User Manual. Nitro ac - Faster than Ever

Transcription

1 User Manual Nitro ac - Faster than Ever

2 Contents 1 About the manual Legal notice Warranty Warning Overview Product Model names Applications Unique Benefits Witelcom equipment evolution Configuration manual Introduction Quick start configuration Access radios web interface Configure PC to manage radios Access with uconfig Access with Web Browser Buttons and Changes Change the Password Status tab Overview Routes System Log Realtime Graphs HOTSPOT Users System Tab Administration System Services SNMP LED Configuration Backup/Flash Firmware Reboot Services Dynamic DNS Hotspot Network Interfaces Wireless Vlan Hostnames Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 2

3 3.6.5 Static Routes Diagnostics Firewall QoS Most common setups PtP Wireless Interfaces PtMP Network Mode Bridge Mode Router Mode VLAN Scenario 1 - VLAN Management Scenario 2 Two Vlans, Two SSIDs QoS Firewall Hotspot SNMP & Management Systems Emergency Process Wireless Communications Theory Wireless introduction Wireless stations categories: Wireless networks properties: Antenna theory Antenna types Gain EIRP Polarizations Radio link budget Fresnel zone Multipath propagation Wireless Topologies Repeater Bridge vs router mode Mesh Wireless security Regulatory domains Modulation NITRO3 MCS table Modulation and config scheme (MCS) MIMO Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 3

4 5.8.1 RTS/CTS operation for wider bandwidth Reduced Inter Frame Spacing (RIFS) Wireless History Time line ANNEX Radio Channels in ac GHz GHz DFS - Dynamic Frequency Selection Glossary Version Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 4

5 1 About the manual This manual contains a section with quick start information where the basics for setting up an operational radio are described, then a section with description of the web interface and how to configure them, and there is a section with theory on wireless technology. 1.1 Legal notice While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this document, the information is supplied without representation or warranty of any kind, is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Witelcom AS. Witelcom AS, therefore, assumes no responsibility and shall have no liability, consequential or otherwise, of any kind arising from this material or any part thereof, or any supplementary materials subsequently issued by Witelcom AS. No portion of this document may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Witelcom AS. 1.2 Warranty Nitro3 radios are protected by a one year warranty. Contact Witelcom for further details. 1.3 Warning This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio energy. If this equipment is not installed and used in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions, it may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/tv technician for help. 2 Overview 2.1 Product Nitro3 is based on the new WiFi standard ac ac is three times faster than n. Nitro3 is scalable to give you the best solution for point to point and point to multi-point applications on the 4.9(only 11.N) & 5 Ghz band, providing a wifi speed up to 1.3Gbps. Nitro3 series by Witelcom is an upgrade from Nitro2 in terms of a new hardware and software platform. New technology and great solutions are taken into use in Nitro3. The radios can be used only as a wireless bridge, and they can also be integrated in complete solutions with centralized management systems. Nitro3 will take over for Nitro2, it will cover all the same applications and it is backwards compatible with Nitro2. Witelcom has a list of radio models and solutions based on the market s requests. This list can be extended as a result of customer s new requests and customization needs. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 5

6 2.2 Model names The model names on the radios reflect intended usage as well as some technical specifications ac is the standard protocol used by Nitro3, otherwise an n is noted in the name. The names do not cover all technical specifications - datasheets are needed to complement. Syntax example: N3-AP N3 AP Nitro3 series Access Point 5.5GHz centre frequency 90 degree antenna Syntax example: N3-CPE-55n-17-HS N3 CPE 55n 17 HS Nitro3 series Client 5.5GHz centre 17 dbi antenna HotSpot: built-in 2.4GHz frequency, n omni antenna 2.3 Applications Nitro3 provides the following primary functions: Indoor/Outdoor AP ac Point to MultiPoint ac Point to Point ac Point to Point + Coverage 2.4 Unique Benefits Dual radio: a/b/g/n radio & ac Integrated 48V 802.3af & 24V PoE 2 x Gigabit Ethernet Ports Supported data rates (Mbps): b: 1, 2, 5.5, a/g: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, n: 6.5 to 450 (MCS0 to MCS23) ac: 6.5 to 1,300 (MCS0 to MCS9) Dynamic frequency selection (DFS) optimizes the use of available RF spectrum 2.5 Witelcom equipment evolution The first equipment developed by Witelcom in 1999, was based on the a/a+ with range >80km and real throughputs of 40Mbps. The Dragon line was the first step in developing the NITRO2 with range >100km and throughput <250Mbps based on n. With the technology advancement, Witelcom is very successfully developing Nitro3, based on the ac protocol with data rates up to 1.3Gbps. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 6

7 3 Configuration manual 3.1 Introduction This user manual is a guide to the Witelcom Nitro3 radio firmware. First you find a quick start section that explains the essence of what need. The content of this guide is organized the same way as presented on the router's web page. 3.2 Quick start configuration Access radios web interface To access the Witelcom configuration interface, perform the following steps: 1. Connect the local area network (LAN) port of the router to the network port of your computer using an Ethernet cable. Ethernet cables are also known as LAN cables or network cables. They connect devices such as computers, routers, and switches on wired networks. 2. Next, take the power adapter that comes with the set and connect it to a power socket as well as the router. Turn on the power. 3. Assign the Ethernet adapter on your computer with a static IP address on the x network, e.g and with a subnet mask Launch a web browser and enter the default IP address of the router, , into the address bar. The router's configuration web page should be presented. The first page that you see is the login page. The words on the top left denote the firmware build version e.g. v Configure PC to manage radios After setting up the hardware you need to assign an IP address to your PC so that it is in the same subnet as the access point. Go to Control Panel, and click on Network and Sharing Center Right-click the network adapter icon and select Properties. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 7

8 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP) and click on the Properties button. Select Use the following IP address button, set the IP address to and subnet mask to and click on the OK button to close all windows. PC is now setup with a proper IP address to communicate with the access point. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 8

9 3.2.3 Access with uconfig The UConfig utility provides direct access to the web interface. Click uconfig icon to launch the utility then click Yes button. Select the access point from the products list and click on the Open Web button. To retrieve and display the latest device in the list, click on the Refresh button. Do not exit the uconfig program while accessing the web-based interface as this will disconnect you from the device. At the login prompt, enter the User Name (admin) and Password (password). It then opens the device home page Access with Web Browser Launch your Web browser. At the Address bar, type and press Enter on your keyboard. At the login prompt, enter the User Name (admin) and Password (password). It opens the device s home page. Other access users: Customer: It will provide access to Status tab, basic services and basic network configuration options. User: customer/password: customer Guest: It will provide access only to Status tab, that shows info about wireless, ethernet status and system log. User: guest/password: guest Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 9

10 3.2.5 Buttons and Changes The buttons are described here. Reset: Undo the changes. Save: Saves the changes. Save & Apply: Saves and applies the changes. It is recommended to click this button after every change. All N3 equipment retain the same configuration after shutdown, "reset" or power failure Change the Password Select System Menu. This tab allows the user to specify system parameters and do maintenance functions on the NITRO3 unit. Go to Administration. This menu option allows the user to specify the administration password. Click Save & Apply button 3.3 Status tab After login, when you click on the Status top-level tab, you can see the second-level tabs of Overview, Routes, System Log, Realtime Graphs and Hotspot Users. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 10

