DARPA Initiatives. Preston Marshall DARPA ATO Program Manager. next Generation (XG) Communications Connectionless Networking (CN)

Transcription

1 DARPA Initiatives Preston Marshall DARPA ATO Program Manager next Generation (XG) Communications Connectionless Networking (CN) Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) 1

2 Purpose Describe Related DARPA Programs next Generation (XG) Communications Connectionless Networking (CN) Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) Present DARPA Performers Potential Teaming Partners Describe Potential Synergy With Existing and Planned Efforts 2

3 DARPA XG Program All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But XG is Developing the Technology and System Concepts for DoD to Dynamically Access All Available Spectrum Most Spectrum Is Unused! Adapt Transition Transition network network to to new new emission emission plan plan Sense Real Real time, time, Low- Lowpower, wideband wideband power, monitoring monitoring Autonomous Dynamic Spectrum Utilization Characterize Rapid Rapid waveform waveform determination Power React Formulate Formulate Best Best Course Course Action Action Frequency Goal: Demonstrate Factor 10 Increase in Spectrum Access 3

4 A New Way to Manage Spectrum Is Necessary Large-Scale Ad Hoc Network Complexity Recent SUO Network Analysis Beyond Human Planning - Dynamic topologies - Planning is at least N 2 Spectrum Regulatory Processes Vary Between Countries and Regions - Requires Extensive Coordination Time Ministry Ministry Ministry Communications Transport Ministry Regulatory Authority Ministry Science, Public & Public Communications Industry, Telecommunications Works, Works, Technology, Transport, Ministry & Employment, & Infrastructure and and Posts & Posts Water Water Innovation Mgt Mgt Communications Ministry Secretary State State Department Transport & Telecommunications Trade Trade & Ministry Communications Transport, & Public Public Information Industry Posts, Posts, & Ministry Civil Civil Ministry Telecommunications Regulatory Affairs Department Affairs & Economics, Authority Communications Finance, & Public Public Industry Communications Enterprise & Posts Posts 4

5 The XG Problem Space How Do We? Policy Language Common Approaches that Must Be Agreed on, and Can be Adopted Widely 5 Resolve Inconsistent Policies? Describe Worst-Case Interference? Reflect Nation - Policies? Infer Ambiguous Policies? Reflect Band- Specific Policies? Abstract Capabilities (Behaviors) Implementation Design Specific Approaches that Can be Implemented in Many Ways to Develop Unique Products Infer Potential Interference? Protect Hidden Nodes? Account for Propagation Differences? Measure Instantaneous Spectrum Usage? Optimize System Performance?

6 XG Key Principles Suitable for Range Architectural Implementations From Stand-alone alone to Fully-cooperative Extensible Set Control Protocols Separate Policy Controls From Radio Technologies Implementation and Application (Military/Civil) Independent Identify Interference Interference-Preserving Core Set Similar to Security-Preserving Frameworks Allow for XG Extension Outside Core Set Boundary Create Framework and Set Abstract Behaviors Manage Communications Network Spectrum Access Coordinate Other Spectrum Users (Radars, ) Not Specific to Any One Physical or Link Layer Protocol Developed & Managed Via Request For Comment (RFC) DARPA-Run Run and Managed, but Open to Public for Comment/input Incorporate or Leave Hooks for Extensions XG Capabilities Enable Policy and Regulatory Needs Provide For Richness/Complexity Policies Allow For Diversity Policy Sources Facilitate Regulatory Traceability and Acceptance 6

7 Dimension 2 How to Technology and Policy Can Maximize Access Three Ways to Make Opportunistic Sharing More Effective 1. Enhance Policy Flexibility by Opening Up the Envelope 2. Increase Capability to Accept and Manage More Dynamically Sense and Risk Adapt Faster Spectrum Analyzers, More Operating 3. Develop Radios & Op Waveform Instantaneous Area Standards that Operating Area Area Can Bandwidth Adapt to Meet Sharing Area Requirements Wider Coverage, Better Antennas, Waveform Constraint Policy Constraint Dimension 1 Adaptive Waveforms DARPA Not Addressing These Challenges! 7

8 The Future Automated Spectrum Access Will Happen FCC Spectrum Task Force Recommendations on Enabling Adaptive Spectrum Access Technologies Existing a Protocols Sensing holes and cooperative spectrum sharing 4G Spectrum Management Technologies Immediate Needs Policy to Allow Initial Development and Usage This Process, Task Force, Spectrum Sensing and Adaptation Technology DARPA XG, Others? Far Term (Not Current DARPA Programs) Radio Designs That Are Specific to the Adaptive Policies and Technology Optimization, cost, spectrum leasing, operating capabilities 8

9 XG Contractors Policy Language and Protocols BBN Technologies System Integration and Design Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Laboratories Raytheon Shared Spectrum Company Sensor Design Rockwell Collins Rockwell Collins Advanced Technologies Raytheon Advanced Waveform Shared Spectrum Transmitter Techologies 9

10 Connectionless Networking Ad-Hoc, Low Duty Cycle Networks Require a Different Kind Radio Closed Loop Links and Networking Ineffective for Short Duty Cycle Messaging Applications Energy Required by RF Link and Network Topology Limits Lifespan, Miniaturization Constant Energy per Bit Open-Loop Potential Savings in Energy/Time or Increase in GoodPut GoodPut Pre-Compute and Correct Waveform Frequency, Timing, and Phase for Instant Acquisition/Synchronization Processor Intensive Rather Than Data Intensive Routing Chip-Scale Sensor Chip-Scale Radio The Future With Current Approaches Availability State (Relative Position & Velocity) and Time Size/Weight/Power Sensing and RF Components Continue to Drop Challenge The Assumption That Wireless Systems Should Look Like Wired Ones 10

