2 Mobile Backhaul and the New Packet Era 7 Erik Salo and Juha Salmelin 2.1 Backhaul Network, Tiers and Costs, 7 V ^

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1 / Contents Foreword Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations List of Contributors XV xvii xix xxxi 1 Introduction Esa Metsdld, Juha Salmelin and Erik Salo 1.1 Why Read This Book 1.2 What is 'Mobile Backhaul' 1.3 Targets and Scope of the Book 1.4 Organization of the Book PART I MOBILE AND PACKET NETWORKS 2 Mobile Backhaul and the New Packet Era 7 Erik Salo and Juha Salmelin 2.1 Backhaul Network, Tiers and Costs, 7 V ^ Backhaul Network Tiers Backhaul Network Costs Distribution Legacy Backhaul Networks Backhaul Basic Technologies Backhaul Topology Drivers for the MBH Network Change Mobile Service Developments and Traffic Growth Mobile Network Developments Backhaul Cost-Efficiency Improvements Lower Operational Costs Developments in General Transport Packet Based Backhaul Networks Physical Network and Topology Logical Network and Protocol Layers 22 \. '

2 vi CONTENTS 2.5 Making Transition to Packet Technology Networks Transition Strategies for Packet-Based Backhaul Implementing Transition and Network Evolution GPP Mobile Systems / 29 Esa Metsdld / 3.1 3GPP / Radio Technologies and Backhaul Organization Specifications Releases G Circuit Switched Traffic Packet Switched Traffic Abis V ' G ' Circuit Switched Traffic Packet Switched Traffic Air Interface Channels FP MAC and RLC Protocols HSDPA (HS-DSCH) and HSUPA (E-DCH) lub lur lu-cs lu-ps GTP-U Protocol LTE Architecture Packet Switched Traffic Air Interface. 5g SI X Bearers Mobility Management Interworking with 2G and 3G Voice Support Self Configuration and Self-Optimization Summary 64 References 65 4 Packet Networks 68 Esa Metsdld 4.1 Mobile Backhaul Application Backhaul Sen/ice Access, Aggregation and Core GPP Guidance for the Backhaul Networking and Backhaul 72

3 CONTENTS vii Standardization \ IEEE IETF ISO ;... _ ITU-T /, : MEF / "^^ IP/MPLS Forum..r::- 75 Physical Interfaces, High Data Rates Ethernet Ports, El/Tl/JTl : SDH/Sonet. 79 PPP and ML-PPP ^ PPP over El/Tl/JTl I ^ ML-PPP ll ' PPP over Sonet/SDH I 83 Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet Carrier Ethernet Ethernet and Ethernet Bridging Ethernet Link Aggregation VLANs Class of Service VLAN Example Ethernet OAM Provider Bridging Provider Backbone Bridging MPLS Based Carrier Ethernet 92 IP and Transport Layer Protocols IP IP Addresses and Address Assignment Forwarding Routing Protocols Differentiated Services Address Resolution Protocol ICMP UDP RTP TCP SCTP IPv6 108 MPLS/IP Applications MPLS Architecture Label Distribution Protocol BGP MPLS Ping MPLS L3 VPN and MP-BGP Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge 116

4 4.7.7 MPLS L2 VPN-VPLS MPLS-TE MPLS-TP 4.8 Summary References 5 Backhaul Transport Technologies Jouko Kapanen, Jyri Putkonen and Juha Salmelin 5.1 Transport Systems OSI-Model Access Schemes Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) SDH Protection Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) J Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH) I Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Hybrid TDM/Packet 5.2 Wireless Backhaul Technology Radio Wave Propagation Frequencies and Capacities Network Topologies Availability and Resiliency Performance Other Wireless Technologies 5.3 Wire-Line Backhaul Technology DSL Technologies Optical Technology Ethernet Interfaces Ethernet in the First Mile DOCSIS 5.4 Aggregation and Backbone Tiers 5.5 Leased Line Services for Mobile Backhaul Ethernet Services and SLA's (MEF) Leased Ethernet Service Offering IP as a Backhaul Service 5.6 Summary ' References PART II MOBILE BACKHAUL FUNCTIONALITY 6 Synchronization Antti Pietiidinen and Juha Salmelin 6.1 Cellular Networks Synchronization Requirements Frequency Accuracy

5 CONTENTS ix Time Accuracy Frequency Synchronization in TDM Networks Synchronization Architecture in TDM Networks PDH I SDH/SONET / ATM / OTN Frequency Synchronization in Packet Networks -i ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery), NTP V PTP Protocol ITU PTP Telecom Profile for Frequency Synchronization \ Synchronous Ethernet Chaining Different Synchronization Technologies Summary of ITU Recommendations Related to Frequency Synchronization in Packet Networks TICTOC Synchronization Metrics for TDM and Synchronous Ethernet Stability Metric MTIE Relationship between TDM Wander Specification and Base Station Clock Accuracy TDEV Packet Synchronization Fundamentals and Metrics The Principles of Packet Timing for Frequency Synchronization Packet Delay Metrics for Frequency Synchronization Two-way Messaging Delay Jumps Testing Packet Timing Slaves Rules of Thumb for Packet Timing Network Implementation Time Synchronization GNSS Systems PTP for Time Synchronization s Conclusions 20 References 20 7 Resilience 20 Esa Metsdld 7.1 Introduction Restoration and Protection Recovery i Availability MTBFandMTTR 20