11 The Status Overview page. Notice in the figure that the radio is using the latest and fastest 11ac wireless standard that supports ac data rate of up to 1300 Mbit/s (3x3) Overview The Status Overview page is divided into the sections Wireless, Associated Stations, System, Memory, and Network. Uptime: Displays the duration of time since the router was turned on or rebooted Wireless The word Master in the small callout box means that the radio is operating in the Access Point (AP) mode. If the word is Station, it means that the radio is operating as a customer-premises equipment (CPE) i.e. a station. The word X is shown if the radio is disabled Wireless (for AP Mode) The Wireless section in the Status Overview page shows a summary of the wireless parameters. The following describes the parameters when the device is in the AP mode. A summary in the Wireless section for a device operating as an access point. SSID: Displays the name of the wireless network that this access point (AP) is offering, the Service Set Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 11

12 Identifier (SSID). Mode: This is 'Master' if the device is in AP mode or AP WDS mode. Channel: Shows the channel number and frequency that this AP is using. Bitrate: This is the maximum bitrate supported by the radio in the current configuration. BSSID: This is the MAC address of the AP's radio. Encryption: Displays the wireless encryption used. ACK Timeout: Shows the maximum acknowledgment time in microseconds. DFS Status: If DFS is enabled, the AP automatically switches channel if radar is detected on the current channel. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 12

13 Wireless (for Station Mode) The following describes the parameters for a device operating in Station mode. If there are no associated stations, the text No information available is displayed. The parameters shown are as follows: SSID: Displays the name of the wireless network that this station should be associated with. Mode: This is 'Client' if the device is in Station mode or in Station WDS mode. Channel: Shows the channel number and frequency that this station is using. Normally, it would automatically select the same channel as the AP. Bitrate: This is the maximum bitrate supported by the radio in the current configuration. MAC-Address: States the MAC address of the device's radio. BSSID: This is the MAC address of the AP's radio. Encryption: Displays the wireless encryption used. ACK Timeout: Shows the maximum acknowledgment time in microseconds. DFS Status: If DFS is enabled, the AP automatically switches channel if radar is detected on the current channel. TX-CCQ: Displays the transmission quality in %. A higher percentage means a better wireless connection quality. RX Rate: Shows the receive bit rate of this station. TX Rate: Shows the transmit bit rate of this station. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 13

14 Associated Stations (for AP Mode) Showing the main wireless network parameters of the clients that are connected to the Access Point. Figure: List of Associated Stations. Mac Address: Displays the MAC of the station (CPE) connected. Signal Strength: Displays the signal level received by each station connected to AP. TX CCQ: Percentage of RF frames successfully transmitted. Note: The ideal level of CCQ and between 90 and 100%. Tx rate: The link speed TX. Rx rate: The link speed RX. Click Status Menu, select Overview and go to Link Status to check the signal strength (dbm) and the TX-CCQ % for the link. Click Status Menu, select Realtime Graphs: It shows the realtime information about ethernet and wireless connections such as network load, realtime traffic or wireless statistics System This section shows the Router Name, Router Model, Firmware Version, Kernel Version, and Local Time. Figure: System parameters Memory Total Available and Free memory is shown. Figure: Total Available and Free Memory. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 14

15 Network This section displays the status of the LAN and WAN networks. Figure: Network summary. Status: Shows summaries of the interfaces for the LAN and WAN zones. This may include uptime, MAC address, protocol, bytes and packets received by the device, bytes and packets transmitted by the device, and its IPv4 address DHCP Leases This section shows a table of MAC and IP addresses of connected computers with static DHCP leases. They are specified in the Network Interfaces LAN Static Leases section of the device's configuration web page. More explanation is given in the Network section of this user manual. Currently active static DHCP leases. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 15

16 Link Status (for Station Mode) This section only applies if the device operates as an station. Figure: The Link Status section. In the Link Status section on the Status Overview web page, the value in the top left box denotes the current received signal strength e.g. -48 dbm. The box directly below it shows the current TX-CCQ (transmission client connection quality) e.g. 71 %. The bottom left box shows a realtime graph of the received signal strength over the last 60 seconds. The box directly to its right shows a realtime graph of the TX-CCQ over the past 60 seconds. On the right of this section, there are 3 vertical bars. Each bar shows the current received signal strength of each antenna e.g. -53 dbm, -44 dbm, and -48 dbm. If the radio has only 2 antennas, the third vertical bar is given a default value of -95 dbm. Enable Alignment Buzzer: Optionally, radios can be equipped with a buzzer/speaker. When the alignment buzzer is enabled, the board would continually emit beeping sounds to indicate the received signal strength. This is currently available on the radios with a buzzer. Every 3 seconds, the board would emit a number of beeps (1 to 4) in quick succession. The number of beeps is the same as the number of lighted Signal strength indicator LEDs. See Section on LED Configuration. Just like for the LEDs, more beeps indicate a higher received signal strength. This is useful for a person aligning directional antennas at a height, in an outdoor scenario, if the LEDs are not visible. Another person on the ground could adjust the threshold values for the LEDs. There is some delay before the received signal strength gets reported by the alignment buzzer. To turn off the beeping sounds, click the button Disable Alignment Buzzer. MAC-Address: Displays the MAC address of the station's radio. Network: States the name of the wireless network. Last IP: States the most recent IP address of the station as seen by the router. Signal: Displays the received signal strength from the station e.g. -31 dbm. Signal/Chains: Shows the received signal strengths from the station on each antenna e.g. -52, -35, -34 dbm. The value of -95 dbm is taken to mean no antenna if the radio has only 2 antennas. Noise: Displays the received noise power at the AP. TX Rate: Shows the transmit bit rate from the AP towards this station. RX Rate: Shows the receive bit rate at the AP from this station. TX-CCQ: Indicates the wireless connection quality. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 16

17 3.3.2 Routes. When you click on the Status Routes tab, you would see the page that shows the routing rules that are currently active on the device. ARP: This address resolution protocol (ARP) table shows the IP address and corresponding MAC address of each device on the network. Active IPv4-Routes: This table shows the IPv4 gateway and network ID (Target) for each subnet System Log When you click on this tab, you can see the log of system messages Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 17

18 3.3.4 Realtime Graphs Under the tab for Realtime Graphs, there are four tabs titled Load, Traffic, Wireless, and Connection Load Traffic Wireless Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 18

19 Connection HOTSPOT Users This list shows currently online users and their status. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 19

20 3.4 System Tab This section is about the System top-level tab. Under this tab, there is a row of tabs for Administration, System, Services, SNMP, LED Configuration, Backup/Flash Firmware, and Reboot Administration Within the System Administration page, you can configure the Radio Password Administration -> Web, you can chose between different communication protocols and ports, to access nitro3 webpage System Within the section on System, there are tabs corresponding to General Settings, Logging, and Language and Style General Settings Local Time: Displays the local time according to the Timezone. Hostname: Configures the name of the device. Timezone: Sets the timezone. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 20

21 Logging Specifies parameters used for the system log, such as System log buffer size, External system log server, External system log server port Language and Style Language and Style: Lets you choose the language and design of the router's web pages Time Synchronization Enable NTP client: Obtains the date and time from specified Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. NTP server candidates: These are the sources of the time information. At least three servers are recommended for accurate time synchronization Activation Enables the communication with RIMS and registration security code feature to connect new Stations and Clients in WISP networks. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 21

