ABAP Objects - Introduction
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1 ABAP Objects - Introduction ABAP Objects - A Workshop A Workshop from the ABAP Language Group Horst Keller SAP AG SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 1 SAP AG
2 Workshop Goals Position of ABAP Objects within the R/3 System Overview of the syntax of ABAP Objects Working with existing classes and interfaces Defining classes and interfaces Creating objects Reacting to events Understanding the polymorphism provided by interfaces and inheritance SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 2
3 Workshop Goals This is not a comprehensive course in objectoriented programming There is more to object-oriented development than just object-oriented programming. It has logical advantages that are independent of the concrete implementation. The most important (and most time-consuming) part of a real object-oriented application is the object-oriented modeling. The OO Rollout Group provides another ABAP Objects course SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 3
4 Contents Introduction From Function Groups to Classes Classes Objects Events Interfaces Inheritance Using Global Classes Exercises SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 4
5 Introduction Object orientation Objects ABAP Objects SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 5
6 Object Orientiation Data Data Data Data Data Attributes Data Abstraction Function Function Function Function Methods Data Method Method Method Function Function Function Function Functions and data Data model as an abstraction of the real world SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 6 Software objects Object model as an abstraction of the real world Real-world objects
7 Objects Interface Private access Private components Flight Customer Passengerlist Address Public attributes Airline Flight number Public methods BOOK Public access FLIGHT Public events SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 7
8 ABAP Objects ABAP Objects is isan anupwards-compatible extension of of the the existing ABAP language You You can can use use existing ABAP statements within ABAP Objects You You can can use useabap Objects within existing programs ABAP Objects is is fully fully integrated in inthe theabap Debugger SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 8
9 From Function Groups to Classes Instances of function groups as objects Example: Function group as counter SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 9
10 Instances of Function Groups as Objects Function group 1 Function group 2 Function module Data Function module Data ABAP program with data CALL FUNCTION Internal session of an ABAP program External session SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 10
11 Function Group as Counter - Definition FUNCTION-POOL COUNTER. DATA COUNT TYPE I. FUNCTION SET_COUNTER. * Local Interface IMPORTING VALUE(SET_VALUE) COUNT = SET_VALUE. ENDFUNCTION. FUNCTION INCREMENT_COUNTER. COUNT = COUNT + 1. ENDFUNCTION. FUNCTION GET_COUNTER. * Local Interface: EXPORTING VALUE(GET_VALUE) GET_VALUE = COUNT. ENDFUNCTION. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 11
12 Function Group as Counter - Call DATA NUMBER TYPE I VALUE 5. CALL FUNCTION 'SET_COUNTER' EXPORTING SET_VALUE = NUMBER. DO 3 TIMES. CALL FUNCTION 'INCREMENT_COUNTER'. ENDDO. CALL FUNCTION 'GET_COUNTER' IMPORTING GET_VALUE = NUMBER. NUMBER has value 8 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 12
13 Classes Generalize Function Groups nth instance, class m 1st instance, Daten class m Funktions- Data Interface baustein Data nth instance, class 1 1st instance, class 1 Daten Schnitt- Data Interface stelle Data ABAP program with data Internal session of an ABAP program External session SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 13
14 Classes, References, and Objects Example: Class as counter Reference variables Creating objects Calling methods Working with references SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 14
15 Example: Class as Counter CLASS counter DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS: set IMPORTING VALUE(set_value) TYPE i, increment, get EXPORTING VALUE(get_value) TYPE i. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA count TYPE i. CLASS CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD set. set. count count = set_value. set_value. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. count count = count count ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD get. get. get_value get_value = count. count. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 15
16 Reference Variables DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter. CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 16
17 Creating an Object DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT cnt_1 TYPE counter. 1<COUNTER> CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 17
18 Calling Methods DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter. DATA number TYPE I VALUE 5. CREATE OBJECT cnt_1 TYPE counter. CALL METHOD cnt_1->set EXPORTING set_value = number. DO 3 TIMES. CALL METHOD cnt_1->increment. ENDDO. CALL METHOD cnt_1->get IMPORTING get_value = number. 1<COUNTER> NUMBER has the value 8 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 18
19 Several Reference Variables DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 19
20 Several Objects DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 20
