An Object Oriented Programming with C

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2 An Object Oriented Programming with C By Tanmay Kasbe Dr. Ravi Singh Pippal IDEA PUBLISHING i

3 Publishing-in-support-of, IDEA PUBLISHING Block- 9b, Transit Flats, Hudco Place Extension Near Andrews Ganj, New Delhi Zipcode : Website: Copyright, Author All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: D The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of idea publishing. Printed in India ii

4 About the Author X Tanmay Kasbe is currently working as an asst. professor in computer department. He is pursuing PhD in computer science application and holds an MCA degree from RGPV University, Bhopal. He has a long experience of teaching postgraduate, graduate and engineering students. He has 7+ year of experience as a freelancer in software development in.net technologies. He is also the author of "DBMS Concepts- A Practical approach". Dr. Ravi Singh Pippal is presently working as a Professor (Computer Science) in RKDF University, Bhopal, India. He has obtained Ph.D. from ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior. His primary research areas of interest include Cryptology (Cryptography, Cryptanalysis), Steganography, Key Management, Image Encryption and many more. iii

5 About the book X This book provides a comprehensive and practical overview of the object oriented programming with C++, It has been thoughtfully structured to introduce the readers to all the important concept of C++ though a single book. This book with its numerous programming examples with explanation will be an ideal text for undergraduate and postgraduate student of computer science and application (MCA and BCA). Besides, for any programmer who wishes to know the fundamental C++, this would be a useful book. iv

6 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 :: Software Programming Language Introductions1 1.2 Levels of Programming Language 4 Low Level Programming Language4 Machine Language5 Assembly Language6 High Level Programming Language Hierarchy of Programming Language Translator Program9 Assembler 11 Compiler 12 Interpreter Differences between compiler & Interpreter Introductions of Linker & Loader16 Key Points to Remember18 CHAPTER 2 :: Object Oriented Programming Language Introduction Procedure Oriented Programming Comparison of OOPs & POP Structure Programming Object Oriented Programming Concepts 24 Objects 24 Class26 v

7 Polymorphism 27 Inheritance 28 Data Abstraction 29 Data Encapsulation 31 Message Passing Advantages of OOPs 34 Key Points to Remember 36 CHAPTER 3 :: Basic Features of C Introductions of C Differences between C++ & C Tokens in C++ 39 Keywords 40 Variables/Identifiers 41 Constants/Literals 46 Integer-Constants 46 Character-constants 47 Floating-constants 48 Strings-constants 49 Punctuators 49 Operators 51 Arithmetic Operators 51 Relational Operators 52 Logical Operators 54 Bit-wise Operators 55 Assignment Operator 55 Misc Operators Data Types in C++ 57 vi

8 Built-In data types 58 Int 58 Float 61 Char 62 Double User define data types 61 Structure 63 Union 66 Class 67 Enumerations 3.5 Expression & Statements 67 Integral expressions 68 Float expressions 68 Relational or Boolean expressions 69 Logical expressions 69 Bitwise expressions 69 Pointer expressions Data Type Conversion Manipulator functions 72 Endl 73 hex, dec, oct setbase 73 setw setprecision 74 ends flush Key Points to Remember 75 vii

9 CHAPTER 4 :: C++ Programs & Standards Introductions Guidelines for Programs Structure of C ++ Programs Header file in C++ Programs 85 Iostream.h Cout<< functions Cin>> functions Conio.h Math.h Other header files 4.5 First program in C Compilation & Execution Formatting Output 93 Key Points to Remember 97 CHAPTER 5 :: Functions Introductions Why Functions? Function Example 105 Function prototyping OR Function declarations 107 Declaring type of functions 108 Defining a function 108 Actual argument & formal argument 109 Return Statement Calling a function by using call by value Calling a function by using call by Reference 115 viii

10 5.6 Comparisons of call by value & call by reference Multi-function Programming example Recursion Recursion programs example 125 Key Points to Remember 138 CHAPTER 6 :: Classes & Objects Introductions Difference between class & structures Structure of class 142 Syntax of class Variable Declaration Class Function Definition Access specifiers Public 144 Private 145 Protected 146 Defining the object of a class 148 Accessing member function using object Defining function outside the class Inline Functions Friend Functions Programming Examples Multiple classes Static Class members 172 Static Data members 173 Static Member functions 174 ix

