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1 Chapter 1 : C++ Programming - Chapter 2 - Wikibooks, open books for an open world Compilers 1/e plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers 2/e Update Package [Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman] on blog.quintoapp.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Does a rightmost derivation in reverse. Starts with the root nonterminal on the stack. Ends with the root nonterminal on the stack. Ends when the stack is empty. Starts with an empty stack. Uses the stack for designating what is still to be expected. Uses the stack for designating what is already seen. Builds the parse tree top-down. Builds the parse tree bottom-up. Continuously pops a nonterminal off the stack, and pushes the corresponding right hand side. Tries to recognize a right hand side on the stack, pops it, and pushes the corresponding nonterminal. Reads the terminals when it pops one off the stack. Reads the terminals while it pushes them on the stack. Pre-order traversal of the parse tree. Post-order traversal of the parse tree. Compiler Design - Run-Time Environment A program as a source code is merely a collection of text code, statements etc. A program needs memory resources to execute instructions. A program contains names for procedures, identifiers etc. By runtime, we mean a program in execution. Runtime environment is a state of the target machine, which may include software libraries, environment variables, etc. Runtime support system is a package, mostly generated with the executable program itself and facilitates the process communication between the process and the runtime environment. It takes care of memory allocation and de-allocation while the program is being executed. Activation Trees A program is a sequence of instructions combined into a number of procedures. Instructions in a procedure are executed sequentially. A procedure has a start and an end delimiter and everything inside it is called the body of the procedure. The procedure identifier and the sequence of finite instructions inside it make up the body of the procedure. The execution of a procedure is called its activation. An activation record contains all the necessary information required to call a procedure. An activation record may contain the following units depending upon the source language used. Temporaries Stores temporary and intermediate values of an expression. Local Data Stores local data of the called procedure. Control Link Stores the address of activation record of the caller procedure. Access Link Stores the information of data which is outside the local scope. Actual Parameters Stores actual parameters, i. Return Value Stores return values. Whenever a procedure is executed, its activation record is stored on the stack, also known as control stack. When a procedure calls another procedure, the execution of the caller is suspended until the called procedure finishes execution. At this time, the activation record of the called procedure is stored on the stack. We assume that the program control flows in a sequential manner and when a procedure is called, its control is transferred to the called procedure. When a called procedure is executed, it returns the control back to the caller. This type of control flow makes it easier to represent a series of activations in the form of a tree, known as the activation tree. To understand this concept, we take a piece of code as an example: Below is the activation tree of the code given. Now we understand that procedures are executed in depth-first manner, thus stack allocation is the best suitable form of storage for procedure activations. Storage Allocation Runtime environment manages runtime memory requirements for the following entities: It is known as the text part of a program that does not change at runtime. Its memory requirements are known at the compile time. Their text part is static but they are called in a random manner. That is why, stack storage is used to manage procedure calls and activations. Variables are known at the runtime only, unless they are global or constant. Heap memory allocation scheme is used for managing allocation and de-allocation of memory for variables in runtime. Static Allocation In this allocation scheme, the compilation data is bound to a fixed location in the memory and it does not change when the program executes. As the memory requirement and storage locations are known in advance, runtime support package for memory allocation and de-allocation is not required. Stack Allocation Procedure calls and their activations are managed by means of stack memory allocation. It works in last-in-first-out LIFO method and this allocation strategy is very useful for recursive procedure calls. Heap Allocation Variables local to a procedure are allocated and de-allocated Page 1