21 Assigning Reference Variables DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. MOVE cnt_2 TO cnt_3. 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 21
22 Deleting Reference Variables DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. MOVE cnt_2 TO cnt_3. CLEAR cnt_2. 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 22
23 Garbage Collection DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. MOVE cnt_2 TO cnt_3. CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_3 = cnt_1. 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 23
24 Garbage Collection DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. MOVE cnt_2 TO cnt_3. CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_3 = cnt_1. CLEAR cnt_3. 1<COUNTER> CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 24
25 New Objects DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2. MOVE cnt_2 TO cnt_3. CLEAR cnt_2. cnt_3 = cnt_1. CLEAR cnt_3. 3<COUNTER> 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> CREATE OBJECT: cnt_2, cnt_3. CNT_3 CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 25
26 Methods of Several Objects DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_2 TYPE REF TO counter, cnt_3 TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_1, cnt_2, cnt_3. CALL METHOD cnt_1->set EXPORTING set_value = 1. CALL METHOD cnt_2->set EXPORTING set_value = 10. CALL METHOD cnt_3->set EXPORTING set_value = 100. CNT_3 3<COUNTER> 2<COUNTER> 1<COUNTER> The value of COUNT is different in each object CNT_2 CNT_1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 26
27 Objects: Summary Declaring reference variables DATA: ref1 TYPE REF TO class, ref2 TYPE REF TO class. Creating objects CREATE OBJECT: ref1, ref2. Accessing attributes and methods x = ref1->attr + ref2->attr. CALL METHOD ref1->method EXPORTING SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 27
28 Classes in Detail Structure of classes Components of classes Accessing the components SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 28
29 Structure of Classes - Visibility Sections CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA: a1 METHODS: m1 EVENTS: e1 PROTECTED SECTION. DATA: a2 METHODS: m2 EVENTS: e2 PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: a3 METHODS: m3 EVENTS: e3 CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m1. ENDMETHOD. METHOD m2. ENDMETHOD. METHOD m3. ENDMETHOD. a1, m1, e1 All users Public components Class c1 Private components a3, m3, e3 Method implementations Protected components a2, m2, e2, Subclasses of c1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 29
30 Components of Classes: Attributes CLASS DEFINITION. SECTION. DATA TYPE [READ-ONLY] CLASS-DATA TYPE [READ-ONLY] CONSTANTS TYPE VALUE DATA: Instance attributes CLASS-DATA:Static attributes CONSTANTS: Constants SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 30
31 Static Attributes and Instance Attributes CLASS c DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. CLASS-DATA a1(10) TYPE C VALUE 'Static'. DATA a2(10) TYPE C VALUE 'Instance'. a1 CLASS 1<CLASS> DATA: cref TYPE REF TO c. a2 WRITE c=>a1. CREATE OBJECT cref TYPE c. CREF WRITE cref->a2. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 31
32 Components of Classes: Methods CLASS DEFINITION. SECTION. METHODS IMPORTING [VALUE] TYPE [OPTIONAL] EXPORTING [VALUE] TYPE CHANGING [VALUE] TYPE [OPTIONAL] RETURNING VALUE() TYPE EXCEPTIONS CLASS-METHODS CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ENDMETHOD. METHODS: Instance methods CLASS-METHODS: Static methods SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 32
33 Constructors CLASS c DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS CONSTRUCTOR [IMPORTING arg1 TYPE type ]. CLASS-METHODS CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. CLASS c IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. ENDMETHOD. METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR. ENDMETHOD. PROGRAM. DATA o1 TYPE REF TO c. CREATE OBJECT o1 EXPORTING arg1 = v1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 33
34 Accessing the components of classes Instance components ref >comp Instance attribute ref->attr Instance method: call method ref->meth Static components class=>comp Static attribute: class=>attr Static method: call method class=>meth Special references in methods Self reference: ME->comp Pseudo reference SUPER->comp n<class> ME SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 34
35 Inheritance Introduction Overview Single inheritance Redefining methods Example: Subclass of superclass counter SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 35
36 Inheritance: Introduction Definition of a class by inheriting the components from a superclass (Reuse) Specialization by adding own components and redefining methods in subclasses Polymorphism by accessing subclass objects CREF1 n<class3> class1 CREF2 class2 CREF3 class3 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 36
37 Inheritance - Overview Class OBJECT CLASS c1 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM Class c1 CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. Class c2 CLASS c2 IMPLEMENTATION. Class SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 37
38 Single Inheritance OBJECT C1 C2 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 38
39 Redefining Methods CLASS DEFINITION INHERITING FROM SECTION. METHODS REDEFINITON CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ENDMETHOD. Semantic rules Subclasses must behave just like their superclass for all users of inherited components A redefined method must observe the original semantics Inheritance should only be used to specialize SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 39
