Trends in Open Source Security. FOSDEM 2013 Florian Weimer Red Hat Product Security Team
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1 Trends in Open Source Security FOSDEM 2013 Florian Weimer Red Hat Product Security Team
2 Overview 2 Vulnerability tracking Tool-chain hardening Distribution-wide defect analysis
3 CVE-based vulnerability tracking CVE CVE assignment alerts distributions Works well for public issues 3 oss-security mailing list and Kurt Seifried Many vendors also assign CVE identifiers
4 Version-based vulnerability tracking For each branch, note the minimum fixed version Very complicated, with subtle corner cases 4 Tied to a version numbering scheme and branching model
5 Version-based tracking for CVE CVE (active_support/core_ext/hash/conversions.rb in Ruby on Rails before...) - rails (bug #697722; high) [squeeze] - rails squeeze4.1 - ruby-activesupport (bug #697789) - ruby-activesupport (bug #697790) - ruby-extlib (bug #697895) - libextlib-ruby <removed> (bug #697895) 5
6 Example packages for CVE rails (bug #697722; high) [squeeze] - rails squeeze4.1 6 Fixed package versions 2: (testing/wheezy) squeeze6 (stable/squeeze) Unfixed package versions: (testing/wheezy) squeeze1 (stable/squeeze) Can be used to rate the packages on a system
7 Vulnerability tracking with tracker bugs bugzilla.redhat.com entry with the CVE as an alias Will be made public after disclosure Extensive metadata in the Whiteboard field This tracker bug depends on product-specific bugs Lots of automation, relying on Bugzilla features 7 Uploads to Fedora post information in the Bzs Rather different from version-based tracking
8 Tracker bugs example: CVE has these dependencies: Fedora bug: Fedora EPEL bug: Red Hat OpenShift Enterprise internal bugs Red Hat Subscription Asset Manager internal bugs Tied to RHSA-2013: Red Hat CloudForms bugs 8 Tied to RHSA-2013: Tied to RHSA-2013:0155-1
9 Vulnerability tracking requirements Ubuntu, Gentoo, OpenSuSE etc. use similar schemes Most upstreams provide critical information Analysis in their security advisory or bug tracker Links to individual patches/commits Otherwise, it has to be reverse engineered Distributions publish isolated security patches 9 Time-consuming, better spend on patch review/testing Related discussions on the public oss-security list
10 Cross-distro information sharing opportunities 10 Package names and versioning schemes differ Encoding of upstream versions differs CVE packages mapping could be shared Application for Common Platform Enumeration (CPE)?
11 Public version control repositories Please publish your security patches in a publicly accessible version control repository as separate commits! There is really no point in hiding this information. (Not a trend yet let's hope it does not turn into one.) 11
12 Toolchain hardening 12
13 Toolchain hardening 13 Probabilistic countermeasures against code execution Make the program crash, not run code These bugs still need fixing!
14 Toolchain hardening Address space layout randomization Non-executable stack, heap 14 malloc/free hardening against direct exploitation of double-free bugs -fstack-protector (stack canaries, if enabled) Compiler warnings (errors for format strings) operator new[] hardening New feature in GCC 4.8 Backported to Fedora 18
15 Toolchain hardening: FORTIFY_SOURCE 15 GCC provides access to array sizes using builtin_object_size In cases where this is possible GNU libc passes length to wrapper functions GNU libc disables %n in writable format strings
16 Unused hardening opportunities bit Do not use prelink Randomization of program start address (PIE) BIND_NOW global offset table (GOT) protection -fwrapv (deterministic integer overflow) -fstack-check
17 Stack checking 17 alloca argument allows arbitrary stack pointer adjustment -fcheck-stack has considerable code size impact Some assembly required Use stack boundary provided by split stacks
18 Subscript checking for operator[] Affects std::vector, std::string, std::array 18 vec[i] C++ standard gives permission for bounds checking Library-only change has performance impact Further research needed Interim workaround: use vec.at(i)
19 Hardening and performance There is a trade-off Real-world attack data enables objective decisions ineffective 19 effective new attack
20 More far-reaching changes 20 Improving memory safety for C/C++ Bounded pointers/array slices Garbage collection attribute annotations Vtable dispatch changes (for C++) Ranges instead of iterators (for C++) Library consolidation FLOSS-specific secure coding guidelines Better APIs?
21 Changing the game 21 A bunch of new system programming languages Go, LuaJIT, Rust And a few older ones: Ada, Haskell, Java, Ocaml Incremental conversion requires deep embedding No kernel threads, no changes to signal handlers Isolated language run-time states This is an implementation issue. At the moment, only Ada and LuaJIT qualify
22 Vulnerabilities and side effects CVE : tls-extra certificate validation Haskell is a real programming language now! The vulnerability is in imperative code. 22 But it could have been pure/side-effect-free. Vulnerabilities are not necessarily side effects.
23 Distribution-wide defect analysis 23
24 Static analysis Year 2012 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 24 ~600 changes ( errata ) in 340 source packages Before/after comparison for every errata Matches so far: CVE (freeradius) Error handling improvements in PostgreSQL Actual bug for psacct (837621), unixodbc (628909)
25 Fedora static analysis efforts 25 mock-with-analysis Firehose exchange format
26 Global analysis assistance Analysis of an entire distribution, not a single package Source code search engines 26 Search for YAML\.load
27 Global analysis asssistence 27 ELF symbol databases Simpler to set up than source code indexing Full power of PostgreSQL
28 Uses for symbol databases Joins and anti-joins point to potential vulnerabilities billion laughs denial of service with Expat Privilege escalation via unsafe environment access 28 Program calls XML_ParserCreate, but not XML_SetEntityDeclHandler DSO defines PAM or NSS entry points and DSO calls getenv or calls a function in a library which calls getenv (perhaps indirectly)
29 Improved tools for global analysis 29 More detailed data than ELF symbols Debugging information Compiled binaries after disassembly Java, Python, support Dynamic languages will need heuristics
30 Improved tools for global analysis Efficient search for function calls with certain arguments 30 umask(0) curl_easy_setopt(handle, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 1L) realpath(path, buffer) where buffer is not NULL ELF symbols could locate binaries Disassembly could extract function arguments
31 Conclusion Let's try to fix alloca. Static analysis and code search engines are exciting. Questions? And: Please share your version control repository! 31
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