A <Basic> C++ Course
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- Merilyn Bradley
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1 A <Basic> C++ Course 5 Constructors / destructors operator overloading Julien Deantoni adapted from Jean-Paul Rigault courses
2 This Week A little reminder Constructor / destructor Operator overloading Programmation multi paradigmes 2
3 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function declaration is given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: int get_num() const; int get_denom() const; void set_num(const int newnum); void set_denom(const int newdenom); //... ; Rational.h Programmation multi paradigmes 3
4 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function declaration is given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: int get_num() const; int get_denom() const; void set_num(const int newnum); void set_denom(const int newdenom); //... ; A class defines a name scope Rational.h Programmation multi paradigmes 4
5 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function declaration is given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: A prototype with a const suffix int get_num() const; indicates that the member-function int get_denom() const; does not modify its instance argument void set_num(const int newnum); void set_denom(const int newdenom); //... ; Rational.h Programmation multi paradigmes 5
6 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function declaration is given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: int get_num() const; int get_denom() const; void set_num(const int newnum); void set_denom(const int newdenom); //... ; A parameter with a const prefix indicates that the parameter is in read only inside the associated function Rational.h Programmation multi paradigmes 6
7 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function definition is given outside the class definition int Rational::get_num() const{ return _num; int Rational::get_denom() const{ return _denom; void Rational::set_num(const int newnum){ _num = newnum; return; void Rational::set_denom(const int newdenom){ _denom = newdenom; return; Rational.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 7
8 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function definition is given outside the class definition int Rational::get_num() const{ These functions are member return _num; functions so their qualified named are required int Rational::get_denom() const{ return _denom; void Rational::set_num(const int newnum){ _num = newnum; return; void Rational::set_denom(const int newdenom){ _denom = newdenom; return; Rational.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 8
9 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function definition is given outside the class definition int Rational::get_num() const{ return _num; int Rational::get_denom() const{ return _denom; void Rational::set_num(const int newnum){ _num = newnum; We should check that return; newdenom is different from 0 void Rational::set_denom(const int newdenom){ _denom = newdenom; return; Rational.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 9
10 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function can only be called through a class instance (selection operator.) int main() { Rational arationalobject = 2; arationalobject.set_num(6); //a call to a member function return 0; main.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 10
11 Declaration / definition of member-functions A member-function can only be called through a class instance (selection operator. Or -> if pointer) int main() { Rational arationalobject = 2; Rational * arationalobjectpointer = &arationalobject; arationalobject.set_num(6); //a call to a member function arationalobjectpointer->set_num(6); // same than the previous line return 0; main.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 11
12 Inline definition of member-functions A member-function body may be given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: int get_num() const { return _num; int get_denom() const { return _denom; //... ; Rational.h Then the member-function is implicitly inline Programmation multi paradigmes 12
13 Inline definition of member-functions A member-function body may be given within the class definition class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: int get_num() const { return _num; Inline means that function calls may int get_denom() const be replaced by the textual expansion { return _denom; of its body instead of generating a function call sequence //... ; Rational.h Then the member-function is implicitly inline Programmation multi paradigmes 13
14 Inline definition of member-functions Inline means that function calls may inline int Rational::get_num() const{ be replaced by the textual expansion return _num; of its body instead of generating a function call sequence inline int Rational::get_denom() const{ return _denom; Rational.cpp void Rational::set_num(const int newnum){ _num = newnum; return; void Rational::set_denom(const int newdenom){ _denom = newdenom; return; Rational.cpp Programmation multi paradigmes 14
15 This Week A little reminder Constructor / destructor Operator overloading Programmation multi paradigmes 15
