Overview. Iteration 4 kinds of loops. Infinite Loops. for while do while foreach
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1 Repetition
2 Overview Iteration 4 kinds of loops for while do while foreach Infinite Loops
3 Iteration One thing that computers do well is repeat commands Programmers use loops to accomplish this 4 kinds of loops in C# for loop while loop do while loop foreach loop
4 Criteria for loops 1.Usually have some initial condition Starting a Beginning in a certain state 2.Must have a test to continue 3.Must make progress towards finishing
5 Loops in Everyday Life Bad children are told to write sentences on the board I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank Have to write this sentence either A certain number of times Until the teacher is happy As many as you can during break
6 The for loop Good when you know exactly how many times you need to execute something Has format: for (<initialization>; <test to continue>; <increment>) { // everything in here is what is repeated // over and over again Initialization is where the is given a starting value The test determines whether or not to continue The increment can be any amount, including negative, and occurs after the loop statements execute
7 Satisfying the Teacher Example: 1000 sentences? No problem int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( I will not pour Clorox ); // Remember, ++ is the same as // = + 1
8 But I want them numbered! No problem int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
9 Why this works 1 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
10 Why this works true 1 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
11 Why this works 1 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the Fish Tank
12 Why this works 2 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
13 Why this works true 2 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
14 Why this works 2 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); Output: 2 I will not pour Clorox in the Fish Tank
15 Why this works 3 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
16 Why this works true 3 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
17 Why this works 3 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); Output: 3 I will not pour Clorox in the Fish Tank
18 Why this works 4 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
19 When will it end? We see that this will go on for a while It s a little more interesting later around 1000
20 Why this works true 999 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
21 Why this works 999 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); Output: 999 I will not pour Clorox in the Fish Tank
22 Why this works 1000 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
23 Why this works true for last time 1000 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
24 Why this works (are we finished?) 1000 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); Output: 1000 I will not pour Clorox in the Fish Tank
25 Why this works 1001 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour );
26 Why this works false 1001 int ; for ( = 1; <= 1000; ++) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not pour ); // Jump down here and continue
27 Final Output 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank. 2 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank. 3 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank. 4 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank.
28 The while loop Good for when you don t know how many times to repeat Teacher says Write until I m happy Has format: while (<boolean value>) { // stuff to repeat over and over
29 Example bool teacherhappy = false; int linenumber = 1; while (!teacherhappy) { Console.WriteLine (linenumber + I will not ); linenumber++; teacherhappy = attitudefunction ( ); // assume attitudefunction can change // teacherhappy
30 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
31 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
32 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
33 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
34 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
35 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
36 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
37 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not );
38 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
39 Infinite Loops This loop isn t making a lot of progress! Loops that repeat forever are called infinite loops Apparently lock up Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank.. Continue forever
40 Problem Solved int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
41 Problem Solved int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
42 Problem Solved int = 1; 1 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; Output: 1 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
43 Problem Solved int = 1; 2 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; // Remember, ++ is the same as // = + 1
44 Example: Re-Writing (using a while loop) int = 1; 2 while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
45 Problem Solved int = 1; while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; 2
46 Problem Solved int = 1; while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; 2 Output: 2 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
47 Problem Solved int = 1; while ( < 1000) { Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; 3
48 How does it end? int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 999 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
49 How does it end? int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 999 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
50 How does it end? int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 999 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
51 Problem Solved int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 999 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; Output: 999 I will not pour Clorox in the fish tank
52 How does it end? int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 1000 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
53 How does it end? int = 1; while ( < 1000) { 1000 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
54 How does it end? int = 1; now false while ( < 1000) { 1000 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++; // So we never print out // 1000 I will not pour Clorox in the fishtank
55 Another Problem Solved int = 1; now true while ( <= 1000) { 1000 Console.WriteLine ( + I will not ); ++;
56 The do-while loop Similar to while loop Must execute at least one time (test is at bottom) Has format: do { while (<boolean value>);
57 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 0 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
58 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 0 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
59 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 1 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
60 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 1 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3); Output: 1
61 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 1 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
62 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 2 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
63 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 2 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3); Output: 2
64 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 2 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3);
65 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 3 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3); // Note: is now 3, but we still have // to finish out the loop it doesn t skip
66 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 3 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3); Output: 3
67 Example (count from 1 to 3) int = 0; 3 do { ++; Console.WriteLine (); while ( < 3); now false, so loop is finished
68 The foreach loop Often we have a collection of data We d like to do something to each one of the items in the collection Certainly we can do this with a for loop But C# provides a new loop foreach References an item in the collection Provides access to it Loops through all elements in the collection
69 foreach template foreach (<TYPE> <NAME> in <COLLECTION>) { WORK TO BE DONE ON EACH ITEM
70 A sample application
71 foreach example Assuming we had a listbox control called listboxnames with strings in it foreach (string currentname in listboxnames.items) { MessageBox.Show(currentName.ToUpper()); Displays all of the strings in capitalization to the user in MessageBoxes.
72 foreach vs. for loop The previous foreach loop on the collection using a for loop: for(int i=0; i < listboxnames.items.count; i++) { string currentname = (string)(listboxnames.items[i]); MessageBox.Show(currentName.ToUpper());
73 Summary for loops good for when you know how many times you want to repeat while and do-while good for when you don t foreach loop useful for processing collections All loops must finish, or they become infinite loops All loops must have a test to continue, or they become infinite loops
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