2 only at runtime. Heap allocation is used to dynamically allocate memory to the variables and claim it back when the variables are no more required. Except statically allocated memory area, both stack and heap memory can grow and shrink dynamically and unexpectedly. Therefore, they cannot be provided with a fixed amount of memory in the system. As shown in the image above, the text part of the code is allocated a fixed amount of memory. Stack and heap memory are arranged at the extremes of total memory allocated to the program. Both shrink and grow against each other. Parameter Passing The communication medium among procedures is known as parameter passing. The values of the variables from a calling procedure are transferred to the called procedure by some mechanism. Before moving ahead, first go through some basic terminologies pertaining to the values in a program. The value contained in a single variable also becomes an r-value if it appears on the right-hand side of the assignment operator. It always appears at the left hand side of an assignment operator. Only variables have l-values as they also represent the memory location assigned to them. Formal Parameters Variables that take the information passed by the caller procedure are called formal parameters. These variables are declared in the definition of the called function. Actual Parameters Variables whose values or addresses are being passed to the called procedure are called actual parameters. These variables are specified in the function call as arguments. It may be a value or an address. Formal parameters then hold the values passed by the calling procedure. If the values held by the formal parameters are changed, it should have no impact on the actual parameters. Pass by Reference In pass by reference mechanism, the l-value of the actual parameter is copied to the activation record of the called procedure. This way, the called procedure now has the address memory location of the actual parameter and the formal parameter refers to the same memory location. Therefore, if the value pointed by the formal parameter is changed, the impact should be seen on the actual parameter as they should also point to the same value. Upon function call, the values of actual parameters are copied in the activation record of the called procedure. Formal parameters if manipulated have no real-time effect on actual parameters as l-values are passed, but when the called procedure ends, the l-values of formal parameters are copied to the l-values of actual parameters. Even if the value of y is changed before the procedure ends, the l-value of x is copied to the l-value of y making it behave like call by reference. Pass by Name Languages like Algol provide a new kind of parameter passing mechanism that works like preprocessor in C language. In pass by name mechanism, the name of the procedure being called is replaced by its actual body. Pass-by-name textually substitutes the argument expressions in a procedure call for the corresponding parameters in the body of the procedure so that it can now work on actual parameters, much like pass-by-reference. Compiler Design - Symbol Table Symbol table is an important data structure created and maintained by compilers in order to store information about the occurrence of various entities such as variable names, function names, objects, classes, interfaces, etc. Symbol table is used by both the analysis and the synthesis parts of a compiler. A symbol table may serve the following purposes depending upon the language in hand: To store the names of all entities in a structured form at one place. To verify if a variable has been declared. To implement type checking, by verifying assignments and expressions in the source code are semantically correct. To determine the scope of a name scope resolution. A symbol table is simply a table which can be either linear or a hash table. It maintains an entry for each name in the following format: Implementation If a compiler is to handle a small amount of data, then the symbol table can be implemented as an unordered list, which is easy to code, but it is only suitable for small tables only. A symbol table can be implemented in one of the following ways: Linear sorted or unsorted list Binary Search Tree Hash table Among all, symbol tables are mostly implemented as hash tables, where the source code symbol itself is treated as a key for the hash function and the return value is the information about the symbol. Operations A symbol table, either linear or hash, should provide the following operations. This operation is used to add information in the symbol table about unique names occurring in the source code. The format or structure in which the names are stored depends upon the compiler in hand. Page 2

3 Chapter 2 : Editions of Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools by Alfred V. Aho Description. This classic book, known to professors, students, and developers worldwide as "the Dragon Book" is the bible of compiler design. It provides a thorough grounding in the theory and practice of compilers. Each of the programs performs one stage of the preparation: The work of vertically interpolating meteorological fields to WRF eta levels is performed within the real program. The data flow between the programs of the WPS is shown in the figure above. Each of the WPS programs reads parameters from a common namelist file, as shown in the figure. This namelist file has separate namelist records for each of the programs and a shared namelist record, which defines parameters that are used by more than one WPS program. Not shown in the figure are additional table files that are used by individual programs. TBL, and Vtable files are explained later in this document, though for now, the user need not be concerned with them. When MPI libraries and suitable compilers are available, the metgrid and geogrid programs may be compiled for distributed memory execution, which allows large model domains to be processed in less time. The work performed by the ungrib program is not amenable to parallelization, so ungrib may only be run on a single processor. Also included in the WPS are several utility programs, which are described in the section on utility programs. A brief description of