16 Constructors Initialization constructor Initialize the value with the given parameters (or the default parameters) If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(parameterType aparam = defaultvalue); Copy constructor Initialize the value with the one of the object given If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(const MyClass &); Programmation multi paradigmes 16
17 Constructors Initialization constructor Initialize the value with the given parameters (or the default parameters) If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(parameterType aparam = defaultvalue); Almost every time called automatically by the compiler Copy constructor Initialize the value with the one of the object given If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(const MyClass &); Called when an object is created and initialized with another object of the same type + when at the beginning of a function call with a copy paradigm Programmation multi paradigmes 17
18 Constructors Initialization constructor Initialize the value with the given parameters (or the default parameters) If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(parameterType aparam = defaultvalue); Copy constructor Initialize the value with the one of the object given If necessary, allocate the required memory MyClass(const MyClass &); If the copy constructor is private, you forbid using copy during any function call: void f (MyClass c); void f (MyClass& c); //KO //OK Programmation multi paradigmes 18
19 Destructor Destructor Release the memory that has been previously allocated ~MyClass(); Almost every time called automatically by the compiler An object is destroyed at the end of the block in which it was created unless the memory allocation has been explicit (i.e. except a call to new) Programmation multi paradigmes 19
20 Constructor & Conversions of objects A one argument constructor defines an implicit conversion from the argument type to the class type The following are all equivalent Rational r = 3; Rational r = (Rational)3; Rational r(3); Rational r {3; //C++11 In all cases there is one constructor call, Rational(int) Programmation multi paradigmes 20
21 Constructor & Conversions of objects Implicit conversions in the other direction can also be defined Class Rational( public: operator double();; Rational::operator double() const { return (double)_num/ (double)_denom; //... double x = r; //... x = r; x = static_cast<double>(r); x = double(r); In all cases, a call to Rational::operator double() is made Programmation multi paradigmes 21
22 Constructor & Conversions of objects Implicit conversions in the other direction can also be defined Class Rational( public: operator double();; Rational::operator double() const { return (double)_num/ (double)_denom; //... double x = r; //... x = r; x = static_cast<double>(r); x = double(r); This is an operator overload! In all cases, a call to Rational::Operator double() is made Programmation multi paradigmes 22
23 Constructor & Conversions of objects Explicit conversions in the other direction can also be defined //C++11 Class Rational( public: explicit operator double();; Rational::operator double() const { return (double)_num/ (double)_denom; //... double x = r; //KO //... x = r; //KO x = static_cast<double>(r); //OK x = double(r); //OK Accept only explicit conversion! Programmation multi paradigmes 23
24 Constructor & Conversions of objects Implicit conversions in the other direction can also be defined Rational::operator MaClass() const { return MaClass(_num*_denom); //... Rational r ; //... MaClass mc = static_cast<maclass>(r) ; a call to Rational::operator MaClass() is made if no conversion constructor exists Programmation multi paradigmes 24
25 copy of objects (remember) Two cases where an object is copied : 1. Initializing a Rational from an other Rational Rational r = {3, 2; // (3/2) Rational r1 {r; Rational r2(r); f(r); //sometimes! 2. Assigning a Rational to an other Rational Rational r(3, 2), r1(3, 4); r1 = r; Programmation multi paradigmes 25
26 copy of objects (remember) Two cases where an object is copied: 1. Initializing a Rational from an other Rational Rational r = {3, 2; // (3/2) Rational r1 {r; Rational r2(r); f(r); //sometimes! 2. Assigning a Rational to an other Rational Rational r(3, 2), r1(3, 4); r1 = r; In both cases, default is memberwise (here bitwise) copy of underlying C structures Programmation multi paradigmes 26
27 Class Rational Member-function call Two cases where an object is copied: 1. Initializing a Rational from an other Rational Rational r = {3, 2; // (3/2) Rational r1 {r; Rational r2(r); f(r); //sometimes! 2. Assigning a Rational to an other Rational Rational r(3, 2), r1(3, 4); r1 = r; This is an assignment (and not a construction) Depends on the assignment operator implementation... Programmation multi paradigmes 28
28 copy of objects (remember) Two cases where an object is copied: 1. Initializing a Rational from an other Rational Rational r = {3, 2; // (3/2) Rational r1 {r; Rational r2(r); f(r); //sometimes! Copy Constructor 2. Assigning a Rational to an other Rational Rational r(3, 2), r1(3, 4); r1 = r; Assignment operator In both cases, default is memberwise (here bitwise) copy of underlying C structures Programmation multi paradigmes 29