22 IEEE 1588 Synchronization Enables the IEEE1588 client, main feature is that it is capable of taking high precision, high resolution timestamps Services Ping Watchdog Enable Ping Watchdog: Configures the device to ping to a remote IP address and reboot if the connection is lost. By default disabled. IP Address to Ping: Sets the remote IP address to ping e.g or Ping Interval: Specifies the time between successive pings, the default being 5 seconds. Startup Delay: Sets the time delay after the router finishes rebooting, before running the Ping Watchdog, the default being 60 seconds. Failure Count to Reboot: Specifies the number of failed pings before the router reboots automatically Auto Reboot Enable Auto Reboot: Allows the router to reboot itself automatically, disabled by default. Mode: Chooses the Auto Reboot mode By Time or By Number of Hours. Time: Sets the time of day to reboot if the Mode is By Time. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 22

23 Number of Hours: Sets the delay as an integer number of hours after each reboot, if the Mode is By Number of Hours Layer 2 LLDP The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a protocol in the Internet Protocol Suite used by network devices for advertising their identity, capabilities, and neighbours on an IEEE 802 local area network, principally wired Ethernet. Activate it when you want your device to be discoverable SNMP The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Internet-standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks. It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects. SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems, which describe the system configuration. These variables can then be queried (and sometimes set) by managing applications. In the System SNMP Page, you can configure SNMP V2c and SNMP V Information In the SNMP Information section, the text fields for the SNMP Enterprise ID, Contact, and Location information are shown. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 23

24 General settings Enable SNMP: Enables SNMP. SNMP V2c Read Password: Sets the community string for read-only access (to the variables on the SNMP agent) by the network management station (NMS). The NMS is the software which runs on the SNMP manager (default: public). SNMP V2c Write Password: Sets the community string for read-write access by the SNMP manager (default: private). A community string identifies a group of SNMP agents. It is sent in clear text. It should be changed from the default string public or private. The variables on the SNMP agent can be classified into read-only or readwrite variables. SNMP V3 Username: Sets the username for authentication (default: root). SNMP V3 Auth Algorithm: Shows the authentication algorithm used e.g. MD5. SNMP V3 Auth Password: Configures the password for user authentication (default: password). SNMP V3 Privacy Algorithm: Shows the data encryption algorithm used e.g. DES. SNMP V3 Privacy Password: Sets the password for data encryption (default: password) Trap Enable SNMP Trap: Allows the SNMP agent to notify the SNMP manager of events. SNMP Trap IP Address: Sets the IP address of the SNMP manager, which receives the trap messages. SNMP Trap Port: Sets the port number TFTP Server to load image Set the address of the TFTP server you want to download the firmware image from. TFTP helps by providing a mechanism for central storage and distribution of software images and configuration files. SNMP is also used by WEC Witelcom Equipment Controller to configure the controller and be able to exchange info with different Aps. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 24

25 3.4.5 LED Configuration The System LED Configuration page customizes the behaviour of the LEDs Signal strength indicator interface Chooses the Wireless interface, which is the wireless network name Signal strength indicator LEDs Sets the received signal strength thresholds (in dbm) as shown above, and LEDs #1 to #4 would light up Backup/Flash Firmware Backup / Restore Download backup: Generate archive: Downloads a tar archive of the current configuration files. Note: The backup archive file should be stored in a safe place because it contains the wireless password in clear text. Reset to defaults: Perform reset: Resets the firmware to its initial state. Note: If radio card is changed from an 11ac card to a non-11ac card, please perform a reset. This is because the configuration for the radio cards are different. Restore backup: Upload archive: Lets you upload a previously generated backup archive to restore configuration files. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 25

26 Flash new firmware You can upload a new firmware to replace the currently running firmware. Keep settings: Retains the current configuration. Firmware: Shows the current version of the firmware and allows you to upload a new firmware Reboot Perform reboot: Reboots the operating system of your device. This is similar to the power-off and power-on cycle. The system configuration remains the same. Any changes that are not applied are lost. 3.5 Services Additional services could be configured in this section. Go to System -> Services to modify the Dynamic DNS and Hotspot configuration options Dynamic DNS The Domain Name System was originally designed to support queries of a statically configured database. While the data was expected to change, the frequency of those changes was expected to be fairly low, and all updates were made as external edits to a zone's Master File. Dynamic DNS is a system that addresses the problem of rapid updates. The key to dynamic DNS is that the updating process is automated on the client-end, detecting changes in the IP address and then sending that information through to our servers and automatically changing the IP address a domain is set to End users of Internet access receive an allocation of IP addresses, often only a single address, by their Internet service provider. The assigned addresses may either be fixed (or static), or may change from time to time, a situation called dynamic. Dynamic addresses are generally given only to residential customers and small businesses, as most enterprises specifically require static addresses. The Dynamic DNS section in the Services page shows all the configuration parameters to enable the DDNS service. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 26

27 Enable: To enable the Dynamic DNS service. Event interface: On which interface should start the ddns process. Service: To select the DDNS online service to provide a free way to announce the DDNS changes in a single update. Hostname: The hostname for dynamic DNS, excluding the domain name. For example, enter office if you want to use office.example.com Username/ Password: Username and password for Dynamic DNS service account. Source IP Address: How to determine the interface external IP address: URL: For example, Network: For example, WAN or LAN Interface: For example, Eth1 or Eth0 Check for changed IP every: To define the checking time for changed the IP. Force update every: To update the DDNS name after this interval, even if the detected external IP has not changed. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 27

28 3.5.2 Hotspot A hotspot is a site that offers Internet access over a WLAN, with a Captive portal service to redirect the connected users for authentication and payment purposes. Hotspots may be found in coffee shops and various other public establishments in many developed urban areas throughout the world. Hotspot service could be configured in this Menu. Enable Hotspot: To enable the Hotspot service. Hotspot Mode: To select the desire hotspot and authentication mode: Radius authentication or user agreement. Login Page Title: Title to shown on the Login/Captive portal web page. Idle Timeout: Default idle timeout unless otherwise set by RADIUS RADIUS Configuration Select Services -> Hotspot -> RADIUS Configuration to change the communication parameters with the external RADIUS. Radius Server 1: To set the IP address for the main RADIUS Server. Radius Server 2: To set the IP address for the secondary RADIUS Server. Radius Secret: To set the RADIUS shared secret for the main and secondary RADIUS servers. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 28

29 Authentication The universal access method (UAM) is frequently used by WiFi operators to allow access to a wireless network or access to another network while roaming. The roaming customer uses a regular web browser to access a login page on the captive portal where he can fill in his credentials (typically his username and password) to get access to the network. AAA is then usually done using RADIUS. UAM Server: URL of Web Server to use for authentication clients. UAM Secret: Shared secret between the UAM Server and chilli. This secret should be set in order not to compromise security. Captive portal allows the admin/owner of the router to capture all associating clients attempting to access the web in a limited service walled garden, with internet access denied except for the specified URL locations. Walled Garden (Domain): List of the domains that the client can access without authenticating. Walled Garden (IP address): List of IP Address that the client can access without authenticating User s Configuration Bandwidth Limitation: This configuration is only for the modes that do not use RADIUS authentication. Please set up these limitations under Radius Server. Blocked User s List: The users in this list would be blocked for accessing the hotspot network. Please, enter the MAC Addresses to block the users. Allowed User s List: The users would not need authentication to access to the hotspot network. Please, enter the MAC Addresses to allow the users. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 29