40 Inheritance and Constructors CLASS subclass DEFINITION INHERITING FROM superclass. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING CLASS subclass IMPLEMENTATION. Access to static METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. attributes only CALL METHOD SUPER->CONSTRUCTOR EXPORTING Accress to instance ENDMETHOD. attributes also PROGRAM DATA o1 TYPE REF TO subclass. CREATE OBJECT o1 TYPE subclass EXPORTING SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 40
41 Subclass for Superclass Counter* CLASS CLASS counter_ten counter_ten DEFINITION DEFINITION INHERITING INHERITING FROM FROM counter. counter. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS increment increment REDEFINITION. REDEFINITION. DATA DATA count_ten. count_ten. CLASS CLASS counter_ten counter_ten IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. DATA DATA modulo modulo TYPE TYPE I. I. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD super->increment. *Replace PRIVATE with: modulo modulo = count count mod mod PROTECTED IF IF modulo modulo = 0. PROTECTED SECTION. SECTION. 0. DATA count_ten count_ten = count_ten count_ten + 1. DATA count count TYPE TYPE I. I. 1. ENDIF. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. DATA: count TYPE REF TO counter. CREATE OBJECT count TYPE counter_ten. CALL METHOD count->set EXPORTING set_value = number. DO 10 TIMES. CALL METHOD count->increment. ENDDO. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 41
42 Interfaces Introduction Overview Definition Implementation Interface references Example: Interface for counter SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 42
43 Interfaces: Introduction Definition of an interface without implementation Classes can implement several interfaces Uniform access with interface references Polymorphism independent from inheritance n<class3> Interface iref_tab iref_line iref_line iref_line n<class2> n<class1> SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 43
44 Interfaces - Overview INTERFACE i1. DATA: a1 METHODS: m1 EVENTS: e1 ENDINTERFACE. CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA a1 INTERFACES i1 PROTECTED SECTION. PRIVATE SECTION. Public components a1, i1~a1, i1~m1, class c1 Private components a2, m2, e2 Method implementations Protected components a3, m3, e3, CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD i1~m1. ENDMETHOD. All users Subclasses of c1 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 44
45 Interfaces - Definition INTERFACE. DATA: TYPE [READ-ONLY] CLASS-DATA: TYPE [READ-ONLY] CONSTANTS: TYPE [VALUE ] METHODS: IMPORTING [VALUE] TYPE [OPTIONAL] EXPORTING [VALUE] TYPE CHANGING [VALUE] TYPE [OPTIONAL] RETURNING VALUE() TYPE EXCEPTIONS CLASS-METHODS: EVENTS: [EXPORTING VALUE() TYPE [OPTIONAL]]. CLASS-EVENTS: INTERFACES: ENDINTERFACE. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 45
46 Interfaces - Implementation CLASS DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES: CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ~ ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 46
47 Interface References INTERFACE i1. ENDINTERFACE. CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA a1. INTERFACES i1. 1<C2> CLASS c2 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES i1. DATA cnt_c TYPE REF TO c1. DATA: cnt_1 TYPE REF TO i1, cnt_2 LIKE cnt_1. CREATE OBJECT: cnt_c TYPE c1, cnt_1 TYPE c2. MOVE cnt_c to cnt_2. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 47 CNT_1 CNT_C CNT_2 1<C1>
48 Interface for Object State - Implementation INTERFACE INTERFACE status. status. METHODS METHODS write. write. ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE. CLASS CLASS counter counter DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. INTERFACES INTERFACES status. status. METHODS METHODS increment. increment. PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTION. SECTION. DATA DATA count count TYPE TYPE i. i. CLASS CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD status~write. status~write. WRITE: WRITE: 'Count 'Count in in counter counter is', is', count. count. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. count count = count count ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. CLASS CLASS bicycle bicycle DEFINITION. DEFINITION. CLASS PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. CLASS bicycle bicycle IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. SECTION. METHOD INTERFACES INTERFACES status. METHOD status~write. status~write. status. WRITE: METHODS METHODS drive. WRITE: 'Speed 'Speed of of bicycle bicycle is', is', drive. speed. PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTION. speed. SECTION. ENDMETHOD. DATA DATA speed speed TYPE TYPE i. ENDMETHOD. i. METHOD METHOD drive. drive. speed speed = speed speed ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 48
49 Interface for Object State - Use DATA: DATA: count count TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter, counter, bike bike TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO bicycle, bicycle, status status TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO status. status. CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: count, count, bike. bike. DO DO 5 TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD: METHOD: count->increment, bike->drive. bike->drive. ENDDO. ENDDO. status status = count. count. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD status->write. status->write. status status = bike. bike. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD status->write. status->write. Counter status Bike speed SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 49