29 copy of objects (remember) Two cases where an object is copied: 1. Initializing a Rational from an other Rational Rational r = {3, 2; // (3/2) Rational r1 {r; Rational r2(r); f(r); //sometimes! Copy Constructor 2. Assigning a Rational to an other Rational Rational r(3, 2), r1(3, 4); r1 = r; Assignment operator In both cases, default is memberwise (here bitwise) copy of underlying C structures A default operator is generated for the assignment operator but it is not true for all of them... Programmation multi paradigmes 30
30 Operator overloading Operator overloading is a way to realize classical arithmetic operation in a more readable and natural way: Rational r1(3, 2), r2; r1.add(r2) r1 + r2 r1.multiply(r2) r1 * r2 An operator overload can be of two kinds: 1. As a member function Identical to other member functions but with imposed name and number of parameters 2. As a friend function A friend function is a classical (non member or member of another class) function A friend function has privilege (access to the private attributes of a Class with which it is friend) Programmation multi paradigmes 31
31 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The assignment operator: Rational& Rational::operator=(const Rational& r){ _num = r.num; _denom = r.denom return *this; Usage Rational r {3, 2; Rational r1 {4, 5; r = r1; r.operator=(r1) //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 32
32 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The minus unary operator: Rational Rational::operator-() const { return Rational(-_num, _denom); Usage Rational r(3, 2); Rational r1 = -r; Rational r1bis = r.operator-() //same than the previous line r = -r1; r = r1.operator-() //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 33
33 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The multiply binary operator: Rational Rational::operator*(Rational r) const { return Rational(_num*r._num, _denom*r._denom); Usage Rational r{3, 2, r1{4, 3; Rational r2 = r * r1; Rational r2bis = r.operator*(r1) //same than the previous line r2 = r * r1; r2bis = r.operator*(r1) //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 34
34 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The multiply binary operator: Usage Rational Rational::operator*(Rational r) const { return Rational(_num*r._num, _denom*r._denom); Note that the access control is on a per class basis and not on a per instance basis Rational r{3, 2, r1{4, 3; Rational r2 = r * r1; Rational r2bis = r.operator*(r1) //same than the previous line r2 = r * r1; r2bis = r.operator*(r1) //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 35
35 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The multiply binary operator: Rational Rational::operator*(Rational r) const { return Rational(_num*r._num, _denom*r._denom); Usage Rational r{3, 2, r1{4, 3; Rational r2 = r * r1; Rational r2bis = r.operator*(r1) //same than the previous line r2 = r * 3; r2bis = r.operator*(rational(3)) //same than the previous line r2 = 3 * r1; //?? r2bis = 3.operator*(r1); //?? Programmation multi paradigmes 36
36 Operator overloading Definition as a member function The multiply binary operator: Rational Rational::operator*(Rational r) const { return Rational(_num*r._num, _denom*r._denom); Usage r2 = 3 * r1; //?? r2bis = 3.operator*(r1); //?? Problems: 1. The primitive types are not classes (no selection operator) 2. The int class designer can not anticipated the creation of new classes 3. No implicit conversion on the hidden argument of a member function Programmation multi paradigmes 37
37 Operator overloading Definition as a friend function The multiply binary operator: Rational friend operator*(rational r1, Rational r2) const { return Rational(r1._num * r2._num, _r1.denom * r2._denom); Usage Rational r(3, 2), r1(4, 3); Rational r2 = r * r1; Rational r2bis = operator*(r, r1) //same than the previous line r2 = r * 3; r2bis = operator*(r, Rational(3)) //same than the previous line r2 = 3 * r1; r2bis = operator*(rational(3), r1); //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 38
38 Operator overloading Definition as a friend function The multiply binary operator: Rational friend operator*(rational r1, Rational r2) const { return Rational(r1._num * r2._num, _r1.denom * r2._denom); Usage Rational r(3, 2), r1(4, 3); Rational r2 = r * r1; Using friend functions restore the symmetry (no more hidden parameters) Rational r2bis = operator*(r, r1) //same than the previous line r2 = r * 3; r2bis = operator*(r, Rational(3)) //same than the previous line r2 = 3 * r1; r2bis = operator*(rational(3), r1); //same than the previous line Programmation multi paradigmes 39
39 Operator overloading friend or member? For some of them, there is no choice, they must be members: = [ ] ( ) They always represents an asymmetric operation -> For the others, one may choose according to: Stylistic consideration num(r) vs r.num( )? Symmetry considerations Taking opportunity of implicit conversions? Programmation multi paradigmes 40
40 Printing an object Using a member-function (or a friend) #include <iostream> using namespace std; void Rational::print() { cout << _num << / << _denom); Rational r(3, 2); r.print(); // stdout --> 3/2 Programmation multi paradigmes 41
41 Printing an object Using IO streams Programmation multi paradigmes 42
