NTALS OF NAGEMENT YSTEMS. Fogelman College ofbusiness and Economics Universit_y ofmemphis. WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Transcription

1 NTALS OF YSTEMS NAGEMENT ark L. Gillenson Fogelman College ofbusiness and Economics Universit_y ofmemphis WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2 ITENTS Preface xiii About the Author xvii CHAPTER 1 Data- The New Co rp orate Resource 1 The History of Data 3 The Origins of Data 3 Data Through theages 4 Early Data Problems Spawn Calculating Devices 6 Sivamped with Data 7 Modern Data StorageMedia 8 Data in Today's Information Systems Environment 10 Using Data for CompetitiveAdvantage 10 Problems in Storing andaccessing Data 11 Data asa Corporate Resource 12 The Database Environment 13 CHAPTER 2 Simple File Storage and Retrieval 17 What Is Data? 18 Important Objects and Facts 18 Records and Files 19 Basic Concepts in Storing and Retrieving Data 20 Retrieving andmanipulating Data 20 Disk Storage 22 The NeedforDisk Storage 22 HowDisk Storage Works 23 File Organizations and Access Methods 27 The Goal:Locating arecord 27 The Index 27 Hashed Files 35 CHAPTER 3 Data Modelinc,~ Introduction 45 Binary Relationships 45 What Is a Binary Relationship? 45 Cardinality 46 Modality 47 MoreAboutMany-to-Many Relationships 48 Unary Relationships 51 One-to-One Unary Relationship 51 One-to-Many Unary Relationship 52

3 Many-to-Many Unary Relationship 53 Ternary Relationships 53 Examples 53 The General Hardware Company 53 Good ReadingBookstores 56 World MusicAssociation 57 Lucky Rent-A-Car 58 CHAPTER 4 The Database Manage mew System Conce pt 63 The Database Concept 65 Data as a Manageable Resource 66 Data Integration anddata Redundancy 67 Multiple Relationships 73 Data Control Issues 75 Data Independence 77 DBMS Approaches 77 CHAPTER 5 The Relational Database Model : Introduction 83 The Relational Database Concept 35 Relational Terminology 85 Primary and CandidateKeys 86 Foreign Keys and Binary Relationships 88 Data Retrieval from a Relational Database 100 Extracting Datafrom a Relation 100 The Relational Select Operator 101 The Relational Project Operator 102 Combination of the Relational Select andproject Operators 103 Extracting DataAcross Multiple Relations: Data Integration 103 Example : Good Reading Bookstores 106 Examples World Music Association 106 Example : Lucky Rent-A-Car 103 CHAPTER 6 The Relational Database Model : Additio nal Concepts 113 Relational Structures for Ilnary and Ternary Relationships 114 Unary One-to-Many Relationships 114 Unary Many-to-Many Relationships 117 Ternary Relationships 119 RefeventialIntegrity 123 TheReferentialIntegrity Concept 123 Three Delete Rules 125 CHAPTER 7 Logical Database Design 131 Converting E-R Diagrams into Relational Tables 133 Introduction 133 Converting a Simple Entity 133 Converting Entities in Binary Relationships 133 Converting Entities in Unary Relationships 137 Converting Entities in Ternary Relationships 139 Designing the General Hardware Company Database 141

4 Contents 0X Designing the Good ReadingBookstores Database 143 Designing the WorldMusicAssociation Database 144 Designing the Lucky Rent-A-Car Database 146 The Data Normalization Process 147 Introduction to the Data Normalization Technique 148 Steps in the Data Normalization Process 149 General Hardware Company Example 157 Good Reading Bookstores Example 158 WorldMusic Association Example 159 Lucky Rent-A-Car Example 161 Testing Tables Converted from E-R Diagrams with Data Normalization 161 CHAPTER 8 Physical Database Design 167 Inputs to Physical Database Design 169 The Tables Produced by the LogicalDatabase Design Process 170 Business Environment Requirements 171 Data Characteristics 171 Application Characteristics 171 Operational Requirements: Data Security, Backup and Recovery 172 Hardware andsoftware Characteristics 172 Physical Database Design Techniques 173 Adding External Features 174 Reorganizing Stored Data 176 Splitting a Table into Multiple Tables 177 ChangingAttributes in a Table 179 AddingAttributes to a Table 180 CombiningTables 182 Adding NewTables 184 Example : Good Reading Bookstores 184 Example : World Music Association 185 Example : Lucky Rent-A-Car 187 CHAPTER 9 Relational Data Retrieval: SQL 193 SQL Commands 195 Building thedata Structure 195 Data Manipulation Operations 195 Data Retrieval with the SQL SELECT Command 196 Introduction to the SQL SELECT Command 196 Basic Functions 197 Built-In Functions 206 Grouping Rows 208 The Join 210 Subqueries 211 A Strategy for Writing SQLSELECT Commands 214 Example : Good Reading Bookstores 215 Example : World Music Association 218 Example : Lucky Rent-A-Car 220 Relational Query Optimizer 222 Relational DBMS Petformance 222 Relational Query Optimizer Concepts 222