6 7.1.5 Increasing Availability Network Failures Human Errors Native Ethernet and Resihence Ethernet Bridging Spanning Tree Operation Carrier Grade Ethernet Carrier Ethernet MEF Services ' Ethernet OAM IP Layer ' VRRP Load Sharing j Routing Protocols I OSPF \ BED ' Further Topics Loop Free Alternates MPLS Resilience Label Allocation LDP Sessions IP MPLS VPN VPLS MPLS TE and Fast Reroute MPLS OAM MPLS-TP GMPLS Control Plane Resilience in the BTS Access BTS and BTS Site BTS Access IP Addressing Active-Passive Ports IP Load Sharing Ethernet Link Aggregation OSPF in the Access Static Routes First Hop Gateway Redundancy Microwave Access Links Attachment to a MEF Service Resilience in the Controllers and the Core Interface BSC and RNC and Their Site Solutions VRRP Example Signaling Resilience with SCTP Multihoming Use of Multiple Core Network Nodes Summary

7 CONTENTS 8 QoS 250 Thomas Deifi, Jouko Kapanen, Esa Metsaid and Csaba 8.1 End User Service, Radio Network Layers and Vulkan the Transport Layer Service Transport Layer Service /. " End-to-End QoS / Need for Backhaul QoS / QoS Alignment with Radio and Backhaul 254 TCP and UDP as End User Transport Layer Protocols UDP \ TCP TCP Congestion Control TCP Over Wireless 262 DSCP Traffic Class, and Priority Bits Differentiated Services h IPv6 jf Per-Hop Behaviours Recommended Use of DSCPs and Treatment Aggregates DSCP in IP Tunnels Use of DSCPs for Mobile Backhaul MPLS Traffic Class IEEE802.1Q Priority Bits VLANs QoS with MEF Services 273 Ingress and Egress Functions Ingress Classification and Policing Single-Rate Two Color Policer Two-Rate Three Color Policer Egress Scheduling, Queue Management, and Shaping Strict Priority Scheduler Weighted Round Robin Scheduler Weighted Fair Queuing Combined Schedulers ^ Buffering Tail Drop Active Queue Management Shaping 280 2G Native PCM-Based Abis Abis Over Pseudowire Abis Example 281 3G/HSPA Bearers and Their Attributes lub lub Example Congestion Control in MBH 288

8 8.6.5 Congestion Control in HSPA Systems HSDPA Congestion Control HSUPA Congestion Control Co-existence of Radio Networks 8.7 LTE QoS Architecture Packet Flows and Bearers QoS Parameters Admission Control S] Interface SI Example 8.8 Summary References Security Esa Metsdld and Jose Manuel Tapia Perez 9.1 Security in 3GPP Mobile Networks Network Domain Security G Abis, A and Gb G lub lu-cs, lu-ps and lur Interfaces LTE SI and X2 Interfaces Management Traffic 9.2 Protection of the Backhaul Cryptographic Protection Compared to Other Protection Leased Service and A Self-Deployed Backhaul Traffic Separation Ethernet Services IEEE 802.1x and IEEE802.Iae MEF 9.3 IP Layer Protection IPsec IPsec SA IPsec ESP J IPsec AH IKE Protocol Anti-Replay Protection Network Element Authentication Firewalls and Access Control Lists Network Control Protocols Protection 9.4 IP Sec VPN Deployment Cell and Hub Site Solutions ^ IPsec Profiles ' VPN Resilience

9 CONTENTS rfu Fragmentation IPsec and Quality of Service LTE SI and X2 Study Case Summary 344 References / Packet Backhaul Solutions 346 Erik Salo and Juha Salmelin 10.1 Creating a Packet Based MBH Solution MBH Solution Starting Points, ' Hard Starting Points Soft Starting Points I MBH Optimization Considerations 349_ Economic Optimization Technical Optimization V Optimization for a Particular Operator Optimization for a Certain Region Optimization for Flexibility Optimization of Implementation MBH Solution Alternatives Enhancing SDH/Sonet Networks with NG-SDH/MSPP Equipment Enhancing SDH/Sonet Networks with a Packet Overlay Fully Packet Based Networks for MBH Backbone and Aggregation Building Fully Packet Based MBH Access Network for New Base Stations Building Fully Packet Based MBH Access Networks Area by Area Other Possible Approaches/Strategies Outsourcing the MBH Network or Parts of it Economic Considerations, ^ Strategic and Organizational Considerations Technical Issues Selecting MBH Access Solution for a Particular Case,^ MBH Solution for LTE in a Dense Urban Area (in a Developed Environment) MBH Solution for Suburban Area for 3G + LTE (in a Developed Environment) i MBH Solution in a Rural Area for a New 3G Network From the Selected MBH Solution to Detailed Network Plans Summary Summary 370 Esa Metsdld and Juha Salmelin Index 373