International Journal of Mathematics & Computing. Research Article

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1 Open Access Scientific Publisher Research Article C/C++ PROGRAM: DETERMINATION OF ENERGY BAND GAP FROM UV-VISIBLE SPECTROGRAPH RESULTS ABSTRACT Rajivgandhi S 1, Dinesh Kumar A 2, Balamurugan K 2 1 Assistant Professor of Physics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India 2 Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India. Correspondence should be addressed to Rajivgandhi S Received June 16, 2015; Accepted July 02, 2015; Published July 07, 2015; Copyright: 2015 Rajivgandhi S et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cite This Article:S, R., A, D., K, B.(2015). C/C++ Program: Determination of Energy Band Gap from UV-Visible Spectrograph Results. International Journal of Mathematics & Computing, 1(1).1-6 Currently computers are used in all areas of research and development. Main theme of this article is how and why we will use the high level programming languages like C/C++ languages for simple calculation in physics. This article reports the energy band gap of materials using C program. The calculation made by characterization of sample using absorbance spectrum of sample is obtained from UV Vis Spectrometer. We have written and executed the C program successfully for the calculation of band gap energy. While executing the program we got better and accurate results. KEY WORDS:C/C++ program, energy band gap, UV-Visible spectrograph INTRODUCTION computer is an automatic electronic machine for making calculation and controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical term. The old version computers are less powerful and usage compared than today s computer. Earlier versions are designed with much less advantage. But today s computers are more powerful and have more usage. Now-a-days computers are used in science and engineering, aerospace technology, weather report, pollution, agriculture, economic planning, astronomy, bio-medical, real time speech recognition, robotics and etc. Many scientific instruments are programmed in C (e.g., CCD cameras and special purpose interface cards invariably come with a C library interfaces). In general, problems in physics are very difficult to solve exactly. In physics, more problems are solved by C/C++ programs. Especially in mathematical physics, numerical calculations such as Newton-Raphson method, Range-Kutta method, Simpson rule, Euler formula, etc., are simply done by C/C++ programs. Similarly classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, nuclear physics and nonlinear optics problems are also easily solved by computer languages. We are facing some difficulties to calculate energy band gap manually while writing my previous article. To come out from that difficulty, we think how do we solve this problem simply? We found one good idea that is C/C++ programming. It is a simplest method and time consumption is low METHOD OF DETERMINING ENERGY BAND GAP USING C/C++ PROGRAM The prepared samples are characterized by UV-Visible spectrometer. After completion of the characterization process we have two spectrum namely absorbance and transmittance spectrum. Since the spectrum we take value of wavelength at absorbance or transmittance edge for calculation. 1

2 Formula used International Journal of Mathematics & Computing The below mentioned formula is taken to calculate the Energy band gap of the materials [1] Where, E g = hc λ J =hc λe ev h -Plank s constant (6.625x10-34 J.sec) C - Velocity of light (3x10 8 m/s) E x10-19 Coulomb Program execution process Develop an algorithm and flowchart Write the program in computer language Enter the program in to the computer Test and debug the program Run the program, input data and get the results from the computer Single sample Coding Algorithm Start the program Read the lambda value Calculate E = ((h*c)/ (lambda*e)*1000) Print the value of lambda and E Stop the program FLOW CHART: START READ lambda CALCULATE E = ((h*c) / (lambda*e)*1000) PRINT lambdaand E 2 STOP

3 PROGRAM International Journal of Mathematics & Computing include<stdio.h> include<conio.h> include<string.h> void main() float h=6.625,c=3,e=1.602,lambda,e; clrscr(); printf("enter the value of lambda in angstrom unit:"); scanf("%f",&lambda); E=((h*c)/(e*lambda)*1000); printf("\n \n"); printf(" CALCULATION OF ENERGY BAND GAP \n"); printf(" \n"); printf("lambda\t\t\t\tenergy band gap \nin X10^(-10)m\t\t\tin ev\n"); printf(" \n"); printf("%f\t\t\t%f\n",lambda,e); printf(" \n"); printf("\th=6.625x10^(-34)j.sec c=3x10^8 m/sec\n"); printf(" "); getch(); Multi sample Coding Algorithm Start the program Read the n and lambda value Initialize i. If the condition i<=n is true, calculate, E = ((h*c)/(lambda*e)*1000).go to step 5 f the condition is false go to step 5 Print the value of lambda and E Stop the program 3

