the setting with the highest S/N ratio is found to be the same as what we got from grey fuzzy analysis. The optimum condition is ABC, i.e. º rake angle, 70 rpm and 0. mm/rev and surface roughness of. µm and material removal rate of.8 mm/sec. 8

8 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 V. ANALYSIS BY MAIN EFFECTS PLOT Main Effects Plot for SNR Data Means A B C -.0 Mean Figure. Main Effects Plot of S/N ratios of MPCIs (GRCs) Main Effects plots of the S/N Ratios are made with respect to the control factors A, B and C, i.e. rake angle, speed and feed respectively. In the paper, Main Effects Plot for S/N ratios with respect to the control factors A, B and C, i.e. rake angle, speed and feed respectively is plotted (fig. ) with the help of MINITAB software. The control factor setting corresponding to the maximum S/N ratios is the optimum control factor setting. The graphs clearly suggest that the setting of the highest S/N ratios, i.e. the optimum setting of our experiment is ABC which corresponds to a º rake angle, cutting speed of 70 rpm and a feed of 0. mm/rev. Figure. Main Effects Plot of S/N ratios of MPCIs (Normalized) This is the main effects plot obtained from the S/N ratios of the MPCIs obtained from the normalized value or by applying only fuzzy. As it can be seen the optimal value of the setting remains the same, i.e. ABC which corresponds to a º rake angle, cutting speed of 70 rpm and a feed of 0. mm/rev which we got from grey fuzzy analysis. 8

9 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 VI. ANALYSIS BY CLASSICAL TAGUCHI APPROACH The results obtained from Dr. Ranganath M. S. et al paper titled Effect of Cutting Parameters on MRR and Surface Roughness in Turning of Aluminium (606) based on classical taguchi approach for the same set of observations are taken for comparison []. The S/N ratios obtained from the experiment are as followstable IV. S/N RATIOS FOR SMALLER THE BETTER Rake Angles Speed Feed Ra MRR SNRA STDE MEAN CV TABLE V. S/N RATIOS FOR LARGER THE BETTER Rake Angles Speed Feed Ra MRR SNRA STDE MEAN CV The optimal solution based on classical taguchi analysis was found out to be º rake angle, 80 rpm speed and 0. mm/rev feed rate for minimum surface roughness which corresponds to.6 µm surface roughness and mm/sec. On the other hand optimal result for maximum material removal rate are found to be º rake angle, 70 rpm speed and 0. mm/rev feed rate which corresponds to. µm and.8 mm/sec. VII. COMPARISON OF GREY FUZZY WITH CLASSICAL TAGUCHI AND FUZZY APPROACH The result obtained by classical taguchi method for maximizing the material removal rate, i.e.. µm and.8 mm/sec is same as that obtained by applying grey fuzzy logic approach. While the result obtained for minimizing surface roughness by following classical taguchi approach are.6 µm surface roughness and mm/sec and that by applying grey fuzzy approach are 0.86 µm surface roughness and 68.8 mm/sec material removal rate. The surface roughness obtained by grey fuzzy is times lesser and material removal rate obtained by grey fuzzy is about 6.5 times greater than that obtained from classical taguchi analysis. Thus the results obtained from grey fuzzy analysis are slightly advanced. The conclusions drawn from the results of grey fuzzy and plain fuzzy approach are similar. 8

10 Proceedings of the 06 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, March 8-0, 06 VIII. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE The research presents a way of optimizing the cutting parameters in a simple machining process like rough turning for double response and single MPCI system wherein the optimum condition set was found to be ABC (highest S/N ratio), i.e. º rake angle, 70 rpm and 0. mm/rev which corresponds to surface roughness of. µm and material removal rate of.8 mm/sec. This result is ideal when the prime requirement is to maximize the MRR. On the other hand, the optimum setting of the control factors by analysis of main effects plot was found out to be ABC, i.e. º rake angle, 70 rpm and 0. mm/rev which corresponds to surface roughness of 0.86 µm and material removal rate of 68.8 mm/sec. This result is ideal when the prime requirement is to minimize the surface roughness. This could be extended to more number of responses for further increment in operational efficiency. The membership functions for the linguistic variables could also be modelled more carefully. The paper also proves that Fuzzy Inference Systems in combination with Taguchi s DOE & ANOVA can prove to be powerful tools aiding in effective utilization of machining processes. REFERENCES [] R. K. Roy Design of Experiments using the Taguchi Approach; John Wiley & Sons, April 00. [] Ranganth M. S., Vipin, and R.S. Mishra, Effect of Cutting Parameters on MRR and Surface Roughness in Turning of Aluminium (606), International Journal of Advance Research and Inovation, Vol., Issue, pp. -9, March 0. [] J. L. Lin and C.L. Lin, The use of grey-fuzzy logic for the optimization of the manufacturing process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, pp. 9, November 005. [] J. L. Lin, K. S.Wang, B. H. Yan, and Y. S. Tarng, Op- timization of the electrical discharge machining process based on the Taguchi method with fuzzy logics Journal of Materials Processing Technology,Vol.0, pp.8-55, 000. [5] Ranganath M. S. - Application of TAGUCHI Techniques in Turning, AKN Learning, September 05. [6] Y. F. Tzeng and F. C. Chen, Multi-objective optimization of high speed electrical discharge machining process using a Taguchi fuzzy-based approach, Materials and Design, Vol. 8, pp , 007. [7] O. Yilmaz, O. Eyercioglu, and N. N. Z. Gindy, A user-friendly fuzzy-based system for the selection of electro discharge machining process parameters, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 7, No., pp. 6-7, March 006. [8] H. Vasudevan, N. C. Deshpande, and R. R. Rajguru, Grey Fuzzy Multiobjective Optimization of Process Parameters for CNC Turning of GFRP/Epoxy Composites, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 97, pp. 85 9, 0. BIOGRAPHY Sahil Nanda is a student of Mechanical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India. He has done research projects with Indian Railways and many governmental organizations. His research interests inlcude manufacturing, machining, lean transformation, six sigma, SCM and automotive systems. He wishes to do a job specializing in Manufacturing or Automotive Engineering after graduation. He is a member of IEEE, IET, SAE and IMechE. Dr. Ranganath M. Singari is currently the Associate Professor, Department of Production & Industrial Engineering, Delhi Technological University. He is a Post Graduate and Doctorate from University of Delhi. He has made contribution in the areas of Production Engineering, Metal Cutting and Automation. He is a Life member of Indian Society of Technical Education, Computer Society of India and Indian Society of Mechanical Engineering. He has published more than 50 research papers in the area of Productio Engineering. Shubham Singhal is a student of Mechanical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India. He has been involved in several research projects with Centre for Advanced Studies and Research in Automobile Engineering (CASRAE), DTU and many governmental organizations. His research interests inlcude manufacturing, machining, mechatronics and robotics, six sigma, IC engines and parametric optimization. He wishes to pursue his research in Robotics specializing in Humanoid robots after graduation. He is a member of ASME, IEEE, SAE and IMechE. Rushil Batra student of Mechanical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India. He has led the braking system and manufacturing departments in SAE BAJA team of the university. He has done research projects with automobile manufacturers and governmental organizations. His research interests include manufacturing, process engineering, non-conventional machining, lean management, operations management and ergonomics. He wishes to pursue his research in Production & Industrial Engineering after graduation. He is an active member of SAE, SME and IMechE. 8