11 RF PHYSICAL 1 Link Formation is Costly! Resolve Driven By: Hop Time Distance/Time Tolerance Frequency Relative Velocity Timing Distance/Time Tolerance Phase Baseband Coherent Tracking Clock Rate Relative Closing Velocity Acquisition Preamble Establish Required For: LINK Media Access Slot Assignment, Collision, 2 Operations Required Other than Data Transfer Even SUOSAS Takes Up to 10 Sec. to Complete Layer 1 to 3 MILSTAR Can Take Minutes End to End Acknowledgement Greatly Increases Delay Efficiency <0.1% For Short Messages LPI, LPD, Battery, Complexity Impacts NETWORK 3 Communicate Required For: Address Assignment within Address Space Routing Informing Other Routers Subnet Path Recent SUO Network Analysis TRANS- PORT 4 Function Open Path ACK/NAC Required For: Negotiate Window Size Confirm each block Managing This Network Comes at a High Cost Significant Power/BW Spent on Overhead Invest in Getting Efficiency from.1% to 10% 11

12 Connectionless Networks Program Concept Reduce Communications Energy Requirements by at Least 10 2 Eliminate Link Acquisition and Synchronization Leverage Platform Awareness to Pre- Compute Appropriate Communications Parameters Integrate Chip-Level Power Management into Protocol Provide Ad-Hoc Routing Decisions without Routing Info Across Network in Advance Provide High Burst Rate, Low Power/Duty Cycle Acquisition-Less Operation is Key to Achieving True Ad-Hoc Networks Connection-Oriented Networks Force Routing Bottlenecks Subnet Cluster Routing Node Enabling Transition Ad-Hoc Networks Add Capacity As Node Density Increases 12

13 CN Key Technical Challenges Baseband Coherent Phase Tracking Challenges Energy Reduction and Spill-Over Due to Phase Tracking Errors Self-Interference Drives Signal Sampling rate Approaches Oversample Baseband Signal Process Multiple Phase/Epoch Time Assumptions Use Error Detection Code to Identify Correct Assumption Receiver Powered Only During Receive Epochs, and Processing Only After Energy Detected Trades Acquisition/Tracking Transmission Energy for Processing Routing Approach Challenge: Develop Power Aware MAC and Routing Protocols at Chip Level Approach: Many Approaches to MANET Exist Adapt to Exploit Best Features Instantaneous Acquisition Challenge: Receivers Must Obtain Near Perfect Knowledge Frequency and Epoch (Block) Time to Initiate Acquisition Approach : Leverage State Vector Knowledge and Multiple Hypothesis Detection 13

14 CN Performers BAE Systems BBN Technologies GE GDDS HRL Raytheon Wescomm 14

15 Disruption Tolerant Networking Tactical Networks Do Not Behave Like Office Networks Wireless Connectivity Disrupted by Terrain, Weather, Jamming, Access Scheduling, FCS and SUO Both Evidenced Episodic Connectivity Today s Design Choices Are Not Sufficient to Deal With Military Needs All IP Networks Require: Continuous End to End Path During Transfer Knowledge Specific Destination Node Address Routing Information Distributed to Every Router TCP Fails* with Even Short Disconnects and Performs Poorly in Presence Delay Jitter UDP Provides no Reliability Services and Can not Hold and Forward TCP No Internet Protocol can Function End to End with Tactical Protocols * Stated with Permission Vint Cerf IP DTN (overlaying protocol) Interoperable (All Levels) UDP TCP Network Centric IP Message input Mobile Tactical JTIDS MIDS JTRS UDP Toughening the Radio is Not the Answer! Must Toughen Up the Network Itself! 15

16 DTN Technology Objectives IP Routing vs. DTN Delivery IP (UDP or TCP) Requires IP Continuity Between Nodes for Duration Transfer DTN can operate over non-ip Paths and Hold Data During Periods When All Path is Not Available DTN Will Manage Impact Disruption: Delay Tolerance Organize Information flow into Bundles Create Intelligent Networks that Can Manage the Delivery Bundles Allow Messages to Pass through Network with Successive Responsibility (Rather than End to End Acknowledgement) Opportunistically Leverage Connectivity, Multiple Routes, Dynamic Networks Naming and Routing Late-Binding Bundles (or Packets) to Specific Nodes or Delivery Paths Avoid Forcing All Parts the Network to be Aware All other Parts Matches Tactical Unit Deployment 16

17 DTN vs. Internet Scope Connectivity Network Complexity Network Delivery Responsibility Fundamental Unit Trust None Applications Must Assure Delivery Data-Driven Packet None Internet Must have Global Awareness All Nodes/Routes Must be End to End Extremely Simple DTN Enhancement Operate with Only Local Node/Topology Awareness May be Episodic Introduces Very Complex Elements Bundle Intermediaries take Delivery Responsibility Information-based Bundle All Bundles Include Certificate 17

18 Bundling DTN Technologies Organizing information into Bundles that can be Delivered by Network Fuzzy Scheduling Making Network Routing Decisions in the Presence Uncertainty about Available or Optimal Paths Policy Cognitive Operation Moving Intelligence into Network to Make Best Choices on Delivery Deferred / Hierarchical Address Binding Enable Network to Deliver Traffic Without End to End Address and Routing Info 18

19 DTN Participants Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL) Ongoing Delay Tolerant Networking Efforts SPARTA Providing Security Feature Support to These Programs MITRE Ongoing Delay Tolerant Networking Efforts New DARPA BAA to be Released Industry Day Held 21 January MITRE SPARTA 19