42 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, Rational); //... ; Object you want to print Programmation multi paradigmes 43
43 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, Rational &); //... ; Reference on the object you want to print (to avoid copy of possibly large object) Programmation multi paradigmes 44
44 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational &); //... ; Constant Reference on the object you want to print (because a print is not intended to modify the object) Programmation multi paradigmes 45
45 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational &); //... ; Reference on an output flow (often the same object modified in the definition of the function) Constant Reference on the object you want to print (because a print is not intended to modify the object) Programmation multi paradigmes 46
46 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational &); //... ; ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Rational & r) { os << r._num << / << r._denom; return os; Call to operator<< of int operator<<(os, r._num) Call to operator<< of char operator<<(os, '/') Call to operator<< of int operator<<(os, r._denom) Programmation multi paradigmes 47
47 Printing an object Using output streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational &); //... ; ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Rational r) { os << r._num << / << r._denom; return os; //... cout << "value of r = " << r << endl; This print newline and flush the internal stream buffer out Programmation multi paradigmes 48
48 Editing an object Using input streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Rational &); //... ; istream& operator>>(istream& is, Rational& r) { is >> r._num; cout << / is >> r._denom; return is; //... cout << "give the value of r " << endl; cin >> r; Programmation multi paradigmes 49
49 Editing an object Using input streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... Why is there a reference? friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Rational &); //... ; istream& operator>>(istream& is, Rational& r) { is >> r._num; cout >> / is >> r._denom; return is; //... cout << "give the value of r " << endl; cin >> r; Programmation multi paradigmes 50
50 Editing an object Using input streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Rational &); //... ; istream& operator>>(istream& is, Rational& r) { is >> r._num; cout >> / is >> r._denom; return is; #include <fstream> cout << "give the value of r " << endl; cin >> r; ofstream myfile; //create an ofstream object myfile.open("example.txt"); //open example.txt myfile << "Writing this to a file.\n"; MyFile << r; //writing r to the file myfile.close(); //closing the file Programmation multi paradigmes 51
51 Editing an object Using input streams #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Rational { //... friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Rational &); //... ; istream& operator>>(istream& is, Rational& r) { is >> r._num; cout >> / is >> r._denom; return is; cout << "give the value of r " << endl; cin >> r; ofstream myfile; //create an ofstream object myfile.open("example.txt"); //open example.txt myfile << "Writing this to a file.\n"; MyFile << r; //writing r to the file Rational r2; MyFile >> r2; //reading r from the file MyFile.close(); Programmation multi paradigmes 52
52 Class Rational Full specification (1/2) class Rational { private: int _num; // numerator int _denom; // denominator public: // Exception classes class Bad_Denom {; class Bad_Format {; // Construction and conversions Rational(const Rational&); Rational(int n= 0, int d= 1); operator double() const; // Access functions int get_num() const; int get_denom() const; // Assignment operator Rational& operator=(const Rational&); // Arithmetic operators Rational operator+() const; // unary plus Rational operator-() const; // unary minus Programmation multi paradigmes 53
53 Class Rational Full specification (1/2) class Rational { private: int _num = 0; // numerator C++11 // denominator C++11 int _denom = 1; public: // Exception classes class Bad_Denom {; class Bad_Format {; // Construction and conversions Rational(const Rational&); Rational(int n= 0, int d= 1); operator double() const; // Access functions int get_num() const; int get_denom() const; // Assignment operator Rational& operator=(const Rational&); // Arithmetic operators Rational operator+() const; // unary plus Rational operator-() const; // unary minus Programmation multi paradigmes 54
54 Class Rational Full specification (2/2) // Arithmetic operators (cont.) friend Rational operator+(rational, Rational); friend Rational operator-(rational, Rational); friend Rational operator*(rational, Rational); friend Rational operator/(rational, Rational); // Relational operators friend bool operator==(rational, Rational); friend bool operator!=(rational, Rational); friend bool operator<(rational, Rational); friend bool operator<=(rational, Rational); friend bool operator>(rational, Rational); friend bool operator>=(rational, Rational); ; // IO operators friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Rational &); friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Rational&); Programmation multi paradigmes 55
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