5 CHAPTER 10 Object-Oriented Databas e Management 229 What's Missing in the Relational Database Concept? 230 Introduction and Terminology 231 Complex Relationships 232 Generalization 232 Inheritance of Attributes 234 Operations, Inheritance of Operations, and Polymorphism 235 Aggregation 236 The General Hardware Company Class Diagram 237 The Good Reading Bookstores Class Diagram 238 The World MusicAssociation Class Diagram 240 The Lucky Rent-A- Vehicle Class Diagram 240 Encapsulation 242 Abstract Data Types 243 Object/Relational Database 244 CHAPTER 11 Data Administration, Database Administrafon, and Data Dictionaries 249 The Advantages o1 Data and Database Administration 250 Data as a Shared Corporate Resource 251 Efficiency in Job Specialization 252 Operational Management of Data 252 Managing Externally Acquired Databases 252 Managing Data in the DecentralizedEnvironment 253 The Responsibilities o$ Data Administration 253 Data Coordination 254 Data Planning 254 Data Standards 255 Liaison to SystemsAnalysts andprogrammers 255 Training 256 Arbitration of Disputes and UsageAuthorization 256 Documentation and Publicity 256 Data's CompetitiveAdvantage 257 The Responsibilities o$ Database Administration 257 DBMS Performance Monitoring 258 DBMS Troubleshooting 258 DBMS Usage andsecurity Monitoring 258 Data Dictionary Operations 259 DBMS Data andsoftware Maintenance 259 Database Design 259 Data Dictionaries 259 Introduction 259 A Simple Example of Metadata 260 Passive andactive Data Dictionaries 263 Relational DBMS Catalogs 265 Data Repositories 266 CHAPTER 12 Database Control Issues. Security, Backup and Recovery, Concurrency 269 Data Security 271 The Importance of Data Security 271

6 Contents xi Types of Data Security Breaches 271 Methods ofbreaching Data Security 272 Types of Data Security Measures 273 Backup and Recovery 280 The Importance of Backup and Recovery 280 Backup Copies andjournals 280 Forivard Recovery 281 Backward Recovery 282 Duplicate or Mirrored Databases 283 Disaster Recovery 283 Concurrency Control 284 The Importance of Concurrency Control 284 The Lost Update Problem 285 Locks and Deadlock 286 Versioning 287 CHAPTER 13 Client/Server Database and Distributed Database 291 Client/Server Database 293 Distributed Database 196 The Distributed Database Concept 296 Concurrency Control in Distributed Database 301 Distributed Joins 303 Partitioning or Fragmentation 304 Distributed Directory Management 305 Distributed DBMSAdvantages anddisadvantages 306 CHAPTER 14 The Data Warehouse 311 The Data Warehouse Concept 313 The Data Is Subject Oriented 314 The Data Is Integrated 314 The Data Is Non-Volatile 314 The Data Is Time Variant 315 TheData Must Be High Quality 315 The Data May Be Aggregated 315 The Data Is Often Denormalized 316 The Data Is NotNecessarily Absolutely Current 316 Types of Data Warehouses 317 The Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) 317 The Data Mart (DM) 318 Which to Choose: The EDW, the DM, or Both? 319 Designing a Data Warehouse 319 Introduction 319 General Hardware Company Data Warehouse 321 Good Reading Bookstores Data Warehouse 323 Lucky Rent-A-Car Data Warehouse 327 What about a World Music Association Data Warehouse? 328 Building a Data Warehouse 328 Data Extraction 328 Data Cleaning 330 Data Ransformation 333 Data Loading 333 Using a Data Warehouse 334

7 Online Analytic Processing 334 Data Mining 334 Administering a Data Warehouse 336 Challenges in Data Warehousing 338 CHAPTER 15 Database and the Internet 341 Database Connectivity Issues 343 Expanded Set of Data Types 349 Database Control Issues 350 Performance 350 Availability 351 Scalability 352 Security and Privacy 352 Data Extraction into XML 355 Index 359