11 Key Points to Remember 176 CHAPTER 7:: Control Statements Introductions Decision making/conditional Statements 178 Simple if statement 178 If...else statement 180 Nested if...else statement Selection statement (Switch) Loop Statements 204 While Loop 205 Do..While Loop 213 For loop Comparision of for, while, do..while loop Jumping statements 232 Break 232 Continue 233 Key Points to Remember 236 CHAPTER 8 : : Constructors & Destructors Introductions What is constructors Constructors types 243 Default Constructors 243 Parameterized constructors 246 Copy constructors 250 Dynamic constructors Multiple constructor in class Programming examples 258 x

12 8.6 Destructors 262 Key Points to Remember 266 CHAPTER 9 : : Array, String Handling and Pointers Introductions Array 267 One Dimensional Array 268 Two Dimensional Array 282 M Dimensional Array String Handling Pointer Introduction 306 What is pointer? This pointer Dynamic Memory Allocation 314 Key Points to Remember 320 CHAPTER 10 : : Compile Time Polymorphism Introductions Function Overloading Default Arguments Operator Overloading Overloading Unary Operator 333 Overloading using Friend Function Overloading Binary Operator 342 Overloading using Friend Function 343 Key Points to Remember 354 CHAPTER 11 : : Inheritance Introductions 357 xi

13 11.2 Syntax for defining derived classes 358 Access Specifiers Single Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Hierarchical Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance Constructors in Derived Class Protected Access Specifiers Virtual Base Class 413 Key Points to Remember 418 CHAPTER 12 : : Run Time Polymorphism Introduction Virtual Function Difference between function overloading & overriding Pure Virtual Function Early Binding & Late Binding 434 CHAPTER 13 : : Exception Handling & Introduction Exception Handling 440 Try Block 440 Catching Errors 441 Throwing an Error 442 Multiple Catch Statement 446 Catch All Exception Templates 452 Function Template 453 xii

14 Class Template 458 Key Points to Remember 461 CHAPTER 14 : : File Handling Introduction File Stream Opening & Closing a File 466 Opening a file in C Using Constructor 468 Using Open () function 468 Closing a file in C Binary File Program 475 Appendix:(A): 75 Objective Question with answers key Appendix:(B): Complete Programs according to Universities Syllabus xiii

15 Introduction to software programming language Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 1.1 Introduction A software programming language is a special language programmers use to create software programs or other sets of instructions for computers to execute. These commands can be interpreted into a code understood by a machine. Programs are created through programming languages to control the behavior and output of a machine. As we all know computer cannot understand anything, for everything we must provide a set of instruction which is executed by programming language & then provide us an output. All the instruction which we have writes using any high level programming language is called source code. Most of the programming languages use translator programs to translate instructions into computer specific language. Although there are over 2,000 computer languages, relatively few are widely used. If we are talking on current scenario then JAVA &.NET are the most 1

16 Introduction to software programming language popular languages which are used by most of the small and large MNC for software development. A programming language is typically divided into three elements: Syntax Semantic Logic Developments Syntax: Like human languages, each programming language has its own grammar and syntax. In computer programming language it is very important to follow complete syntax otherwise it will not execute. A translator program responsibility is to check whether our program follow all the syntax of the language or not. If any mistake found by translator program then translator program will give errors and we must remove all the error then only our program will execute successfully. Syntax deals solely with the form and structure of symbols in a language without any consideration given to their meaning. Each programming languages has its own syntax. If we take some of the C programming language syntax likes ; (Semicolon) used or represent termination of line. (Double Equals) means when we have compared two values 2

17 Introduction to software programming language X ++ means we have increase the value of X by 1 Semantics: Semantics describes the behavior that a computer follows when executing a program in the language. We might disclose this behavior by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program or by a step-by-step explanation of how a program will execute on a real or an abstract machine. Semantics follow directly from syntax. Semantics deal with the meaning assigned to the symbols, characters and words. Syntax is what the computer understands; semantics is what the human understands. Examples: The sentence "Baby milk drinks" does not have a syntactic meaning, but through semantics most people would interpret it as meaning Baby drinks milk as our prior knowledge tells us that a baby drinks milk, and therefore we can find a meaning from the key words. The Arabic symbol '3' (for example) contains no meaning in and of itself. They are just pixels. You & I assign meaning to it. We assign the numeric value 'three'. Indeed the whole literate world seems to agree with us in this numeric assignment. And obviously, it works for us. But only because we agree on this convention. 3

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