Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 6

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1 DOI / ISSN IJESC ` Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 6 Military Applications using Wireless Sensor Networks: A survey Ishfaq Ahmad 1, Khalil Shah 2, Saif Ullah 3 Department of computer Science Abdul Wali khan University Mardan 1 Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan 2, 3 ashfaq9701@gmail.com 1, escallanio@gmail.com 2 Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) received enormous attention in recent years due to its phenomenal ability of implementation in various fields. WSNs consist of a large number of small sensor nodes. These nodes are very cheap in terms of cost. In military operations, there is always a threat of being attacked by enemies. So, the use of these cheap sensor nodes will help to reduce the loss. In this paper, we analyze the existing literature of using WSNs for military applications. We will discuss the available scenarios of using sensor nodes in the military uses. We aim to present a better deployment of sensor nodes for military purposes with the help of existing research work. We will try to identify different areas in which we can reduce the damage in case of militant s attack or enemy s outbreak using an intelligent deployment of nodes. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Military Surveillance, Sensor Nodes, Intrusion Detection. I. INTRODUCTION The rise of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has brought revolution in the field of technology. These networks comprise of a large number of densely deployed sensor nodes which works through collaboration. In WSNs, each sensor node has limited resources such as, low energy, less bandwidth, limited memory and small computational power. These nodes are very inexpensive in terms of cost, so resource limitation is not a big problem. If a node runs out of energy, so instead of replacing the battery, we can replace the entire node with a new node. There are different types of sensors available like temperature sensor, humidity sensor, multimedia sensor and others. Due to these variant sensors, WSNs got applications in different fields such as environment monitoring, agriculture monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring, home applications and military operations. Sensor Networks were initially designed for military operations and surveillance [1-4]. WSNs have been emerged as an excellent tool for military applications involving intrusion detection, various parameter monitoring, information gathering and, smart logistics support in an unknown deployed area [5, 6]. These networks can provide different services to military and air force like information collection, battlefield surveillance and attack detection [7-11]. Because of their capabilities of real time transmission, WSNs play an important role in military operations. These networks offer several advantages over traditional sensor devices such as fault tolerance, robustness and low budget deployment. In case of enemy attack, some nodes will be damaged but node damage in WSNs does not disturb the complete network. Due to their unique characteristics [12-18], these networks are well-known among the research communities and industrialpartners II. RELATED WORK In literature, there exist various studies about implementing WSNs in military applications. Authors discussed these applications in different parts of military operations from different perspectives. In [19-26], different areas are pointed where WSNs can be deployed in order to obtain better results and desired outputs. These areas include intrusion detection, enemy tracking and target classification, battlefield surveillance, battlefield damage assessment, target system and detection of Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) attacks [27, 28]. A. Intrusion Detection Sensor networks can be used as a 2-phase in Intrusion Detection System.Instead of using mines, intrusion can be spotted with the help of sensor network in a particular area. Mines [29-33 can target the civilians as well so as an alternative of mines; sensor nodes sense the environment and alarm the forces. B. Battlefield Surveillance Critical areas and borders can be closely monitored using sensor networks to obtain information about any enemy activity in that area. This provides quick gathering of information provides time for quick response [34]. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June

2 There are various other applications of WSNs in military responsibilities. In [35-37], different tasks are discussed for which sensor nodes can be used. These include some of above mentioned areas while the other tasks for which these networks can be implemented are monitoring friendly forces, equipment, and ammunition and targeting. Aerostat acoustic payload for transient and helicopter detection and novel shoe scanner using an open-access quadruple resonance sensor are also part of the existing literature. C. Aerostat Acoustic Payload for Transient and Helicopter Detection Using acoustic sensor shows suspended under attached aerostats The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has led tests to locate and constrain transitory motions from mortars, big guns and little arms release. The same aerostat