Chapter 1. OO e OO. (Pattern) Alexander) (context) (elements) k. (issue) Š. (name) (classification)

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1 Chapter 1 OO OO l s ( )l s( ƒ n n m² OO Œ ž OO k ž OO Œ n (Pattern) k ps ½ s x n k w wyÿ i OO wk n Ÿ Äwy ½ x wž yy? Pattrn (core) ƒ n y (Christopher Alexander) l ƒ gp (context) (elements) k k (cosequences) (trade-off) g Ÿkk³ ³ ³  ³ k p g(abstract) ± ³ OO e OO (issue) Š Š ³ (name) (classification) (Intent)(rational)

2 (Also Known As) (Motivation) (Applicability) ƒ (Structure) (Participants) (Collaborations) y (Consequences) y l (independently) (Implementation) l ³ (Sample Code) C++ Smalltalk w (Known Uses) (Related Patterns)³ j ( ) ƒ (creational) (structural) (composition) (behavioral)(interact) k w ¾ (static) compile-time (fixed) k run-time x (dynamic) (create) ¾(compose) ¾ (algorithms)(flow of control) l y (reference) 23 ƒ xn

3 P10 Table1.1 Design Pattern Space (purpose) (creational) (structural) (behavioral) (scope) (Class) (Factory Method) (Adapter) (Interpreter) (Template Method) g (Object) (Abstract Factory) (Adapter) (Chain of Responsibility) (Builder) (Prototype) (Singleton) (Bridge) (Composite) (Decorator) (Facade) j (Flyweight) (Proxy) (Command) (Iterator) (Mediator) (Memento) (Observer) (State) (Strategy) (Visitor) OO l s (identify) (less-obvious) Â (abstractions) x (granularity) j o jo o }x (application) (Facade) j(flyweight) j g (Abstract Factory)(Builder) (Visitor) (Command)

4 Š (specifying) Ÿ (operation) Ÿ Ÿ s x m Ÿ(signature) (interface) (request) (type) (particular) windows Ÿ windows ƒ (subset)(contains)(supertype) (subtype)š ¾ sÿl Ÿ ƒ(run-time) (dynamic binding) e l n ƒ (polymorphism)(client) l k (couple)k w (identify)±(key element) wm ƒg Š kn (Decorator) (Proxy)l (Visitor)l(reflect) Š ¾ g(abstract class)(common)g ng(instantiate) gÿ (operation) gÿ (abstract operations) g (concrete class)n ƒ Ÿ Œ(override) ¾¾ Š

5 Ÿ Š (instance) Š ¾ Š (code) (representation) ¾() ¾¾ n C++ ¾¾ ¾ ¾ f (pure virtual member functions)¾ C++ g(pure abstract class) ² ¾¾ l C++g e (Chain of Responsibility Pattern) l (common) (Composite Pattern) (Command)(Observer) (State) (Strategy) g Œ (Programming to a Interface, not a Implementation) ¾ w(reusing)x n ¾ ¾ (g¾ ) (polymorphism) g ¾ ng ŒŸ ² ŸŸg 1. (client)y 2. y yg k OO Œ (Programming to a Interface, not a Implementation) Š g(g ) l y ¾(composition) w ¾ o(white-box) (visibility) ¾ ƒ nw k y l mo(black-box)}m

6 ¾ ³ ¾ ¾ys Œ Ÿ ¾Ÿ ¾³¾ ¾ ¾ Å ¾ ¾ s n s¾ l wn ƒ ¾ g wl fl Šklkp wn x ¾ (task)¾xn OO ƒj ¾ (Favor object composition over class inheritance) ƒj ny y x ¾ nn Š¾ x (Delegation) (receiving object) ( delegate) y y ³ C++¾ this (Delphi self )(member variable)m Windows Rectangle( )¾ (² Windows ) Windows Windows (instance variable) Š Windows Ÿl Windows ¾ y ³ Windows ³x x Ÿg

7 n x fw x x q (State) (Strategy)(Visitor) y w Ÿ «(Mediator)k p m (Chain of Responsibility) e (Bridge) g k gsg o ¾y ¾ (Parameterized Types) ƒ y ( OO) (Generics) Ada Eiffel(Templates) C++ l s Integer Integer String String s List ƒ OO ƒ w ox 1. o( Template Method) 2. m( Strategy) 3. C++ x ¾ C++ Delphi v Š Š ************************************************************************** Design Patterns Parameterized Typese C++ Templates Ada Eiffel genericsƒƒln This technique lets you define a type without specifying all the other types it usesà sž o

8 C++ Templates ŠKaare Christian 1994/01/25 ³ Templates ³Š Š mƒy y y h f C++ «Template f Š x³ Œ¼ Long X Y k float s C++ overloaded functions¾ã Function Overloading x l Ä Templates x ¼kŒ C++ Templates Template Ÿ Macros f C l Œ ³ overloaded functions ³ Template Functions Power() int C++ Œ int power(int base, int exp){ int result = base; if (exp == 0) return (int) 1; if (exp < 0) return (int) 0; while (--exp) result *= base; return result;} long C++ Œ long power(long base, int exp){