4 FLOW CHART START READ n and lambda for(i=1;i<=n;i++) FALSE TRUE CALCULATE E = ((h*c) / (lambda*e)*1000) PRINT SNo, Samplecode, lambda & E PROGRAM STOP include<stdio.h> include<conio.h> include<string.h> void main() Int SNo[100],n,i; Char Samplecode[20]; float h=6.625,c=3,e=1.602,lambda[100],e; clrscr(); printf("enter 'n' value:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) {printf("\nsno %d:\n",i); printf("enter Samplecode:\n"); 4 scanf("%s",samplecode[i]); printf("enter lambda value in angstrom unit:\n"); scanf("%f",&lambda[i]); clrscr();

$printf("\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n"); printf(" \t CALCULATION OF ENERGY BAND GAP \n");$

5 printf("\n \n"); printf(" \t CALCULATION OF ENERGY BAND GAP \n"); printf(" \n"); printf("sno\tsamplecode\tlambda\t\t\tenergy band gap \n\t\t\tin X10^(-10)m\t\tin ev\n"); printf(" \n"); for(i=1;i<=n;i++){ E=((h*c)/(e*lambda[i])*1000); printf("%d\t%s\t\t%f\t\t%f\n",i,samplecode[i],lambda[i],e); printf(" \n");} printf("\th=6.625x10^(-34)j.sec c=3x10^8 m/sec\n"); printf(" "); getch();} RESULTS Procedure to get output The users should follow the following steps. Install TurboC3/TurboC4 in computer. Feed the program in to the computer. Save the program with appropriate extension. For example, filename.c or filename.cpp Press ALT+F9 or click on Compile on menu bar If it shows any error, edit the program. Else if no error press CTRL+F9 or click Run on menu bar. Now enter input data. Output is displayed as shown in fig 1 and fig 2. Figure 1: Output and Results for single sample 5

Figure 2:Output and Results for multi sample DISCUSSIONS The user should enter the lambda value in terms of angstrom unit(x10-10 m) only. The user doesn t worry about that the powers of inputs.

6 Figure 2:Output and Results for multi sample DISCUSSIONS The user should enter the lambda value in terms of angstrom unit(x10-10 m) only. The user doesn t worry about that the powers of inputs. You just enter the integer value only. Powers of inputs are calculated manually and are adjusted in our program. Consider the following example, E= hc λe = 6.625x x3x x10 10 x1.602x 10 19= x103 = x1000 = ev. If the user is willing to enter the wavelength in nano meters (10-9 m), multiply by 100 and make necessary change in the formula, E=((h*C/lambda*e)*100). CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS Computers play a vital role in research and development. It reduces the time consumption in calculation. Some High level languages made easy to calculate this parameter rather than manual calculation. The energy band gap determination is one of the important parameter to analyse the characteristics of chemical elements. In the field of research and development, it is a part. This characterization is very useful to classify the material whether conductor or insulator or semiconductor. The energy band gaps are determined with the help of computer(c Program). In future we need some improvement in turbo C/C++ software. First problem is while run the program powers of inputs can t be entered when the computer asked to enter the input data. Another one is power of output also cannot be displayed in monitor. REFERENCES [1] Jayant Dharma, PerkinElmer Technical Center, Aniruddha Pisal, Global Application Laboratory, PerkinElmer, Inc. Shelton, CT USA. Simple Method of Measuring the Band Gap Energy Value of TiO2 in the Powder Form using a UV/Vis/NIR Spectrometer. 6

LABORATORY MANUAL. (CSE-103F) FCPC Lab

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