Preface Introduction... 23

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1 Preface Introduction Releases Used New Features in Releases 7.02 and New Features in ABAP New Features in Tools Syntax Conventions in The Official ABAP Reference PART 1 ABAP Overview 2 ABAP Programming Language SAP NetWeaver Scope and Usage Areas Programming Models Unicode PART 2 ABAP Syntax 3 Statements ABAP Words Operands Names for Single Operands Specifying Single Operands Operand Position and Type Data Objects in Operand Positions Functions and Expressions in Operand Positions Operators and Expressions Operators Expressions

2 4 Names Naming Conventions Name Spaces Chained Statements Comments Program Directives Pragmas Pragma Parameters Positioning Pragmas Pseudo Comments PART 3 Program Structure 8 Program Structure Programs Standalone Programs Program Types Introductory Program Statement Executable Programs Additions for the Basic List of the Program Addition for the Message Class Addition for Subroutine Pools Module Pools and Subroutine Pools Function Groups Class Pools Interface Pools Type Groups Modularization Procedures Parameter Interface of Procedures

3 Method Implementation Function Modules Dialog Modules Event Blocks Program Constructor Reporting Events Selection Screen Events and List Events Source Code Modules Include Programs Macros Built-in Elements Built-in Data Types Built-in ABAP Types Generic ABAP Types Built-in Types in the ABAP Dictionary Built-in Data Objects ABAP System Fields space, me, and screen Built-in Functions Syntax of Built-in Functions Overview of Built-in Functions PART 4 Declarative Statements 12 Types and Objects Validity and Visibility Absolute Type Names Shared Objects Data Types and Data Objects Declaring Data Types Defining Types with Predefined ABAP Types Defining Types by Referring to Existing Types Defining Reference Types Defining Structured Types

4 Defining Table Types Defining Ranges Table Types Defining LOB Handle Structures Declaring Data Objects Literals Declaring Variables Declaring Constants Declaring Static Data Objects in Procedures Declaring Table Work Areas Declaring Data Objects for HR Infotypes Classes and Interfaces Defining Classes Declaration Specifying Class Properties Visibility Sections of Classes Class Components Implementation Section Declaring Classes Local Friends of Global Classes Defining Interfaces Definition Interface Components Declaring Interfaces Declaring Components Attributes and Data Types Methods Events Interface Components Field Symbols Typing Syntax of Typing Generic Typing Complete Typing

5 16.2 Checking the Typing General Rules Return Values of Functional Methods Literals as Actual Parameters Functions and Expressions as Actual Parameters PART 5 Generating Objects 17 Creating Objects Creating Data Objects Defining the Data Type Implicitly Defining the Data Type Through Built-in ABAP Types Defining Data Through an Existing Type Creating Data with Reference to a Type Object Creating Reference Variables Creating Internal Tables Creating Shared Objects Treatable Exceptions Creating Instances of Classes Specifying the Class Implicitly Specifying the Class Explicitly Creating Shared Objects Static Parameter Passing Dynamic Parameter Passing Treatable Exceptions PART 6 Executing Program Units 18 Calling Programs Calling Executable Programs Processing an Executable Program Calling of an Executable Program Calling Transactions Calling a Transaction with Returning to the Calling Program Calling a Transaction without Returning to the Calling Program

6 19 Calling Processing Blocks Calling Procedures Internal and External Procedure Call Calling Methods Calling Function Modules Calling Subroutines Calling Event Handlers Triggering Events Registering Event Handlers Calling Event Blocks Exiting Program Units Leaving Programs Exiting Processing Blocks Terminating Processing Blocks Normally Exiting Processing Blocks Unconditionally Exiting Processing Blocks Conditionally Exiting Loops Exiting Loops Unconditionally Exiting Loop Passes Unconditionally Exiting Loop Passes Conditionally PART 7 Program Flow Control 21 Logical Conditions Logical Expressions Comparisons Predicates Evaluating Selection Tables Boolean Operators and Brackets Logical Functions Boolean Functions Predicate Functions

