DATA MODELING USING THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL. 1 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
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1 DATA MODELING USING THE ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL 1 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
2 2 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
3 Entity-Relationship (ER) Model The ER model is a high-level conceptual data model. It has not been implemented in any commercial DBMS (?), but is a powerful short hand often used in database design for a first rendition of the mini world. The ER model was introduced by Peter Chen in 1976, and is now the most widely used conceptual data model. Much work has been done on the ER model, and various extensions and enhancements have been proposed. 3 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
4 Definitions An entity is an object in the mini world. An attribute of an entity can have a value from a value set (domain) Each entity belongs to some one entity types.t. Entities in one entity type have the same attributes (so each entity type is a set of similar entities). A key attribute of an entity type is one whose value uniquely identifies an entity of that type. 4 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
5 A combination of attributes may form a composite key. If there is no applicable value for an attribute that attribute is set to a null value. 5 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
6 Entity Type/ Entity Set 6 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
7 Attributes Attributes can be composite / simple (atomic) Single-valued / multivalued stored / derived key / monkey. 7 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
8 Attribute Examples 8 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
9 9 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
10 Employee 10 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
11 ER Diagram for COMPANY Database 11 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
12 Relationship Type A relationship type R among n entity types E1 Enis a set of relationship instances ri, where each riassociates n entities (e1 en), s.t. each ej j. Informally, a relationship instance is an association of entities, with exactly one entity from each participating entity type. The degree of a relationship type is the number of participating entity types. In the ER model relationships are explicitly represented Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
13 Entity Roles Each entity type in a relationship type plays a particular role that is described by a role name. Role names are especially important in recursive relationship types where the same entity participates in more than one role: 13 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
14 Weak Entity Type A weak entity type is one without any key attributes of its own. Entities belonging to a weak entity type are identified by being related to another entity type (called identifying owner) through a relationship type (called identifying relationship), in combination with values of a set of its own attributes (called partial key). A weak entity type has total participation constraint w.r.t. its identifying relationship Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
15 Relationship Attributes Relationship types can have attributes as well. In case of 1:1 or 1: N relationships, attributes can be migrated to one of the participating entity types Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
16 Relationship 16 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
17 17 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
18 18 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
19 Structural Constraints Structural constraints of a relationship type: Cardinality ratio: Limits the number of relationship instances an entity can participate in, e.g. 1:1, 1: N, M: N Participation constraint: If each entity of an entity type is required to participate in some instance of a relationship type, then that participation is total; otherwise, it is partial Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
20 Structural Constraint Min, Max A more complete specification of the structural constraint on a relationship type can be given by the integer pair (min, max), which means an entity must participate in at least min and at most max relationship instances Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
21 21 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
22 A ternary relationship generally represents more information than 3 binary relationships 22 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
23 23 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
24 24 Powered by POeT Solvers Limited
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