Advanced Lab in Computer Communications Meeting 1 Layers Model, Codes, Ethernet. Instructor: Tom Mahler
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1 Advanced Lab in Computer Communications Meeting 1 Layers Model, Codes, Ethernet Instructor: Tom Mahler
2 Course Objective
3 הודעות כלליות מעבר על דף מידע
4 OSI Model Classical 7 layers model IP model Application Presentation Session Transport Application Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physical
5 (1 השכבה הפיזית Physical Layer מקבלת חבילות משכבת הקו ומשדרת אותן. מגדירה את התכונות החשמליות והפיזיות של הרכיב: קידוד, אפנון (מודולציה), מתחים, תדרים, חיבור לקו התקשורת,קצבי שידור, כיצד לזהות תחילת מסגרת, תכונות כבל, פינים וכו'
6 (2 שכבת הקו Data Link Layer תפקידים: - מעבר הסיביות בין שתי תחנות של הרשת - גישה לערוץ משותף - גילוי ותיקון שגיאות - שמירת סדר בין החבילות Token Ring, פרוטוקולי קו:,Ethernet (WiFi) במעבדה זו: Ethernet ו
7 (2 שכבת הקו Data Link Layer (המשך) לעיתים שכבת הקו מחולקת ל- 2 תתי שכבות: Logical Link Control - LLC Application Transport אחראית למעבר תקין של חבילות מהמקור ליעד. מספור חבילות והגעתן לפי הסדר. פרוטוקולי Automatic Repeat request -ARQ כגון: SR,GBN, S&W תקן IEEE Network Data Link Physical LLC Logical Link Control MAC Media Access Control Media Access Control -MAC בקרת גישה לערוץ משותף. טיפול בהתנגשויות.
8 (2 שכבת הקו Data Link Layer (המשך).(frame) חיבור של שני התקנים בצורה פיסית. host-router, router-router, host-host יחידה של הנתונים : מסגרת - חבילות נתונים Hl Ht HnHt HnHt M M M M application transport network link physical data link protocol phys. link network link physical Hl HnHt frame M adapter card
9 (2 שכבת הקו Data Link Layer (המשך) Each adapter on LAN has unique MAC address 1A-2F-BB AD Broadcast address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF F7-2B LAN (wired or wireless) D7-FA-20-B0 = adapter 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
10 (3 שכבת הרשת Network Layer תפקידה לנתב את החבילה למחשב היעד דרך תחנות ביניים. הפרוטוקול הנפוץ ביותר: IP Internet Protocol חומרה: Routers IGRP OSPF במעבדה: פרוטוקולי ניתוב RIP
11 (4 שכבת התעבורה Transport Layer מאפשרת לאפליקציות לשלוח מידע ללא התחשבות בגודל החבילה. מקבלת מידע משכבות עליונות לה, ומחלקת אותו לחבילות. פרוטוקול TCP מבטיח גם אמינות וסדר בין החבילות, לאפליקציות לשלוח מידע ללא "דאגות". ובכך מאפשר פרוטוקולים נפוצים: Transmission Control Protocol TCP User Datagram Protocol UDP במעבדה: TCP
12 (7 שכבת האפליקציה Application Layer אפליקציות המאפשרות למשתמש או תוכנה לגשת לרשת אפליקציות לדוגמא: File Transfer Protocol FTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTP במעבדה: HTTP
13 IEEE Ethernet פרוטוקול CSMA/CD Collision Detection CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA פותחה ע"י XEROX ו-.Aloha Intel בסוף שנות ה- 70 על בסיס ה- 10 Gbps, 1Gbps,100Mbps קצבי שידור של, 10Mbps Gbps
14 CSMA/CD Algorithm Start Is there a packet ready? No Yes Wait until free No Carrier Free? Yes Transmit Collision Detected? No Yes Random Exponential Backoff
15 מבנה חבילה Ethernet 64 Bytes Preamble (8B) Dest addr (6B) Src addr (6B) Type (2B) Payload ( Bytes) CRC (4B) -Preamble רצף של על מנת לאפשר לשכבה הפיזית של המקבל להסתנכרן עם השעון של השולח. -MAC Addresses כתובות ה- MAC של תחנות היעד והמקור. כתובת קבועה המגיעה עם הכרטיס מהמפעל. (Protocol Type) גירסה -Type 46B. מרפדים על מנת לקבל מינימום 46B, אם המידע קטן מ- -Payload -CRC קוד לגילוי שגיאות
16 מבנה חבילה (המשך) Ethernet 64 Bytes Preamble (8B) Dest addr (6B) Src addr (6B) Type (2B) Payload ( Bytes) CRC (4B) גודל מסגרת מינימאלי מכתובת היעד ועד ה- CRC הוא 64B. מדוע? רוצים שאם תחנה מתחילה לשדר, היא תזהה התנגשות לפני סיום השידור, יודעת אם השידור היה מוצלח. ככה שבסיום השידור התחנה כבר בקונפיגורציות ראשונות אורך הכבל המכסימלי היה מטר וההשהיה המכסימלית שהתקבלה היא.t=25usec כדי שהתחנה תוכל לזהות התנגשות, צריך שזמן השידור יהיה לפחות.2t=50usec מהו זמן שידור של 64B? (64x8 bits) / 10Mbps = 51.2usec > 2t
17 Collision Detection A begins to transmit at t=0 A A A B B B B begins to transmit at t= t prop -δ; B detects collision at t= t prop A detects collision at t= 2 t prop -δ It takes 2 t prop to find out if channel has been captured
18 ניצולת (1) IEEE Ethernet p Probability that a node transmits at a given slot P i - Probability that node i transmits successfully P = p(1 p) i n 1 P - Probability for a successful transmission at slot i P = np(1 p) n 1 When n P = np(1 p) n 1 1/e
19 ניצולת (2) IEEE Ethernet How many time slots wasted untill success? W - Expected number of wasted slots per packet W = P 0 + (1 P) (1 + W ) 1 P 1 W = = 1 = e P P
20 ניצולת )3( IEEE Ethernet Channel Efficiency = = T T E(CI) T - Packet Transmission Time CI - Connection Interval - Time between succesful tranmissions CI W time _ slot W 2 prop 3.5prop T 1 = = T 3.5prop 1 3.5a a prop / T Simulations show: Ethernet = 1 1 5a
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