30 3.6 Network Network could be configured in this section. Go to System -> Network to modify the interfaces LAN or WAN, Wireless interfaces, and to enable other network services or configurable options Interfaces If the WAN interface is enabled, Nitro 3 will work in Router mode, and the Network Address Translation (NAT) is enabled between these two interfaces. The Status menu will show a summary of the interface statistics and information. Uptime: is the measure of the time a Nitro3 has been working and available. It is used as measure of Nitro3 system reliability and stability. Mac-Address: Unique identifier assigned to a network interface. Protocol: Description of the protocol that is using the interface: static IP, DHCP, PPTP, PPPoE or L2TP. RX/TX: Transmission/reception of packets per second. IPv4: Information about IP address of the interface LAN A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings General Setup Common Configuration: To configure the main network parameters Protocol IP Address, Netmask, Gateway, DNS Servers DHCP Server: To configure the DHCP parameters for this interface General Setup: Enable/Disable the DHCP option. Start: Lowest leased address as offset from the network address Limit: Maximum number of leased addresses LeaseTime: Expiry time of leased addresses, minimum is 2 Minutes Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 30

31 Advanced Settings: Dynamic DHCP: Dynamically allocate DHCP addresses for clients. If disabled, only clients having static leases will be served. Force: Force DHCP on this network even if another server is detected. IPv4-Netmask: Override the netmask sent to clients. Normally it is calculated from the subnet that is served. DHCP-Options: Define additional DHCP options, which advertises different DNS servers to clients. Static Leases: Static leases are used to assign fixed IP addresses and symbolic hostnames to DHCP clients. They are also required for non-dynamic interface configurations where only hosts with a corresponding lease are served. Use the Add Button to add a new lease entry. The MAC-Address identifies the host, the IPv4-Address specifies to the fixed address to use and the Hostname is assigned as symbolic name to the requesting host Advanced Settings Override MAC Address: To allow to change the MAC Address for the interface. Override MTU: To set the maximum transmission unit (MTU). Use gateway metric: To specify the gateway metric or route cost Physical Settings Enable STP: To enable/disable the STP in the bridge. The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network WAN A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers and links metropolitan, regional, national or international areas. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well General Setup Common Configuration: To configure the main network parameters Protocol: DHCP Client: DHCP-enabled clients can obtain their IP address and related configuration parameters dynamically each time they start and join your network. Static IP: To set manually the IP, network mask and Gateway address. PPTP: The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a method for implementing virtual private networks. PPTP uses a control channel over TCP and a GRE tunnel operating to encapsulate PPP packets. PPPoE: The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for encapsulating PPP frames inside Ethernet frames. L2TP: Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery of services by ISPs. It does not provide any encryption or confidentiality by itself. IP Address, Netmask, Gateway, DNS Servers Protocol like SMTP, FTP, UDP, TCP, HTTP, RIP1, RIP2, OSPF are fully transparent. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 31

32 Advanced Settings Use broadcast flag: Required for some WISPs, to indicate if the DHCP answers will be unicast or broadcast. Use default gateway: Configure a default route. Use DNS servers advertised by peer: To use the DNS configuration of the DHCP server. Client ID to send when requesting DHCP: To set the client identifier that could be required in some network scenarios line WISP. Vendor Class to send when requesting DHCP: To identify the vendor of the DHCP server. Override MAC Address: To allow to change the MAC Address for the interface. Override MTU: To set the maximum transmission unit (MTU). Use gateway metric: To specify the gateway metric or route cost Physical Settings To assign a specific physical interface to a WAN zone. If no interface is selected, all the interfaces would be in LAN zone and Nitro 3 will work as a bridge Network Configuration Auto Config: To configure, automatically, the network parameters. Disable this box, if you wish to configure and change the network setup. DHCP Interface: Ethernet interface to listen to for the downlink interface. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 32

33 3.6.2 Wireless Wireless network parameters are configured in this section. Go to System -> Wireless to enable/disable, configure or modify the Wireless interfaces Wireless Overview Radio information: Read-only menu that shows the main wireless network information, SSID, encryption mode, Wireless Mode, frequency channel and bitrate. Scan: To see the wireless networks available in our environment. It is useful to check which frequencies are free, and to connect our radio in CPE mode to a desired AP/SSID. Add: To add and create a new SSID related with this wireless interface. AP or AP WDS mode. Disable: To enable/disable the wireless interface. Edit: To modify the wireless network configuration. Associated Stations: It shows the associated stations in the Nitro 3 - AP mode and its wireless network main information like Mac Address, SSID, Signal level, Noise, TX/RX rate and TX-CCQ. Kick user: To manually disconnect Stations or clients connected to the Access Point Radio The Radio refer to physical radio devices present on the system. The parameters present in this section describe properties common across all wireless networks such as channel or transmission power selection. In most cases there is only one radio present on Nitro3, so only one such section is defined. On multi-radio hardware there may be multiple Radio sections, each referring to a different adapter. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 33

34 Device Configuration Select Network Menu, Wireless tab and Click EDIT General Setup To configure the main wireless parameters. Status: Read-only menu that shows the main wireless network information like SSID, encryption mode, Wireless Mode, frequency channel and bitrate. Country Code: To select the Regulatory domain that applies to the selected country. Note: It is recommended to use No Country option and to select manually the Frequency Channel for achieving a better link performance and a smarter channel planning. The user is responsible for following the local regulations. Wireless profile: To select the profile in which the unit operates: ac/an Radio Options: ac, a+n abgn Radio Options: g+n, a+n. Channel Spectrum Width: To select the bandwidth of the channel used: ac/an Radio Options: 5, 10, 20MHz, 20/40MHz or 20/40/80 MHz abgn Radio Options: 20MHz or 20/40MHz. Note: It is recommended to setup the same Channel Width for the AP and the CPEs, to achieve the highest peak performance. Channel: Manual frequency selection if Auto Mode is not selected. Note: It is recommended to setup the same Frequency Channel for the AP and the CPEs to avoid the issues related with frequency and interferences. Obey Regulatory Power: The radio will follow the regulations or restrictions in the maximum power level per Regulatory domain/country. Antenna Gain (dbi): Gain relative to an isotropic antenna. If Obey Regulatory Power is enabled, this value would be taken in consideration to limit the selectable TX power. Transmit Power: To choose the TX power of the radio or the radio will do dynamically. Outdoor Channels: To give better performance for outdoor environments. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 34