50 Events Introduction Overview Declaring and triggering events Event handler methods Handling events Example: Overflow in counter SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 50
51 Events - Introduction Events are components of classes Methods can raise the events of their class Handler methods can be triggered by events 2<HANDLER> 1<TRIGGER> 1<HANDLER> SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 51
52 Events - Overview CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. EVENTS e1 EXPORTING VALUE(p1) TYPE i. METHODS m1. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA a1 TYPE i. CLASS c2 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS m2 FOR EVENT e1 OF c1 IMPORTING p1. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA a2 TYPE i. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m1. a1 = RAISE EVENT e1 EXPORTING p1 = a1. ENDMETHOD. CLASS C2 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD m2. a2 = p1. ENDMETHOD. Event trigger Event handler SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 52
53 Declaring and Triggering Events CLASS DEFINITION. SECTION. METHODS EVENTS [EXPORTING VALUE() TYPE [OPTIONAL]]. CLASS-EVENTS CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD RAISE EVENT EXPORTING = ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 53
54 Event Handler Methods CLASS DEFINITION. SECTION. METHODS FOR EVENT OF [IMPORTING SENDER ]. CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 54
55 Event Handling - Registration PROGRAM DATA: trigger TYPE REF TO trigger, handler_1 TYPE REF TO handler, handler_2 TYPE REF TO handler. CREATE OBJECT: trigger, handler_1, handler_2. SET HANDLER handler_1->handle_event handler_2->handle_event FOR trigger. CALL METHOD trigger->raise_event. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 55
56 Handling Events - References Ereignis 2<HANDLER> Methode Methode. 1<HANDLER> 1<TRIGGER> HANDLER_1 TRIGGER HANDLER_2 SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 56
57 Threshold in Counter - Trigger CLASS CLASS counter counter DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS increment. increment. EVENTS EVENTS critical_value critical_value EXPORTING EXPORTING value(excess) value(excess) TYPE TYPE i. i. PRIVATE PRIVATE SECTION. SECTION. DATA: DATA: count count TYPE TYPE i, i, threshold threshold TYPE TYPE i VALUE VALUE CLASS CLASS counter counter IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD increment. increment. DATA DATA diff diff TYPE TYPE i. i. count count = count count IF IF count count > threshold. threshold. diff diff = count count - threshold. threshold. RAISE RAISE EVENT EVENT critical_value critical_value EXPORTING EXPORTING excess excess = diff. diff. ENDIF. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 57
58 Threshold in Counter - Handling CLASS CLASS handler handler DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS handle_excess handle_excess FOR FOR EVENT EVENT critical_value critical_value OF OF counter counter IMPORTING IMPORTING excess. excess. CLASS CLASS handler handler IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD handle_excess. handle_excess. WRITE: WRITE: / Excess Excess is', is', excess. excess. ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. DATA: DATA: cnt cnt TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO counter, counter, react react TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO handler. handler. CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: cnt, cnt, react. react. SET SET HANDLER HANDLER react->handle_excess FOR FOR ALL ALL INSTANCES. INSTANCES. DO DO TIMES. TIMES. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD cnt->increment. cnt->increment. ENDDO. ENDDO. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 58
59 Using Global Classes Class pools Class Browser and Class Builder Class Builder Example: Using CL_GUI_PICTURE SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 59
60 Class Pools CLASS-POOL TYPES TYPES CLASS CLASS Visibility INTERFACE INTERFACE ENDINTERFACE. ENDINTERFACE. CLASS CLASS DEFINITION DEFINITION PUBLIC. PUBLIC. CLASS CLASS IMPLEMENTATION. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 60
61 Class Library and Class Browser SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 61
62 Class Builder SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 62
63 Using a Global Class CLASS CLASS reaction reaction DEFINITION. DEFINITION. PUBLIC PUBLIC SECTION. SECTION. METHODS METHODS on_single_click on_single_click FOR FOR EVENT EVENT picture_click picture_click OF OF cl_gui_picture. cl_gui_picture. DATA: DATA: container1 container1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO cl_gui_custom_container, container2 container2 LIKE LIKE container1, container1, pict1 pict1 TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO cl_gui_picture, cl_gui_picture, pict2 pict2 LIKE LIKE pict1, pict1, react react TYPE TYPE REF REF TO TO reaction, reaction, CREATE CREATE OBJECT: OBJECT: container1 container1 EXPORTING EXPORTING container_name container_name = 'PICTURE1', 'PICTURE1', container2 container2 EXPORTING EXPORTING container_name container_name = 'PICTURE2', 'PICTURE2', pict1 pict1 EXPORTING EXPORTING parent parent = container1, container1, pict2 pict2 EXPORTING EXPORTING parent parent = container2, container2, react. react. SET SET HANDLER HANDLER react->on_single_click FOR FOR pict1. pict1. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD pict1->load_picture_from_url CLASS CLASS reaction reaction IMPLEMENTATION. IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD METHOD on_single_click. CALL CALL METHOD METHOD pict2->load_picture_from_url ENDMETHOD. ENDMETHOD. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 63