7 22 Control Structures Branches Conditional Branches Case Distinction Loops Unconditional Loops Conditional Loops Interrupting the Program Exception Handling Class-Based Exceptions Exceptions Before the Introduction of Class-Based Exceptions Exceptions in ABAP Statements Runtime Errors PART 8 Assignments 23 Assignment Rules Compatibility of Data Types Compatibility of Non-Generic Data Types Compatibility of Generic Data Types Reference Types Conversion Rules for Elementary Data Objects Source Field Type c Source Field Type d Source Field Type decfloat16 or decfloat Source Field Type f Source Field Type i, b, or s Source Field Type n Source Field Type p Source Field Type string Source Field Type t Source Field Type x Source Field Type xstring Numeric Values in Character-Type Fields

8 23.3 Conversion Rules for Structures Unicode Fragment View Conversion between Flat Structures Conversion between Flat Structures and Single Fields Conversion Rules for Internal Tables Assignment Rules for Reference Variables Static and Dynamic Type Assignments between Data Reference Variables Assignments between Object Reference Variables System Class for Character Set Conversion and Number Format Conversion Assigning Values General Assignment Lossless Assignment Lossless Assignment of Elementary Data Objects Lossless Assignment of Structures Lossless Assignment of Internal Tables Lossless Assignment of Reference Variables Treatable Exceptions Multiple Assignments Assigning Structure Components Special Assignment of a Packed Number Setting References Assigning Data Objects to Field Symbols Specifying the Memory Area Specifying the Data Type Specifying Area Limits Treatable Exceptions Retrieving Data References Initializations Initializing Data Objects Releasing Memory Initializing Field Symbols

9 PART 9 Processing Internal Data 27 Numerical Calculations Statements for Numerical Calculations Statement for Calculation Expressions Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic Operators Bracketing Calculation Type Treatable Exceptions Numerical Functions General Numerical Functions Numerical Extreme Value Functions Floating Point Functions Rounding Functions Treatable Exceptions System Classes for Mathematical Operations Operations with Floating Point Numbers Random Numbers Character String and Byte String Processing Properties of Character String and Byte String Processing Character Strings and Byte Strings Operands in Character String and Byte String Processing Trailing Blanks in Character String Processing Statements for Character String and Byte String Processing Concatenate Find Replace Shift Split Condense Conversion into a Sortable Format

10 Overlay Translate Format Setting Single Bits Reading Single Bits Character String Expressions Character String Templates Chaining Operator Treatable Exceptions Character String Functions Description Functions Processing Functions Common Parameters Treatable Exceptions Regular Expressions Syntax of Regular Expressions Single Character Patterns Character String Patterns Search Patterns Replacement Patterns Simplified Regular Expressions Testing Regular Expressions Exceptions in Regular Expressions Expressions and Functions for Byte String Processing Bit Expressions Byte String Functions System Classes for Character String and Byte String Processing String Processing Compression Internal Tables Properties of Internal Tables Table Type Table Category Table Key Access to Internal Tables Administration Costs of Internal Tables

11 29.2 Statements for Internal Tables Reading Single Lines Loop Processing Control Level Processing Inserting Lines Inserting Compressed Lines Appending Lines Modifying Lines Deleting Lines Sorting Syntax for Component Specifications Syntax for Key Specifications Character and Byte String Processing in Internal Tables Table Function Special Statement for Internal Tables Extracts Declaring Field Groups Defining the Line Structure Filling the Extract Dataset Sorting the Extract Dataset Reading the Extract Dataset Control-Level Processing Counter Sums Properties of Data Specifying Elementary Properties Elementary Properties of Any Data Objects Elementary Properties of Internal Tables Distance between Data Objects Run Time Type Services Streaming Classes and Interfaces for Streams Classes for Data Streams and Filter Streams

12 Interfaces and Superclasses Important Methods Streaming for Data Objects Streaming for Strings Streaming for Internal Tables

Official ABAP Programming Guidelines

Horst Keller, Wolf Hagen Thummel Official ABAP Programming Guidelines. Galileo Press Bonn Contents Foreword Acknowledgments ^ ^ 1.1 What Are Programming Guidelines? 17 1.2 Why Programming Guidelines? 18