each of the three main programs is given below, with further details presented in subsequent sections. Program geogrid The purpose of geogrid is to define the simulation domains, and interpolate various terrestrial data sets to the model grids. In addition to computing the latitude, longitude, and map scale factors at every grid point, geogrid will interpolate soil categories, land use category, terrain height, annual mean deep soil temperature, monthly vegetation fraction, monthly albedo, maximum snow albedo, and slope category to the model grids by default. Global data sets for each of these fields are provided through the WRF download page, and, because these data are time-invariant, they only need to be downloaded once. The user need not download all available resolutions for a data set, although the interpolated fields will generally be more representative if a resolution of data near to that of the simulation domain is used. However, users who expect to work with domains having grid spacings that cover a large range may wish to eventually download all available resolutions of the static terrestrial data. Besides interpolating the default terrestrial fields, the geogrid program is general enough to be able to interpolate most continuous and categorical fields to the simulation domains. TBL file defines each of the fields that will be produced by geogrid; it describes the interpolation methods to be used for a field, as well as the location on the file system where the data set for that field is located. Program ungrib The ungrib program reads GRIB files, "degribs" the data, and writes the data in a simple format called the intermediate format see the section on writing data to the intermediate format for details on the format. Ungrib uses tables of these codes â called Vtables, for "variable tables" â to define which fields to extract from the GRIB file and write to the intermediate format. Vtables for common GRIB model output files are provided with the ungrib software. Users can create their own Vtable for other model output using any of the Vtables as a template; further details on the meaning of fields in a Vtable are provided in the section on creating and editing Vtables. Ungrib can write intermediate data files in any one of three user-selectable formats: Program metgrid The metgrid program horizontally interpolates the intermediate-format meteorological data that are extracted by the ungrib program onto the simulation domains defined by the geogrid program. The interpolated metgrid output can then be ingested by the WRF real program. Since the work of the metgrid program, like that of the ungrib program, is time-dependent, metgrid is run every time a new simulation is initialized. TBL file provides one section for each field, and within a section, it is possible to specify options such as the interpolation methods to be used for the field, the field that acts as the mask for masked interpolations, and the grid staggering e. Additionally, the ungrib program requires three compression libraries for GRIB Edition 2 support; however, if support for GRIB2 data is not needed, ungrib can be compiled without these compression libraries. Most multi-processor machines come preconfigured with a version of MPI, so it is unlikely that users will need to install this package by Page 3

4 themselves. Users are encouraged to engage their system administrators for the installation of these packages so that traditional library paths and include paths are maintained. Paths to user-installed compression libraries are handled in the configure. Page 4

5 Chapter 3 : Chapter 3: WRF Standard Initialization Compilers 1/e plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers 2/e Update Package by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Monica S. Lam Hardcover, Pages, Published The code[ edit ] Code is the string of symbols interpreted by a computer in order to execute a given objective. As with natural languages, code is the result of all the conventions and rules that govern a language. It is what permits implementation of projects in a standard, compilable way. Correctly written code is used to create projects that serve as intermediaries for natural language in order to express meanings and ideas. This, theoretically and actually, allows a computer program to solve any explicitly-defined problem. The undefined nature of these items becomes most evident in cross-platform development that requires the use of multiple compilers, since the specific implementation of these items is the result of the choices made by each compiler. We will try to provide the relevant information as the information is presented. Take notice that when we do so, we will often point you to the documentation of the compiler you are using or note the behavior of the compilers more commonly used. Programming[ edit ] The task of programming, while not easy in its execution, is actually fairly simple in its goals. A programmer will envision, or be tasked with, a specific goal. Goals are usually provided in the form of "I want a program that will perform That "working model" is sort of an idea of how a program will accomplish the goal set out for it. It gives a programmer an idea of what to write in order to turn the idea into a working program. Once the programmer has an idea of the structure their program will need to take in order to accomplish the goal, they set about actually writing the program itself, using the selected programming language s keywords, functions and syntax. The code that they write is what actually