64 Example of CL_GUI_PICTURE SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 64
65 Mouse Click SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 65
66 After Mouse Click SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 66
67 Further Information Transaction ABAPDOCU Keyword documentation SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 67
68 Further Information Transaction ABAPDOCU SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 68
69 Further Information Keyword Documentation SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 69
70 Exercises 1. Defining classes 2. Creating objects 3. Deriving classes using inheritance 4. Using interfaces 5. Triggering and handling events SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 70
71 Exercises - Scenario Class "Vehicle" with attribute for speed, and a method for changing it Interface Status With methods for displaying attributes Class "Helicopter" Can handle events from ship Class "Truck" with its own maximum speed and attribute output SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 71 Class "Ship" with its own maximum speed and attribute output, a name, and an event
72 Exercise 1 - Classes Copy the template ABAP_OBJECTS_ENJOY_0 into an own program. Define a local class VEHICLE in the designated area in front of the predefined class MAIN. Class VEHICLE should have the protected instance attributes SPEED and MAX_SPEED for its speed and maximum speed, and the public methods SPEED_UP, STOP, and WRITE. SPEED_UP should have an IMPORTING parameter STEP. The method should increase the speed by STEP, but not allow it to exceed the maximum speed. STOP should reset the speed to zero. WRITE should display a list line containing the speed and the maximum speed. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 72
73 Exercise 2 - Objects Continuing the program from exercise 1, create objects from the class VEHICLE. Program the respective coding in the predefined method START of class MAIN. Define a reference variable VEHICLE with type VEHICLE, and an internal table VEHICLE_TAB, whose line type is also a reference variable to this class. In a DO loop, create a number of instances of the class VEHICLE and insert them into the internal table. In a LOOP construction, call the methods SPEED_UP and WRITE once for each entry in the internal table. When you call SPEED_UP, pass the value SY-TABIX * 10 to the parameter STEP. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 73
74 Exercise 3 - Inheritance Change your program from exercise 2 to define classes TRUCK and SHIP as direct subclasses of VEHICLE. The class TRUCK should have an instance constructor and redefine the method WRITE. The class SHIP should have an IMPORTING parameter NAME, a new public attribute NAME, and should also redefine the method WRITE. The instance constructor of each class should change the maximum speed. The instance constructor of SHIP should set the attribute NAME to the actual parameter that you imported. The WRITE method should show the class from which the display comes. For SHIP, use the NAME attribute. Declare extra reference variables TRUCK and SHIP for the new classes. You can delete the code that creates objects for VEHICLE. Instead, create one instance of each of your new classes and place the corresponding reference into VEHICLE_TAB. Call the method SPEED_UP for both classes using the correct subclass reference, and WRITE using a superclass reference. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 74
75 Exercise 4 - Interfaces Change your program from exercise 3 so that the method WRITE is contained in an interface STATUS. The class VEHICLE should implement the interface instead of its own WRITE method. The name must be changed accordingly in each implementation (including the subclasses), but the function remains the same. Replace the reference variables VEHICLE and the table VEHICLE_TAB with the interface reference STATUS and internal table STATUS_TAB. Use these references to display the status of the objects. Create a new class HELICOPTER that also implements STATUS. Declare an alias WRITE in that class for the interface method. The interface method in HELICOPTER should display a different line from that displayed in VEHICLE. Declare a reference variable HELI for the class HELICOPTER, create a corresponding object, and insert the reference variable into the table STATUS_TAB. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 75
76 Exercise 5 - Events Change your program from exercise 4 to include an event DAMAGED for the class SHIP. Redefine the method SPEED_UP in the class SHIP. When the maximum speed is exceeded, SPEED_UP should set the maximum speed to zero and trigger the event DAMAGED. Add a new method RECEIVE to the class HELICOPTER to allow it to handle the event DAMAGED. Import the implicit parameter SENDER. RECEIVE should use the SENDER parameter to display the name of the ship that triggered the event. Register the handler method of the object to which HELI is pointing as a handler for objects from the class SHIP. Increase the speed of the object from the class SHIP until it exceeds the maximum speed and triggers the event. SAP AG 1999 ABAP Objects - Introduction (Horst Keller) / 76
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