Politecnico di Milano Scuola di Ingegneria Industriale e dell Informazione. E4 Local Area Networks
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1 Politecnico di Milano Scuola di Ingegneria Industriale e dell Informazione E4 Local Area Networks
2 Exercise Consider the LAN in the figure with stations A, B, C, and D (with addresses MAC.A, MAC.B, MAC.C, and MAD.D, respectively) and switches S, S, and (port numbers are indicated in the figure). Forwarding tables are initially empty. A sequence of 4 frames is exchanged by A and C (F: A-to-C, F: C-to-A, F3: A-to-C, F4:C-to-A). Indicate the forwarding behavior of all switches for each frame and the content of forwarding tables after each packet processing Which frames are received also by B and D? What B and D do with the received frames? S S A B C D
3 F: A-to-C Solution Frame is received by S on port and forwarded on ports and 3; S adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.A, port ) Frame is received by on port and forwarded on port ; adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.A, port ) Frame is received by S on port 3 and forwarded on ports and ; S adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.A, port 3) Addr. Port MAC.A S Addr. S Port MAC.A Addr. Port MAC.A 3 A B C D
4 F: C-to-A Solution Frame is received by S on port and forwarded on port 3; S adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.C, port ) Frame is received by on port and forwarded on port ; adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.C, port ) Frame is received by S on port 3 and forwarded on port ; S adds an entry in the forwarding table: (MAC.C, port 3) Addr. Port MAC.A MAC.C 3 S Addr. S Port MAC.A MAC.C Addr. Port MAC.A 3 MAC.C A B C D
5 F3: A-to-C Solution Frame is received by S on port and forwarded on port 3 Frame is received by on port and forwarded on port Frame is received by S on port 3 and forwarded on port Addr. Port MAC.A MAC.C 3 S Addr. S Port MAC.A MAC.C Addr. Port MAC.A 3 MAC.C A B C D
6 F4: C-to-A Solution Frame is received by S on port and forwarded on port 3 Frame is received by on port and forwarded on port Frame is received by S on port 3 and forwarded on port Addr. Port MAC.A MAC.C 3 S Addr. S Port MAC.A MAC.C Addr. Port MAC.A 3 MAC.C A B C D
7 Solution Station B receives a copy of F and discards it Station D receives a copy of F and discards it Addr. Port MAC.A MAC.C 3 S Addr. S Port MAC.A MAC.C Addr. Port MAC.A 3 MAC.C A B C D
8 Exercise Consider the LAN in figures (a) and (b) with switches (indicated with S) and hubs (indicated with H). Assume that each station generates traffic uniformly towards the other stations and that the traffic of all stations is the same Access links connecting stations have a rate of 0 Mb/s and trunk links connecting network nodes (S- and S-, H-, H-) have a rate of 00 Mb/s. Multiple access efficiency is 0.90 Calculate the total capacity of the network. (a) (b) H H S S
9 Solution Let us denote with S M the efficiency of each LAN segment. S M is equal to 0.90 if the segment is shared through multiple access, while it is equal to otherwise Let us denote with X the traffic capacity of each segment. We have S M = X( α)+ Xα + Xα = X(+α) Internal traffic Outgoing traffic Ingoing traffic X S = M + α
10 Solution In network (a) the access capacity is much smaller than trunk link capacity, so we can consider only the access part. We have: α = 5 / 6 S M = 0.9 X = 0.9 (+ 5 / 6) = 0.49 And therefore with two access segments we have that the network total traffic capacity is X N = X = 0.98 C N = X N R = 9.8 Mb/s
11 Solution In network (b) the access capacity is also much smaller than trunk link capacity, so we can consider only the access part. In this network also access link are switched and therefore full-duplex, and therefore there is no loss of efficiency due to multiple access We have: X = X N = 6X = 6 C N = X N R = 60 Mb/s
12 Exercise 3 Consider the LAN in the figure. The STP is active on switches. Metric for Root Path Cost is the same for all ports. Indicate which switch is elected as root, which ports are blocked, which are root ports, and which are designed. : ID 334 S: ID 543 S: ID 0 3 3
13 Solution 3 S is elected as root bridge Root ports are indicated with R Designated ports are indicated with D Blocked ports are indicated with B : ID 334 S: ID 543 D D B B R D R D D D S: ID 0 Root
14 Exercise 4 Consider the LAN in the figure with stations A-H (with addresses MAC.x, x=a,b,, H, respectively), switches S, S, and S4, and hubs H and H (port numbers for switches and hubs are indicated in the figure). Forwarding tables are initially complete will all entries corresponding to the stations of the network. A sequence of 3 frames is exchanged in the network (F: A- to-broadcast; F: H-to-A, F3: A-to-H). H S H S S4 A B C D E F G H
15 Exercise 4 Indicate the forwarding behavior of all switches for each frame and the content of forwarding tables after each packet processing Indicate the destination address and source address of packets travelling between S and S4 Indicate which packets are received by station B and by station G H S H S S4 A B C D E F G H
16 Solution 4 F: received by S on port and forwarded on ports and 3; received by S4 on port 3 and forwarded on ports and ; received by S on port 3 and forwarded on ports and ; received by on port 3 and forwarded on ports and ; H S H S S4 A B C D E F G H
17 Solution 4 F: received by on port and forwarded on port 3, received by S4 on port and forwarded on port 3; received by S on port 3 and forwarded on port F3: received by S on port and forwarded on port 3; received by S4 on port 3 and forwarded on port ; received by on port 3 and forwarded on port. H S H S S4 A B C D E F G H
18 Solution 4 H On the link S-S4: n n n F: SA=MAC.A; DA=Broadcast F: SA=MAC.H; DA=MAC.A F3: SA=MAC.A; DA= MAC.H Station B receives frames F (broadcast) and F3 (same collision domain of transmitter) Station G receives frame F only (broadcast) S H S S4 A B C D E F G H
19 Exercise 5 Consider a network based on ALOHA multiple access. Packet duration is T. Assume that traffic on the channel (average number of transmission in time T) is.649 = sqrt(e) times the number of successfully transmitted frames. Calculate the network throughput
20 Solution 5 For ALOHA we have: n S = G e -G n And then: G / S = e G Since we know from given data G / S =.649, we can calculate n G = ¼ n S =.649/4 = 0.5
21 Exercise 6 A LAN technology is based on CSMA-CD The transmission rate on the channel is R and the minimum packet length is L Propagation speed τ equal to /3 of light speed (5 µs per km). Assuming the ratio a between τ and transmission time must be equal or smaller for system efficiency, calculate the maximum distance between stations in the following cases: n n n n R=0 Mb/s, L=000 bits R=00 Mb/s, L=000 bits R= Gb/s, L= 000 bits R= Gb/s, L= 000 bytes
22 Solution 6 R=0 Mb/s, L=000 bits T=00 µs D=0 km R=00 Mb/s, L=000 bits T=0 µs D= km R= Gb/s, L= 000 bits T= µs D=00 m R= Gb/s, L= 000 bytes T=8 µs D=600 m
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