implements the program, or causes it to perform the necessary task, and for that reason, it is sometimes called "implementation code". What is a program? Everything that a typical user does on a computer is handled and controlled by programs. Programs can contain anything from instructions to solve math problems or send s, to how to behave when a character is shot in a video game. The computer will follow the instructions of a program one line at a time from the start to the end. Types of programs[ edit ] There are all kinds of different programs used today, for all types of purposes. Examples of different types of programs, also called software, include: Operating Systems An operating system is responsible for making sure that everything on a computer works the way that it should. Microsoft Windows and Linux are examples of PC operating systems. Office Programs This is a general category for a collection of programs that allow you to compose, view, print or otherwise display different kinds of documents. Often such "suites" come with a word processor for composing letters or reports, a spreadsheet application and a slide-show creator of some kind among other things. An client is a program that allows you to send, receive and compose messages outside of a web-browser. Often clients have some capability as a web-browser as well, and some web-browsers have integrated clients. Computer Games There are countless software titles that are either games or designed to assist with playing games. The category is so wide that it would be impossible to get in to a detailed discussion of all the different kinds of game software without creating a different book! Gaming is one of the most popular activities to engage in on a computer. Development Software Development software is software used specifically for programming. It includes software for composing programs in a computer language sometimes as simple as a text editor like Notepad, for checking to make sure that code is stable and correct called a debugger, and for compiling that source code into executable programs that can be run later these are called compilers. Oftentimes, these three separate programs are combined in to one bigger program called an IDE Integrated Development Environment. There are all kinds of IDEs for every programming language imaginable. The one type of software that you will learn the most about in this book is Development Software. Types of instructions[ edit ] As mentioned already, programs are written in many different languages, and for every language, the words and statements used to tell the computer to execute specific commands are different. No matter what words and statements are used though, just about every Page 5

6 programming language will include statements that will accomplish the following: Input Input is the act of getting information from a keyboard or mouse, or sometimes another program. Output Output is the opposite of input; it gives information to the computer monitor or another device or program. Testing Testing involves telling the computer to check for a certain condition and to do something when that condition is true or false. Conditionals are one of the most important concepts in programming, and all languages have some method of testing conditions. Repetition Perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation. Thus, one way to describe programming is the process of breaking a large, complex task up into smaller and smaller subtasks until eventually the subtasks are simple enough to be performed with one of these simple functions. We will cover it when we introduce functions. Execution control or simply control, means the process and the location of execution of a program, this has a direct link to procedural programming. You will note the mention of control as we proceed, as it is necessary concept to explain the order of execution of code and its interpretation by the computer. Core vs Standard Library[ edit ] The Core Library consists of the fundamental building blocks of the language itself. This includes basic looping constructs such as the if.. The ability to create and modify variables, declare and call functions, and perform basic arithmetic. The Standard Library is a set of modules that add extended functionality to the language through the use of library or header files. Program organization[ edit ] How the instructions of a program are written out and stored is generally not a concept determined by a programming language. Punch cards used to be in common use, however under most modern operating systems the instructions are commonly saved as plain text files that can be edited with any text editor. These files are the source of the instructions that make up a program and so are sometimes referred to as source files but a more exclusive definition is source code. When referring to source code or just source, you are considering only the files that contain code, the actual text that makes up the functions actions for computer to execute. By referring to source files you are extending the idea to not only the files with the instructions that make up the program but all the raw files resources that together can build the program. Keywords and identifiers[ edit ] To do: Complete Keywords,Specifier,Modifier, directives Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, objects, etc. Identifiers with successive underscores are reserved for use in the header files or by the compiler for special purpose, e. Special considerations must be given when creating your own identifiers, this will be covered in Code Style Conventions Section. Page 6