35 Advanced Settings To configure the advanced wireless parameters Distance Optimization (Auto-ACK Timeout): To select a Manual/Auto entry of the distance the devices. For PtMP links, it is recommended to disabled this option, and to set manually the distance for the furthest CPE. Distance (meters): Enter the distance, between CPE and AP, in meters. - Minimum by default: 300 meters - Maximum by default (80 Mhz): meters - Maximum by default (40 Mhz): meters - Maximum by default (20 Mhz): meters Chainmask Selection: To select 3x3 or 2x2 MiMo mode. Beacon Interval: This represents the amount of time between beacon transmissions. The station needs the beacon interval to know when to wake up to receive the beacon and learn if there are buffered frames at the access point. Recommend to use default (100 ms). Adaptive noise immunity: Implements a patented algorithm for noise suppression. Dynamic channel selection: Automatically switches channel to avoid interferences. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 35

36 Interface Configuration General Setup To configure the main wireless interface parameters. Mode: To select what wireless mode the unit runs: AP, AP (WDS), bridge, Station, Station (WDS). WDS allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the traditional requirement for a wired backbone to link them. ESSID: Name of the network, where only stations with same ESSID will unit connected to the AP. Guard Interval: The purpose of the guard interval is to introduce immunity to propagation delays, echoes and reflections, to which digital data is normally very sensitive. Short guard interval, only available for 20/40 MHz and it can provide higher throughput, but at the cost of stability. Data Rate (Mbps): To select the modulation techniques. Select Auto (recommended) for total link adaptation. Hide ESSID: To provide wireless security by hiding the network name (service set identifier, SSID) from being broadcast publicly Wireless Security To configure the wireless security parameters Encryption: The system supports WPA all modes (Auto and WPA/WPA2) including WPA2 personal/enterprise and 802.1X. Cipher: It is recommended to use CCMP (AES) instead of TKIP, due to speed limitations of TKIP. Key: To set up the wireless network password. When the user selects a profile WPA-Personal, prompted a hexadecimal string or a passphrase (between 8 and 63 characters) Mac-Filter To deny/accept wireless connections with the device that has the MAC-address specified Disable: To enable/disable the MAC-Filter option. Allow listed only: To allow only the devices that are listed in the Mac-list. Allow all except listed: To block the devices that are listed in the Mac-list table. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 36

37 Advanced Settings To configure the advanced wireless interface parameters RTS Threshold: The request to send (RTS) threshold specifies the packet size of an RTS transmission. This parameter can help control traffic flow through the access point, especially when there are many clients connected. Station Isolation: When Station Isolation is enabled, the access point blocks communication between wireless clients. Maximum Stations: Maximum number of stations that can be connected to an Access Point. Minimum Stations RSSI: Minimum RSSI (received signal strength) that should have the CPE, to be connected to the AP n Only: The device will use only n as standard. HT 20/40 Coexistence: to use both 20 MHz and 40 MHz bands. The station will follow the AP's channel bonding and channel switching HT 20/40 mechanism. Note: Disabling this setting forces the use of 40 MHz channel width, and results in high data rate. WMM: It provides basic Quality of service features to IEEE networks. WMM prioritizes traffic according to four Access Categories (AC) - voice, video, best effort, and background. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 37

38 3.6.3 Vlan A single layer-2 network may be partitioned to create multiple distinct broadcast domains, which are mutually isolated, such a domain is referred to as a Virtual Local Area Network, or VLAN. Grouping hosts with a common set of requirements regardless of their physical location by VLAN can greatly simplify network design. Go to Network -> VLAN to configure or modify the VLAN settings Vlan Management The VLAN Menu allows the user to define vlan for management, vlan switching for tag/untag and bridge these settings to required interface or virtual interface (SSID). If you need vlan for management only, select vlan management and configure the parameters described below. Enable: To enable/disable the management vlan. VLAN ID: To specify the identifier of the VLAN. Priority: To choose the priority to transmit packets. The highest priority is 7. DHCP Client: Enable or Static IP. IP Address: To set the IP address for management. Netmask: To set the network mask. Bridge WIFI tagged/untagged: The interface would be bridged to the select the wireless network. Ethernet Selection: To tag/untag the selected vlan in an Ethernet interface VLAN Ethernet trunk The VLAN Ethernet Trunk uses a wireless network as a trunk link to connect physically separate VLANs, when a trunk link is established, all of the configured VLANs are allowed to send and receive traffic across the link. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 38

39 VLAN ID: To specify the identifier of the VLAN. Priority: To choose the priority to transmit packets. The highest priority is 7. Bridge WIFI untagged: The interface would be bridged to the selected the wireless network. Ethernet selection: Ethernet port that will work as trunk Hostnames Go to Network -> Hostnames to manually assign hostnames to specific devices if those device does not have hostname or does not resolve automatically. Add: To add the new host. Hostname: To specify the hostname. IP Address: To specify the IP address related with a hostname Static Routes Static routing is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses a manually-configured routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic routing protocol to forward traffic. Static routes are fixed and do not change if the network is changed or reconfigured. Add: To add a new route entry. Interface: To select the exit interface. Target: Host IP or Network. IPv4-Netmask: to set the network netmask. IPv4-Gateway: to set the network gateway or next hop. Metric: This represents the number of hops between the network and the destination. MTU: To set the maximum transmission unit value. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 39

40 3.6.6 Diagnostics Ping: A computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. Traceroute: A computer network diagnostic tool for displaying the route and measuring transit delays of packets across an IP network. Nslookup: A network administration tool available for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record Firewall A firewall is a network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on applied rule set. A firewall establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another network that is not assumed to be secure and trusted General Settings The firewall creates zones over your network interfaces to control network traffic flow Zone Settings Enable SYN-flood protection: To enable/disable the SYN-Flood protection. A SYN flood is a form of denial-ofservice attack in which an attacker sends a succession of SYN requests to a target's system in an attempt to consume enough server resources to make the system unresponsive to legitimate traffic. Drop invalid packets: To drop invalid packets, for example those that are not matching any active connection. Input: To describe what happens to traffic trying to reach the router itself through that interface. Output: To describe what happens to traffic originating from the router itself. Forward: To describe what happens to traffic coming from that zone and passing to another zone Zones Masquerading: Masquerading (NAT) of outgoing traffic is controlled on a per-zone basis. The router identify the incoming packets and translate their target addresses, so packets can be forwarded to the correct host in the local network. MSS Clamping: To change the maximum segment size (MSS) of all TCP connections passing through links with MTU lower than the Ethernet default of Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 40

41 Port Forwards Port forwarding allows remote computers on the Internet to connect to a specific computer or service within the private LAN. Name: New name for the port forward. Protocol: To select the specific protocol. External Zone: To select the external zone, usually wan for a service to be forwarded internally. External Port: Enter the external port. Internal Zone: To select the internal zone, usually lan for a service to be forwarded internally. Internal IP Address: To set the IP address you wish to receive the forward. Internal Port: Enter the internal port Traffic Rules Traffic rules define policies for packets traveling between different zones, for example to reject traffic between certain hosts or to open WAN ports on the router. Name: To create a new rule name. Match: To choose the traffic rules. Action: To accept, drop or reject the traffic that comply with the traffic rules. Enable: To enable/disable the traffic rule. Source NAT: Source NAT is a specific form of masquerading which allows fine grained control over the source IP used for outgoing traffic, for example to map multiple WAN addresses to internal subnets. Name: To create a new rule name. Source zone: To choose the source interface. Destination zone: To choose the destination interface. To source IP: To choose the source ip address. To source port: To set the source port. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 41

