Understanding TCP. The concept and ideas behind it. No header bit definitions No DoS protection stuff. Understanding TCP
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1 The concept and ideas behind it No header bit definitions No DoS protection stuff André Oppermann Page 1
2 WhatisTCP Transmission Control Protocol Definedin RFC793 (in 1981!) Basedon A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication by Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. Kahn (in 1974) Updated overtheyearsbya large numberof additional RFC s TCP istheprimaryprotocolon theinternet ThatiswhatI will talk abouttoday André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 2
3 PurposeofTCP Provide a reliable data channel Ittrieshardtodeliverthedata Andtellstheapplicationifitcan t Sequential and in-order data stream ItensuresthatA isdeliveredbeforeb Over a lossyand dumb network(ip) The Internet everywhere and anytime André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 3
4 Smart vs. Dumb(1) Two network types exist Smart network with dumb terminals Terminal is just a presentation device All thelogicanddatahandlingisin thenetwork Centralized approach Everythinghastobeimplementedandpreparedin the network Examples: Telephony network Compuserve, AOL, MSN, Minitel André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 4
5 Smart vs. Dumb(2) Dumb network with smart terminals Terminal is also doing data handling The network is just a dumb packet transporter Stateless to any packet flows Network is usage agnostic Every packet isjust a packet likeall theothers Decentralized approach The terminal has to implement the data handling itself End toend principle Examples: Internet X.21 network(partially stateful) André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 5
6 Dumbnetwork(1) The terminal doesn t know anything about the network Noideaon thespeedandbandwidth Noideaon thedelaysandroundtriptimes Absolutely nothing! The networkisa blackbox TCP hastodiscovereverythingbyitself Through observing the network André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 6
7 Dumbnetwork(2) IP packetscangetlost atanytime Queue overflows in switches and routers Bit errorsorcollisionson Layer 2 Lost link, broken line, Anything Lost packets are not reported! Packet loss comes with these properties Single packet is lost A wholenumber(burst) ofpacketsislost Packets are reordered(b before A) No packets make it through André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 7
8 Transmission ControlProtocol It sthejoboftcp tohideall theseproblems User andapplicationdon thavetocare Avoid re-inventing the wheel for every application TCP hidesa lotofcomplexityasyouwill find out André Oppermann Page 8
9 TCP overview TCP consistsofa fewprimarymechanisms Acknowledgement system Loss detection system Loss recovery and retransmit system Bandwidth& congestion control Timeouts More detailon eachin thenextslides André Oppermann Page 9
10 Acknowledgementsystem(1) The remote terminal must tellwhenitreceived datafromus Ithastosend an acknowledgement( I gotthe data ) Data: ABC ACK: 3 Bytes André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 10
11 Acknowledgementsystem(2) Sequence space numbering in each direction So thatbothterminalsknowwheretheyare TCP header contains two fields Start sequence number of this packet Acknowledgement sequence number of the latest(inorder) received packet Ittakesa fullrtt forustoknowwhetherour data packet was received Andittakeslongertofind out thatit got lost André Oppermann Page 11
12 Loss detectionsystem(1) Howdo wefind out thatthedatapacket was lost? Two methods exist See nextslides André Oppermann Page 12
13 Loss detectionsystem(2) Wheneverwesend a datapacket westarta timer Whenitexpireswecanassumethepacket gotlost The datapacket mayhavemadeitbut theack got lost The timerisdynamicallyadjustedbasedon the measured RTT ABC André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 13
14 Loss detectionsystem(3) FourACK swiththesame ACK number Weonlygetan ACK whena packet was received Wecanassumethedatapacket attheack number got lost May havebeenseverereorderingaswell ABC DEF GHI JKL MN ACK: 3 ACK: 3 ACK: 3 ACK: 3 André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 14
15 Loss recoveryandretransmitsystem(1) The senderkeepsa copyofthedataithassent Until it is acknowledged Calleda send buffer Whena datapacket islost, itcanbesentagain ABC DEF GHI JKL MN ACK: 3 André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 15