and unattended ground sensor UGS joint effort can track adjacent helicopters in 3d for tie evasion [38]. D. A Novel Shoe Scanner using an Open-access Quadruple Resonance Sensor Novel shoe scanner advanced at the GE Security San Diego Centre of Excellence utilization Quadruple Resonance (QR) to distinguish explosives stowed away in shoes [39]. The shoe scanner was created with an open-access frame and filtering chamber that permits travelers to stand in the framework in a regular position throughout the checking process [4]. Advances in group filter applications to sea mine detection, Omni Bird a miniature PTZ NIR sensor system for UCAV day/night autonomous operations, Low-cost acoustic sensors for littoral anti-submarine war-fare (ASW) are also being presented in [40]. E. Advances in Group Filter Applications to Sea Mine Detection It is extremely challenging to separate questions in the underwater environment which change in size, shape, and introduction from regularly happening and man-made disorder. For that unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) sensor frameworks described by high sensor information rates and constrained preparing capabilities is utilized by Naval Surface Warfare Centre Panama City (NSWC PC) to output the sonar picture and characterize the picture characteristics, geometrically characterized structures with introductions, and confined ghastly data into different orthogonal parts or emphasize sub-spaces of the picture [4]. Early attack reaction sensing element (EARS), Time difference of arrival blast localization using a net-work of disposable sensors, Novel optical sensor system for missile canisters continuous monitoring and Acoustic threatening sound recognition system are also included in the contents of the same paper. Tracking military vehicles, sniper localization and Self- Healing Mine Field is also the portion of the existing study in the form of [7]. In tracking military vehicles, the WSNs should be hidden and hard to abolish. For sniper localization, a WSN is being used to locate snipers and the trajectory of bullets [5], providing valuable clues for law enforcement. The deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can solve the problem of enemy force deployment uncertainty. Where ever the force is deployed, senor nodes will capture their presence and will inform. Then you have to send your army to that particular area to protect it. These networks can also be deployed in urban areas to make sure peaceful environment. III. COMPARISONS OF MILITARY APPLICATIONS As discussed in above section, different authors discussed the applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for military purposes from different perspectives. Here we will try to compare the study in existing literature and after that comparison, we will be able to extract a better way of using these sensor networks for military purposes. In [6], it is proposed to use the WSNs in battlefield surveillance to closely monitor the critical areas and borders to obtain information about enemy activity in that area. Hence, we will gather information quickly which will result in quick response. Another way of using sensornodes for battlefield surveillance is as the operations advance and new operational arrangements are ready, new sensor systems could be conveyed for front observation [4]. Both the approaches are good. Everyone have its advantages. Border monitoring is an essential component of military surveillance to prevent enemy s intrusion. In normal circumstances, it may be enough just to monitor borders but in case of war, new sensor nodes are necessary to know the conditions of front areas so that you can adopt an appropriate plane. Nuclear, Biological and chemical (NBC) attack detection is an important application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Nuclear, Biological and chemical (NBC) agents can be sensed by sensors and embedded warning system can now send a warning message. It provides the military critical response time to check the situation and prevent possible attacks which International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June

3 can save lives of many [6]. It is good that t can sense the NBC and can save many lives but it should be make sure that it can sense the NBC even in a very little size and at very early stage. For this purpose the sensor nodes can be placed close to these to the plant and their threshold value should be set even very low than the danger limit so that preventive measures can be taken before the danger limit is reached. Tracking military vehicles is another important aspect of using sensors in military side. Here, sensor nodes are deployed from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) [7] [40-43]. In order to sense the closeness of tanks, Magnetometer sensors are attached to the nodes. Sensor nodes collaborate in order to estimate the path and velocity of tracked vehicle. In order to track these vehicles, the tracking object should have a predefined amount of metallic material. Thisamount can be specified by the programmer while programing the sensor. IV. CONCLUSION From above discussion, it is clear that WSNs plays an important role in military operations. With the help of these networks, not only the critical areas can be monitored but also due to its