42 3.6.8 QoS Quality of service is particularly important for the transport of traffic with special requirements. Go to Network -> QoS, to configure traffic shapping and packet priotizing. Add: Create a new traffic control rule. Enable: To enable/disable the QoS features. Calculate overhead: To decrease upload/download ratio to prevent link saturation. Half-Duplex: To determine if it is full-duplex or half-duplex. In a full duplex system, both parties can communicate to the other simultaneously. In a half-duplex system, in contrast, each party can communicate to the other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one direction at a time. Download speed: To set a limit for the download speed. Upload speed: To set a limit for the upload speed. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 42

43 4 Most common setups 4.1 PtP Wireless Interfaces The Nitro 3 radios are preconfigured from the factory. To set a link, click Network -> WLAN, select the radio interface that you one to use as Master: Click Edit, go to Wireless Mode and select the AP mode in one device, and Station mode in the other one. Go to Status -> Associated Stations to check the status of the radio link: To change the Wireless interface configuration, click Network -> WLAN, and Edit the radio interface parameters like frequency channel, wireless profile, country, SSID, encryption mode or password. Click Save and Apply button. Go to the page 31 of this user manual, to get more info about the parameters that are present in this tab. 4.2 PtMP The only difference between the two radios in a point-to-multipoint link is that one radio is set as Access Point or Access Point WDS Mode and the others as Client or Client WDS Mode. Settings like frequency and channel width are set on the AP and the CPE will scan for the given network. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 43

44 4.3 Network Mode Bridge Mode When an access point is configured as a wireless bridge, it will link a wireless network to a wired network allowing you to bridge two networks with different infrastructure. To work in Bridge Mode, go to Network -> Interfaces, select Edit for LAN interface and configure the required parameters for a correct network operation. Go to the page 28 of this user manual, to get more info about the parameters that are present in this tab Router Mode The unit operates as a real router, using static or dynamic routing (RIP), or NAT between the WAN interface and LAN interface Ethernet. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 44

45 In boards with two ethernet interfaces, both ports would be LAN ports as default. To enable the Router Mode, go to Network -> Interfaces, select Edit for WAN interface, and configure the required parameters for a correct network operation. The WAN interface can be used as a DHCP client or PPPoE to obtain a dynamic IP-address or can be configured with a static address. Check the NAT when the radio is used as a gateway to the customer network behind CPE. Go to Network -> Interfaces -> WAN -> Physical Interfaces to choose the physical interface to use for the WAN zone: Eth0, Eth1 or wireless interfaces. Click Save and Apply button. Go to the page 28 of this user manual, to get more info about the parameters that are present in this tab. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 45

46 4.4 VLAN Scenario 1 - VLAN Management AP configuration example: Vlan management: 5, IP address /24 CPE configuration example: Vlan management: 5, IP address /24 Go to Network -> Vlan -> VLAN Management, to create a new management Vlan in both devices, AP and CPE: Click Save and Apply button. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 46

47 4.4.2 Scenario 2 Two Vlans, Two SSIDs Go to Network -> Vlan -> VLAN Management, to create a new management Vlan in the AP and CPE: And create other vlan, associated with the SSID Guest: Click Save and Apply button. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 47

48 4.5 QoS To limit the bandwidth speed, go to Network -> QoS page, check the enable box to turn on the QoS and set upload/download speed values. The CPE allows setting the maximum rate of packet transmission (MIR) and minimum guaranteed bandwidth (CIR), per direction (upstream and downstream). If the Calculate Overhead option is enabled, the real throughput would be the 95% for the value set in download/upload speed. Click Save and Apply button. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 48

49 In PtMP links, if different bandwidth limitation is required, it must be configured in each Station. For example: Station-1: Download/Upload Speed 12 Mbps Station-2: Download Speed 5 Mbps, Upload Speed 10 Mbps Click Save and Apply button. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 49

50 4.6 Firewall This section will show different setups using the Nitro3 firewall options. To create new zones over your network interfaces to control the network traffic flow, go to Network -> Firewall -> General Settings and click Add button under Zones section: Click Save and Apply button. To create new traffic rules to be applied in the new zone, go to Network -> Firewall -> Traffic Rules. For example, to configure a rule to accept DNS or DHCP traffic, go to Open Ports on Router: And click Add button. The new rule will be created in the Traffic Rules list: To modify the rule, click Edit button: Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 50

51 Click Save and Apply. 4.7 Hotspot To configure Nitro3, to work as Hotspot, go to Services -> Hotspot, click Enable hotspot and select the Hotspot Mode to choose the authentication mode of the captive portal. Go to Services -> Hotspot -> Radius Configuration -> Radius parameters, if you have selected any of the Radius Required options in Hotspot Mode. Add the IP address and the password secret of your Radius server. Click Save and Apply. If the WAN interface is attached to one of the Ethernet ports, the wireless interface would be in the LAN side and the users connected to the wireless, will see the captive portal. Change the network configuration, and click Save and Apply. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 51

52 4.8 SNMP & Management Systems SNMP is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. The SNMP v3 is used to provide a secured environment, to add and manage the AP into the system, providing a higher level of security than is available in SNMP v1 and v2c. In order to add the Nitro 3 network devices to the Witelcom Management Systems, like WEC or ismart, go to System -> SNMP to configure this SNMP parameters. The configuration parameters by default, are: SNMP Community: private Authentication User Name: root SNMP Authentication Algorithm: MD5 SNMPv3 Authentication Password: password SNMPv3 Privacy Algorithm: DES SNMPv3 Privacy Password: password Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 52

53 4.9 Emergency Process Emergency System Reset Nitro 3 allows user to emergency-reset the configuration to factory default in case of a misconfiguration. While the system is powered: Hold the button pressed for less than 4 seconds initiates a hard reboot Hold the button pressed for more than 4 seconds initiates a reset to factory default settings Emergency Firmware Recovery Nitro 3 allows user to recover the firmware in case of a failed upgrade/downgrade or in case of an irresponsive system state. Start with the unit disconnected from power, and press the Reset Button. Hold Reset Button pressed while powering up the unit, 1 second. Flash the firmware-image on to the unit by using TFTP, using the Command Prompt: tftp -i put NITRO3v1.1.img After a successful upload, the unit will start burning the image to the flash. Wait until the unit start replying on the address. Turn off and turn on the radio. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 53

54 5 Wireless Communications Theory 5.1 Wireless introduction Wireless stations categories: Access points (APs) are the hubs in wireless networks and manages two-way communication via radio transmission with one to multiple compatible wireless enabled devices. APs are typically placed in towers for outdoor operations over long distances where both APs and CPEs are powerful enough for long distance, or APs can be placed in houses, offices or public places for short range to communicate with cell e.g. smartphones. Wireless clients (CPEs) needs to connect to an AP via radio transmission. CPEs can be powerful radios to reach APs over long distances, or they can be smaller devices like smartphones and laptops that has short range Wireless networks properties: SSID is the name associated with an wireless network. The SSID and can be shared by multiple access points. BSSID uniquely identifies a specific access point and is in the same format as a MAC address. ESSID is a group of BSSIDs that share the same Layer 2 network and the same SSID. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 54