9 long result = base; if (exp == 0) return (long) 1; if (exp < 0) return (long) 0; while (--exp) result *= base; return result;} float o l Œ Template Œ C++ Template Œ template <class T> T power(t base, int exp){ T result = base; if (exp == 0) return (T) 1; if (exp < 0) return (T) 0; while (--exp) result *= base; return result;} l T ƒ k void main(){ int i = power(5, 4) // i=625 T int long l = power(1000l, 3) // l= T long // } Template Classes Ada Eiffel generics Building Application Frameworks 334 Figure 14.7 Object Pascal Java Smalltalk Template ž Parameterized Types ž

10 Š Object Pascal s Š Template Classes s Container Classes C++ q Template Standard Template Library STL ƒ Containers Generic Algorithms Iterators Function objects Adaptors Allocators Microsoft Foundation Classes Collection Classes STL Delphi TList TCollection TStringList  Container Classes ¾ TObject Template Generic f RTTI Runtime Type Information ************************************************************************** OO ³ kœ k p x k (aggregate) Š½(acquaintance) k (manifest) (aggregate)ÿ l (heaving) ŸiŠ½(acquaintance) (knows of) (association) (using) Š½Ÿ Š ½xk (coupling) (aggregator) aggregateinstance (aggregatee) Š½ Š½ (acquaintor) Š½ (acquaintee) acquainteinstance C++ Š½ Š½Ÿ (intent) (language mechanisms) Š½ m x (relationship)(permanent) Š½ s Ÿ (operation)sx ½ l l ((scope) )n (Composite) (Decorator)

11 (Observer) (Chain of Responsibility)ƒ¾ (Designing for Change) ±n Ãl ilnnn Å h n ƒ³(aspect) ƒ 1. (Creating an object by specifying a class explicility) s k g (Abstract Factory) (Factory Method) (Prototype) 2. Ÿ (Dependence on specific operation) s Ÿ w Œ(hard-coded) (Chain of Responsibility) (Command) 3. (Dependence on hardware and software platform) o (APIs) g (Abstract Factory)(Builder) 4. (Dependence on object representations or implementations) s (represented) (stored)w(located) (implemented) l ² (keep changes from cascading) g (Abstract Factory)(Builder)(Memento) (Proxy) 5. (Algorithmic dependencies) (extent) (optimized) l l{ (Bridge) (Iterator) (Strategy) (Template Method)(Visitor) 6. (Tight coupling) Ÿ Äg(abstract coupling) Œ (layering) (loosely coupling) g (Abstract Factory) (Bridge)(Chain of

12 Responsibility) (Command) (Facade)(Memento) (Observer) 7. ¾ (Extending functionality by subclassing)¾ n (overhead)( initialization finalization )l ˆ(overriding)Ÿ l ˆ ˆŸl¾ Ÿ¾ ¾ n y n ³y n n (Bridge)(Chain of Responsibility) (Composite) (Decorator)(Observer) (Strategy) 8. (Inability to alter classes conveniently) l (Adapter) (Decorator)(Visitor) x (application Programs) (Toolkits) (Frameworks) (dictates)(architecture) (structure) ~k (thread) (design reuse) (code reuse) Œ žk (inversion of control)(toolkit) Œ Œ l ŒŸ (conventions) ƒ Ä Ÿ ³ lƒ Ÿs

13 ³ ž sž² ž w ž ³ 1. g (embody) 2. x(architectural) 3. x x  y OO yƒ OO Œ Å 2000/11/6 Ÿ v f (intent) Š (intent) k Š (Related) k Š žn(designing for Change) n(redesign)f n lnžl n³n (encapsulating the concept that varies) Table1.2 Design aspect that let you vary 1. Ÿ o (applicability) (consequences) v Š 2. (structure) (participants)(collaborations)v 3. (sample code)ž 4. Ÿ (participants) 5. ¾ y

14 Š 6. Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ 7. Ÿy(implementation) v (sample code) Table1.2 Design aspect that Design Patterns let you vary ³(Aspect that can Vary) g (Families) (creational) (Abstract Factory) (Builder) (subclass of object that is instantiated) (Factory Method) (Prototype) (class of object that is instantiated) (Singleton) (Adapter) (interface to an object) (structural) (Bridge) (Composite) (structure and composition of an object) (Decorator) ¾(responsibilities) (Facade) (interface to a subsystem) j(flyweight) k(storage costs of objects) (Proxy) w(how an object is accessed; it location) (Chain of y(object that can fulfill a request) (behavioral) Responsibility) (Command) y (when and how a request is fulfilled) (Interpreter) À(grammar and interpretation of a language) (Iterator) (aggregate s elements) (traversed) (Mediator) (Memento) (what private information is stored outside an object, and when) (Observer) Ã (number of object that depend on another object, how the dependent objects stay up to date) (State) (state of an object) (Strategy) (a algorithm) (steps of an algorithm) (Template Method) (Visitor) Ÿ l(operations that can be applied to objects without changing their classes)

15 2000/11/7

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