16 Loss recoveryandretransmitsystem(2) The receiveralso hasa bufferforincoming data Tostorethedatauntiltheapplicationreadsit Tohold datawhena packet beforeitgotlost (or reordered) ABC DEF GHI JKL MN ABC GHI JKL MN ACK: 3 André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 16
17 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(1) TCP can tjust blast out thedatapacketsat maximum speed Overflows buffers in switches and routers Many packet losses ThereareotherTCP terminalstoo Noideahowfast thenetworkisall thewaytothe receiver André Oppermann Page 17
18 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(2) We need something that ensures Fairness for multiple TCP senders Careful capacity probing Conservation principle(overall efficiency) Measuring the ACK s gives two feedbacks Packet loss Change in RTT Botharedelayedfeedbacks(atleast 1 RTT) André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 18
19 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(3) Congestion window Tocontrolhowfast TCP cansend newdata Limits the amount of unacknowledged data(inflight) AIMD algorithm Additive increase ForeveryreceivedACK twonewpacketsaresent Exponential growth Multiplicative decrease On a lost packet thewindowisreducedto50% André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 19
20 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(4) Graph ofaimd congestion wind dow real bandwidth time André Oppermann Page 20
21 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(5) Using only AIMD is inefficient Sawtooth effect We want better congestion avoidance TCP hastwosend modes Slow start(probing phase) Additive increase Congestion avoidance Oneadditional packet per fullrtt André Oppermann Page 21
22 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(6) Graph of slow start and congestion avoidance congestion wind dow real bandwidth time André Oppermann Page 22
23 Bandwidth& congestioncontrol(7) Low RTT scalesmuchfaster Faster reaction times Unfairness when low and high RTT transfer share the same link Throughput vs. goodput congestion window real bandwidth time André Oppermann Page 23
24 Timeouts TCP triestoberealiablebut can tguaranteeto transfer all data Network disconnect Receiver crashed Ithastoknowwhentogiveup TCP triestosend thedataagain Each time the interval increases Untilthereisonlylittlehope After approx. 42 minutes André Oppermann Page 24
25 TCP improvements(1) Delayed acknowledgements ToreducetheACK trafficandnumberofpackets Nagle algorithm Onlyhaveonepacket in flight For interactive applications(telnet/ssh) Timestamps Improved RTT measurement SYN cookies Avoid state tracking for incoming connections ECN Explicit congestion notification(by router) André Oppermann Page 25
26 TCP improvements(2) SACK Selective Acknowledgement Reports whichdataisreceivedafter a lost one Better loss recovery algorithms ABC DEF GHI JKL MN ABC GHI JKL MN ACK: 3 ACK: 3 and7 to14 André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 26
27 TCP improvements(3) Better congestion control algorithms Linux uses CUBIC Windows 7 uses Compound TCP Some more proposed New Reno, CUBIC Compound, Illinois André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 27
28 Tuning TCP Socket buffer sizing Enable window sizing Enable timestamps Enable SACK André Oppermann Page 28
29 Delay * Bandwidthproduct Defineshowmuchbandwidthcanbeused Send buffer keeps data for retransmit Send bufferlimitshowmuchdatacanbeinflight Receivebufferlimitshowmuchdatacanbe received until the application reads the data RTT * Bandwidth 10ms 100ms 200ms 10Mbit 0.02MB 0.2MB 0.3MB 100Mbit 0.2MB 1.2MB 2.5MB 1Gbit 1.2MB 13MB 25MB André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 29
30 Tuning thenetworkfortcp Active queue management RED (random early detection) Drop packetsbeforethequeueisfull Drop only one packet of any concurrent TCP connection (statistically) Properly sized interface buffers Means large buffers Delay before loss André Oppermann Page 30
31 Questions? Don t hesitate to contact me! Thankyouforyourattention I m available as a consultant and network engineerwhocanlookatyoursituationin detail oppermann@networx.ch André Oppermann <oppermann@networx.ch> Page 31
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