55 5.2 Antenna theory Antenna types The radiation from the electronics in a radio is transformed into radio waves by an antenna. One radio can get very different characteristics depending on how the energy is formed by the antenna: - Omnidirectional antennas spread the radio waves in all directions, normally in the horizontal plane. Since the power is spread out into all directions, the power is less per direction and the reach will be short. These antennas are typically shaped like a long cylinder where the radiation direction is perpendicular to the cylinder s axis. - Panel antennas are flat and concentrate the radio energy into the direction of the antennas front. A low concentration allows a wide sector, and the higher concentration of the radio energy makes the antenna more directional with a higher gain and smaller beam width. - Dish antennas are used to direct the radio energy into a very small angle whereas the distance between two radios can be longer than with other types on antennas. These are examples of antennas used by Witelcom. Each category has great variations, but will follow the principal shape shown. Omnidirectional Panel Dish Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 55

56 5.2.2 Gain An antenna's power gain or simply gain is a key performance figure, which combines the 's directivity and electrical efficiency. The higher gain on the antenna, the longer reach and smaller beam width. The higher gain, the smaller direction for both transmitting and receiving radio waves. This means that a high gain antenna receives less noise than a low gain antenna. - dbi - decibels relative to an isotropic reference antenna: o G(dBi) = 10*Log (GNumeric/GIsotropic) - dbd - decibels relative to a dipole reference antenna: o G(dBd) = G (dbi) dbi EIRP In radio communication systems, equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) or, alternatively, effective isotropically radiated power[1] is the amount of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes power in all directions) would emit to produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP can take into account the losses in transmission line and connectors and includes the gain of the antenna. The EIRP is often stated in terms of decibels over a reference power emitted by an isotropic radiator with an equivalent signal strength. The EIRP allows comparisons between different emitters regardless of type, size or form. From the EIRP, and with knowledge of a real antenna's gain, it is possible to calculate real power and field strength values. where and (output power of transmitter) are in dbm, cable losses ( ) is in db, and antenna gain ( ) is expressed in dbi, relative to a (theoretical) isotropic reference antenna. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 56

57 5.2.4 Polarizations The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation; note that this designation is totally distinct from the antenna's directionality. Thus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally. As a transverse wave, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field, but by convention, talk of an antenna's "polarization" is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field. Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a sky wave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength. Transmitting over water might be a challenge, and vertical polarization is the polarization that is least affected by absorption and reflections. Polarization is predictable from an antenna's geometry, although in some cases it is not at all obvious (such as for the quad antenna). An antenna's linear polarization is generally along the direction (as viewed from the receiving location) of the antenna's currents when such a direction can be defined. For instance, a vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically oriented will transmit and receive in the vertical polarization. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 57

58 5.3 Radio link budget A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter radio, through the air to the receiver radio. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some margin depending on the anticipated severity of its effects. Received power (dbm) = Transmitted power (dbm) + gains (db) - losses (db) TX 20 dbm Ltx= -1 db Gtx=17 dbi FSL = db F= 5500MHz Distance=3km Grx=17 dbi Lrx= -1 db RX dbm Example above with 20dBm transmitting power and 17dBi antennas: 20dBm-1dB+17dBi-116.8dB+17dBi-1=-64.8dBm There are several online link budget calculators to use; like the one available at Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 58

59 5.4 Fresnel zone The Fresnel zone is a long ellipsoid that stretches between the two antennas. When you deploy a link between two sites you need to make sure, you have "line of sight" between the two antennas, which implies free space around the direct line. To calculate the Fresnel zone, you need to know the distance between the endpoints and the frequency. The Fresnel zone is larger for lower frequencies, so calculate with the lowest frequency to use. r = D f In the case where distance is 10 km and frequency is 5.1GHz: r = = 12.1 meters Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 59

60 5.5 Multipath propagation A phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. This happens because of atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings. 5.6 Wireless Topologies Repeater As a wireless repeater, AP provides connectivity to AP (in root mode) and clients that are outside the reach of the root AP Bridge vs router mode Radios in bridge mode create a wireless connection by connecting with each other and combines the networks on their LAN side as if they were one in terms of layers below the network layer. Bridging is distinct from routing, which allows the networks to communicate independently as separate networks. A radio in router mode has ip-addresses one the radio and LAN interface that belongs to different networks. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 60

61 5.6.3 Mesh The network will dynamically configure and reconfigure itself to find the most efficient way to transport traffic back to the backhaul WAN network. To ensure all its paths' availability, a routing network must allow for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths, using selfhealing algorithms Wireless security Wireless security is the prevention of unauthorized access or damage to computers using wireless networks. The most common types of wireless security are Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WEP is a notoriously weak security standard. The password it uses can often be cracked in a few minutes with a basic laptop computer and widely available software tools. WEP is an old IEEE standard from 1999 which was outdated in 2003 by WPA or Wi-Fi Protected Access. WPA was a quick alternative to improve security over WEP. The current standard is WPA2; some hardware cannot support WPA2 without firmware upgrade or replacement. WPA2 uses an encryption device which encrypts the network with a 256 bit key; the longer key length improves security over WEP. IEEE 802.1X defines the encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) over IEEE 802, which is known as "EAP over LAN" or EAPOL X authentication involves three parties: a supplicant, an authenticator, and an authentication server. The supplicant is a client device (such as a laptop) that wishes to attach to the LAN/WLAN - though the term 'supplicant' is also used interchangeably to refer to the software running on the client that provides credentials to the authenticator. The authenticator is a network device, such as an Ethernet switch or wireless access point; and the authentication server is typically a host running software supporting the RADIUS and EAP protocols Regulatory domains The 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands are divided into separate channels. There are rules defined by the regulatory domain such as a country on which channels that are licensed and unlicensed. The domains also regulates maximum transmitting power and other parameters that applies to use of wireless equipment. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 61

62 5.7 Modulation Modulation describes how many bits are contained within one transmission time increment. Higher modulations pack more data into the transmission, but they require much higher SNR. Like its NITRO2, N3 uses an error-correcting code. One of the fundamental attributes of an error-correcting code is that adds redundant information N3 will continue to rely on OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple is a method of modulation and encoding of information on multiple carrier frequencies, if a sub-carrier experiences fading of some point that sub-carrier can be amplified without affecting other sub-carriers, or less data could be sent over it. The main advantage of the OFDM over singles carrier modulation resides in its ability to cope with harsh conditions without complex equalization filter NITRO3 MCS table MCS index Theor. Th.put pr chain (Mbps) TX Power pr chain ±2dB (dbm) TX power 2 chains ±2dB (dbm) RX Sens. ±2dB (dbm) 5GHz 11n/11ac HT20 MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS GHz 11n/11ac HT40 MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS GHz 11ac HT80 MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS MCS Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 62