flexible nature, it can be expanded to the nearby areas according to the requirements with the passage of time. Moreover due to its fault tolerance characteristic, if any node got damaged, the rest of the network will continue sensing. Rest of the network will not be affected due to the damage of a single or a group of sensors. The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) will reduce the casualty rate. Normally these networks are deployed in risky and critical areas where there is always a strong threat to soldiers in case of their presence. The damage of sensor nodes in that scenario is not noticeable because of their easily availability and inexpensive nature. As we discussed earlier, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have a vast variety of applications for military purposes, but keeping in mind the importance and critical nature of security and safety, there should be a number of more applications are possible in military operations. This requires further research in this field. REFERENCES [1]. M. Pejanović Đurišić1, Z. Tafa1, 2, G. Dimić3, and V. Milutinović2, A Survey of Military Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks ; 2012 Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO); June 19, 2012, ISSN: ; Publisher IEEE [2]. Michael Winkler, Klaus-Dieter Tuchs, Kester Hughes, and Graeme Barclay, Theoretical and practical aspects of military wireless sensor networks ; journal of telecommunication and information technology, February 2008, Vol Issue 2, p37-43 [3]. Carlos F. García-Hernández, Pablo H. Ibargüengoytia- González, JoaquínGarcía-Hernández, and Jesús A. Pérez-Díaz*; Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications: a Survey ; IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.3, March 2007 [4]. Khan, F., Bashir, F., & Nakagawa, K. (2012). Dual Head Clustering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks. in the IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies (pp. 1-8). Islamabad: IEEE Islamabad. [5]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He, Z. Tan and R. P. Liu, A robust authentication scheme for observing resources in the internet of things environment in 13th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), pp , 2014, IEEE. [6]. Khan, F., & Nakagawa, K. (2012). Performance Improvement in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks. in the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), 8. [7]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda and X. He, Energy Evaluation Model for an Improved Centralized Clustering Hierarchical Algorithm in WSN, in Wired/Wireless Internet Communication, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp , Springer, Berlin, Germany, [8]. Khan, F., Kamal, S. A., &Arif, F. (2013). Fairness Improvement in long-chain Multi-hop Wireless Adhoc Networks. International Conference on Connected Vehicles & Expo (pp. 1-8). Las Vegas: IEEE Las Vegas, USA. [9]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He and R. P. Liu, Enhancing lifetime and quality of data in cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor network, 2013 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications & 2013 IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (HPCC & EUC), pp , [10]. Q. Jabeen, F. Khan, S. Khan and M.A Jan. (2016). Performance Improvement in Multihop Wireless Mobile Adhoc Networks. in the Journal Applied, Environmental, and Biological Sciences (JAEBS), vol. 6(4S), pp Print ISSN: Online ISSN: , TextRoad. [11]. Khan, F., & Nakagawa, K. (2013). Comparative Study of Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks. in IEEE World Congress on Communication and Information Technologies (p. 8). Tunisia: IEEE International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June

4 Tunisia. [12]. Khan, F. (2014). Secure Communication and Routing Architecture in Wireless Sensor Networks. the 3 rd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE) (p. 4). Tokyo, Japan: IEEE Tokyo. [13]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He and R. P. Liu, PASCCC: Priority-based application-specific congestion control clustering protocol Computer Networks, Vol. 74, PP , [14]. Khan, F. (2014, May). Fairness and throughput improvement in multihop wireless ad hoc networks. In Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2014 IEEE 27th Canadian Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. [15]. Mian Ahmad Jan and Muhammad Khan, A Survey of Cluster-based Hierarchical Routing Protocols, in IRACST International Journal of Computer Networks and Wireless Communications (IJCNWC), Vol.3, April. 2013, pp [16]. Khan, S., Khan, F., & Khan, S.A.(2015). Delay and Throughput Improvement in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. 