7 Chapter 4 : Java Basics - Java Programming Tutorial I got the version 1/e plus selected online chapters 2/e The book 1/e is great the online version the information is good BUT if you want to use it of line don't bother you can't download it (its in flash) and can't print it - well you can a page at a time but the characters are to small to read (no adjustments). Rich coverage of fundamentals; real-world examples. Integrated features of the C99 and C11 standards. Secure C Programming sections. Making a Difference contemporary exercises. Multithreading and multi-core performance. Detailed chapter summaries with page references. Searching and sorting with an introduction to Big O. See the Preface for more. While C is a complex language, this book does a good job making this material accessible while providing a strong foundation for further learning. Teaches pseudocode, flowcharts, algorithms and various approaches to problem solving. Deftly covers an impressive scope without overwhelming the student, even when covering the trickiest parts of C. But it also covers topics you might not expect: My favoritesâ writing a simulator for an invented machine; then writing a compiler for a small language that targets that machine simulator. The first sign is the use of standard terminology. The main strength of this book is a clear, professional and reader-friendly style. I liked the very up-to-date examples. A great job of introducing in Chapter 2 the core concepts behind C programming. Good use of pseudocode. Great introduction to sortingâ the examples do a good job illustrating sort algorithms and make it clear why some are more efficient than others. Data Structures is unquestionably one of the best chapters in the bookâ I really enjoyed reading it. Good clear explanation of arraysâ and especially good exercises. String exercises are innovative and challenging. The Other C Topics chapter contains a useful overview of advanced features. Coverage of the C99 and C11 standards is especially important. Overall a great book. I always enjoy lecturing the Arrays chapter; examples are perfect for my CE, EE and CSE studentsâ this chapter is one of the most important in my class; I find the examples to be very relatable for my students. Covers material that will be useful in later programming classes and the job market. Clearly demonstrates important C programming concepts. Just the right amount of coverage of arrays. The Pointers chapter is well-written and the exercises are rigorous. Excellent discussion of string functions. I was pleased to see a hint at Big O running time in the binary search example. Good information in the preprocessor chapter. Southeast "I have been teaching introductory programming courses since, and programming in the C language since A thorough, careful treatment of not just the language, but more importantly, the ideas, concepts and techniques of programming! The book outlines common beginner mistakes really well. Nice visualization of binary search. Card and maze exercises are very involving. Great coverage of functions. The C Data Structures chapter is well written, and the examples and exercises are great; I especially like the section about building a compiler. Explanation of the sorting algorithms is excellent. I highly recommend this textbook as both a teaching text and a reference. Borrelli, Rochester Institute of Tech. For my consulting work I use the Deitel books as my primary reference. Code tested meticulously with three leading, industrial-strength compilers. Washington, Tacoma "The virtual function figure and corresponding explanation in the Polymorphism chapter is thorough and truly commendable. Inheritance chapter is well done. Excellent introduction to polymorphism. Horton, Lockheed Martin "I especially value the code examples and diagrams. Great coverage of OOP. The Inheritance examples nicely reinforce the concepts. I love the description of [a possible] polymorphic video game. Exception Handling is accurate and to the point. Really fun and interesting exercises. The dice and card games get students excited. Code examples are extraordinary! Chapter 5 : Alfred V. Aho: used books, rare books and new blog.quintoapp.com This introduction to compilers is the direct descendant of the well-known book by Aho and Ullman, Principles of Compiler Design. The authors present updated coverage of compilers based on research and techniques that have Page 7

8 been developed in the field over the past few years. Chapter 6 : C++ How to Program, 6/e Buy Compilers 1/e plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers Update Package: Principles, Techniques and Tools 1 by Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, Jeffrey D. Ullman (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Chapter 7 : Compiler Design - Quick Guide - Compilers 1 E Plus Selected Online Chapters From Compilers 2 E Update Package - Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5 The Missing Faq Real Answers To Real Questions Asked By. Chapter 8 : Jeffrey D Ullman: used books, rare books and new blog.quintoapp.com More editions of Compilers 1/e plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers 2/e Update Package: Compilers 1/e plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers 2/e Update Package: ISBN (). Chapter 9 : C++ Basics - C++ Programming Tutorial Compilers 1/E Plus Selected Online Chapters from Compilers 2/E Update Package (Hardcover) Published January 5th by Addison Wesley Longman Hardcover, pages. Page 8