63 5.7.2 Modulation and config scheme (MCS) The new N3 have a total support for 256QAM, now the specification minimizes the number of additional option MCS. Constellation Diagram below describes a new modulation for use with N3. Previous Dragon and NITRO 2 allowed for up to 64-QAM, which allowed each transmission symbol to take on one of 64 values. At a high level, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) works by using the combination of amplitude level and phase shift to select one of many symbols in the constellation. To identify each of the 64 values, there are eight levels of in phase (roughly speaking, a phase shift) and eight levels of quadrature (roughly speaking, the amplitude of a wave). Each time a symbol is transmitted, it may take on one of eight phase shifts and one of eight amplitude levels. As with many other aspects of the protocol, ac kicks up the existing technology a notch by using 256- QAM. Rather than a constellation that is 8 by 8, the 256-QAM constellation has 16 phase shifts and 16 amplitude levels. Compares the 64-QAM constellation to the 256-QAM constellation. At first glance, they re quite similar, though there are many more constellation points in the latter. One analogy that is helpful is to compare QAM to a game of darts. The transmitter picks a target point and encodes an amplitude and phase shift. This amplitude and phase shift starts at the ideal constellation point, and the receiver pulls the transmission out of the air and maps it onto what was received. As the constellation points get closer and closer together, the transmitter must be able to throw its darts much more accurately to hit the target point. Constellation Diagram MCS 3/4 16- QAM Constellation Diagram MCS 5/6/7 64- QAM Constellation Diagram MCS 8/9 256-QAM Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 63

64 The large number of extra points in the 256-QAM constellation point has the potential to dramatically improve speed. Instead of transmitting a maximum of six bits on each subcarrier in the channel, a 256-QAM-encoded link transmits eight bits. This single feature alone represents a 33% increase in speed over its nearest equivalent in n Guard Interval N3 retains the ability to select a shortened OFDM guard interval if both the transmitter and the receiver are capable of processing it. It has exactly the same effect as in NITRO2: the guard interval shrinks from 800 ns to 400 ns, providing about a 10% boost in throughput. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 64

65 5.8 MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication performance. MIMO technology takes advantage of the multipath phenomenon where transmitted information bounces off walls, ceilings, and other objects, reaching the receiving antenna multiple times via different angles and at slightly different times. In other words, MIMO technology takes advantage of multipath propagation to enhance the system performance. It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or extra transmit power. MIMO is used in all Witelcom products RTS/CTS operation for wider bandwidth Because of the wider bandwidth used in ac and the limited number of 80 MHz channels, hidden nodes on the secondary channels are an important problem to address. The RTS/CTS mechanism has been updated to better detect whether any of the non primary channels are occupied by a different transmission. To this end, both RTS and CTS (optionally) support a dynamic bandwidth mode. In this mode, CTS may be sent only on the primary channels that are available in case part of the bandwidth is occupied. The STA that sent the RTS can than fall back to a lower bandwidth mode. This helps to mitigate the effect of a hidden node. Note however that the final transmission bandwidth always has to include the primary channel Reduced Inter Frame Spacing (RIFS) Feature of the n specification whose purpose was to increase MAC efficiency by reducing the gap between successive transmissions. RIFS can be applied between transmissions within the same burst. This mechanism was removed from ac, except for what is needed to maintain backward compatibility with n. It was felt that aggregation provided a more efficient way to increase MAC efficiency, and that the complexity of RIFS implementation did not outweigh its gains as a stand alone mechanism. 5.9 Wireless History Time line The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or transceiver (a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 65

66 Year Protocol Modulation Technique Frequency Speed b DSSS 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps a FHSS OFDM 5.1 GHz 54 Mbps g OFDM 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps n OFDM MIMO 2.4 / 5.1 GHz 300 Mbps AC OFDM MIMO 2.4 / 5.1 GHz 1.3Gbps (3x3) Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 66

67 5.10 ANNEX Radio Channels in ac You will need to consider AP channel assignment based on physical AP locations in order to maximize the likelihood that channels can be used without channel interference. Recommendations: In high-density areas, like urban areas with many radio interferences, the channel width should be 20 MHz. In normal-density areas, it should be 40 MHz. In low-density areas, like little neighbourhoods, this could be 80 MHz channels GHz Developed to obtain the best performance of the n protocol, the N3 line in 2.4GHz has a MIMO antenna (dual polarization), obtaining a theoretical throughput of 300Mbps. The 2.4GHz spectrum is used for many devices compatible if b/g/n, NITRO3 is 100% compatible with this standard protocol (in the model list you can found a compatible radio with this frequency). FCC defines this frequency with a bandwidth channel of 100MHz, ranging from 2.4GHz to 2.5GHz, the first channel is 2412MHz and the last channel is 2484 MHz, depends on the regulations of your country (look at the table below for details). The 2.4 GHz ( b/g/n) spectrum is 100 MHz wide and made up of 11 channels centred 5 MHz apart. Each 2.4GHz channel is MHz wide making the spectrum a little crowded. Channel Frequency(MHz) North America Japan Most of world Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 11b only No Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 67

68 Non-overlapping Channels for 2.4 GHz First, we will consider the following points: The channel width available in 2.4GHz it s only 100 MHz smartphones, laptops and tablets using 20MHz of channel width the first channel is 2412MHz and the last channel is 2462MHz b protocol uses DSSS method and this method used a 22MHz g/n protocol uses OFDM method and this method used a 16.5MHz So after getting all considerations above, we need to use the channel 1,6 and 11, thus there is no overlapping channels. In the picture above you can note that, channels 1 and 2 are interwoven in significant ways. Each of the frequencies shown in the picture are considered central frequencies, and from them we add and subtract 11MHz using the DSSS modulation technique and 10MHz (8.125MHz) using the OFDM modulation technique. The N3 was developed with a modulation method OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) or DMT (Discrete Multitone Modulation), it s the same method used by 4G (LTE- long-term evolution). *read more about OFDM in Modulation chapter. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 68

69 GHz (IEEE ac: An analysis of the standard by Jean-Pierre Le Rouzic, ac: A Survival Guide by Matthew Gast) The use of the 5 GHz band has significantly increased the amount of bandwidth available for wireless transmission. However, even this band is ultimately a limited resource, and ever-increasing competition for bandwidth share will be a reality for any system operating in this band ac specifies that 80 MHz channels consist of two adjacent 40 MHz channels, without any overlap between the 80 MHz channels. This results in channel allocations as illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2for the U.S. and Europe, respectively. The number of 80 MHz channels for the U.S. is five, while in Europe and Japan the number is four ac will continue to rely on OFDM, but N3 devices will have the option of higher-order 256-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). Compared, equivalent coding rates of 64-QAM with 256-QAM, 256QAM equivalent coding rates provides 1.33x (33%) efficiency gains. The table below specific amount of available channels by channel width, non-overlapping channels: The three bands have different limits with regard to the power transmission: U-NII Low (U-NII-1[3]): GHz. Indoor use only. Regulations require use of an integrated antenna. Power limited to EIRP 23dBm U-NII Mid (U-NII-2: GHz. Both outdoor and indoor use, subject to Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS, or radar avoidance). Regulations allow for a user-installable antenna. Power limited to EIRP: 500 mw or 30dBm. U-NII Worldwide (U-NII-2e): GHz. Both outdoor and indoor use, subject to Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS, or radar avoidance). Power limited to EIRP 500 mw or 30dBm. The FCC added this spectrum in 2003 to "align the frequency bands used by U-NII devices in the United States with bands in other parts of the world". The FCC currently has an interim limitation on operations on channels which overlap the MHz band. U-NIII): to GHz. Sometimes referred to as U-NIII / ISM due to overlap with the ISM band. Regulations allow for a user-installable antenna. Power limited to EIRP 36dBm. Copyright 2015 Witelcom AS Page 69