5th National Symposium on Information Technology: Towards New Smart World (NSITNSW) (pp. 1-8). Riyadh: IEEE Riyad Chapter. [17]. Khan, F., Khan, S., & Khan, S. A. (2015, October). Performance improvement in wireless sensor and actor networks based on actor repositioning. In 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE) (pp ). IEEE. [18]. Khan, S., Khan, F., Jabeen. Q., Arif. F., & Jan. M. A. (2016). Performance Improvement in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks. in the Journal Applied, Environmental, and Biological Sciences Print ISSN: Online ISSN: [19]. Mian Ahmad Jan and Muhammad Khan, Denial of Service Attacks and Their Countermeasures in WSN, in IRACST International Journal of Computer Networks and Wireless Communications (IJCNWC), Vol.3, April [20]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He and R. P. Liu, A Sybil Attack Detection Scheme for a Centralized Clusteringbased Hierarchical Network in Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, Vol.1, PP , 2015, IEEE. [21]. Jabeen, Q., Khan, F., Hayat, M.N., Khan, H., Jan., S.R., Ullah, F., (2016) A Survey : Embedded Systems Supporting By Different Operating Systems in the International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology(IJSRSET), Print ISSN : , Online ISSN : , Volume 2 Issue 2, pp [22]. Syed Roohullah Jan, Syed TauhidUllah Shah, Zia UllahJohar, Yasin Shah, Khan, F., " An Innovative Approach to Investigate Various Software Testing Techniques and Strategies", International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology(IJSRSET), Print ISSN : , Online ISSN : , Volume 2 Issue 2, pp , March-April URL : [23]. Khan, F., Jan, SR, Tahir, M., & Khan, S., (2015) Applications, Limitations, and Improvements in Visible Light Communication Systems In 2015 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE) (pp ). IEEE. [24]. Syed Roohullah Jan, Khan, F., Muhammad Tahir, Shahzad Khan,, (2016) Survey: Dealing Non-Functional Requirements At Architecture Level, VFAST Transactions on Software Engineering, (Accepted 2016) [25]. M. A. Jan, Energy-efficient routing and secure communication in wireless sensor networks, Ph.D. dissertation, [26]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He, and R. P. Liu, A Lightweight Mutual Authentication Scheme for IoT Objects, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC), Submitted, [27]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, X. He, and R. P. Liu, A Sybil Attack Detection Scheme for a Forest Wildfire Monitoring Application, Elsevier Future Generation Computer Systems (FGCS), Accepted, [28]. Puthal, D., Nepal, S., Ranjan, R., & Chen, J. (2015, August). DPBSV--An Efficient and Secure Scheme for Big Sensing Data Stream. InTrustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, 2015 IEEE (Vol. 1, pp ). IEEE. [29]. Puthal, D., Nepal, S., Ranjan, R., & Chen, J. (2015). A Dynamic Key Length Based Approach for Real-Time Security Verification of Big Sensing Data Stream. In Web Information Systems Engineering WISE 2015 (pp ). Springer International Publishing. [30]. Puthal, D., Nepal, S., Ranjan, R., & Chen, J. (2016). A dynamic prime number based efficient security mechanism for big sensing data streams.journal of Computer and System Sciences. [31]. Puthal, D., &Sahoo, B. (2012). Secure Data Collection & Critical Data Transmission in Mobile Sink WSN: Secure International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June

5 and Energy efficient data collection technique. [32]. Puthal, D., Sahoo, B., &Sahoo, B. P. S. (2012). Effective Machine to Machine Communications in Smart Grid Networks. ARPN J. Syst. Softw AJSS Journal, 2(1), [33]. M. A. Jan, P. Nanda, M. Usman, and X. He, PAWN: A Payload-based mutual Authentication scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks, accepted, [34]. M. Usman, M. A. Jan, and X. He, Cryptography-based Secure Data Storage and Sharing Using HEVC and Public Clouds, Elsevier Information sciences, accepted, [35]. Jan, S. R., Khan, F., &Zaman, A. THE PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS ABOUT MOBILE LEARNING AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO., 97. [36]. Khan, F., & Nakagawa, K. (2012). B-8-10 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks. 電子情報通信学会ソサイエティ大会講演 論文集, 2012(2), 152. [37]. Safdar, M., Khan, I. A., Ullah, F., Khan, F., & Jan, S. R. Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in Mobile Adhoc Networks. [38]. Shahzad Khan, Fazlullah Khan, FahimArif, QamarJabeen, M.A Jan and S. A Khan (2016). Performance Improvement in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, Vol. 6(4S), pp , Print ISSN: Online ISSN: , TextRoad. [39]. M. Usman, M. A. Jan, X. He and P. Nanda, Data Sharing in Secure Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks, in 15th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (IEEE TrustCom-16), accepted, [40]. Ananyachatterjee, ManjushaPandey; Practical Applications of Wireless Sensor Network Based on Military, Environmental, Health and Home Applications: A Survey ; International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January ,, ISSN [41]. Gyula Simon Miklós Maróti Ákos Lédeczi György Balogh Branislav Kusy András Nádas Gábor Pap János Sallai Ken Frampton; Sensor Network-Based Counters niper System ; SenSys'04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, Baltimore, USA, November 2004ISBN: [42]. Ms. Sunita, Jyoti Malik, SumanMor; Comprehensive Study of Applications of Wireless Sensor Network ; International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering;Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012; ISSN: X. [43]. Kay Romer, Friedemann Mattern; The Design Space of Wireless Sensor Networks ; IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume: 11, Issue: 6, pp , December 2004, ISSN: International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, June