Databázové systémy. 10. prednáška. NoSQL databázy Viktor Škultéty, ESTEN s.r.o.
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1 Databázové systémy 10. prednáška NoSQL databázy Viktor Škultéty, ESTEN s.r.o. 1
2 Prečo doteraz SQL a zrazu NoSQL? NoSQL - Not Only SQL znamená, že relačné systémy sú síce osvedčená technológia ale nemusí to byť optimálna voľba pre každé použitie NoSQL DB systémy: sú alternatíva k Relačným DBMS nepoužívajú relačný dátový model a obvykle nemajú SQL rozhranie existovali už dávnejšie ale pojem NoSQL bol prvýkrát zavedený v roku 2009, keď bolo vyvinutých veľa nových databázových systémov aby uspokojili nové požiadavky pre veľké web aplikácie ako Big data, scalability (rozšíriteľnosť) a fault tolerance (chybová odolnosť) 2
3 Hlavné výhody NoSQL vynikajúci výkon scalability (rozšíriteľnosť) a fault tolerance (chybová odolnosť) vďaka zabudovanej jednoduchej distribúcii dát na rozdielne uzly (servery), napr. použitím technológie sharding (rozbitie) vyššia flexibilita použitím schema-free dátového modelu jednoduchšia administrácia 3
4 Typy NoSQL databáz Document databases párujú každý kľúč so zložitou dátovou štruktúrou, známou ako dokument, napr.: MongoDB Graph stores sú použité na uchovanie informácií o sieťach dát, ako sociálne spojenia, napr.: Neo4J Key-value stores sú najjednoduchšie NoSQL DB. Každá položka v DB je uchovaná ako meno atribútu (alebo kľúč) spolu s jeho hodnotou. Niektoré umožňujú zadať k hodnote typ, napr. Redis (skvelý tutoriál: Wide-column stores - sú optimalizované pre dopyty nad veľkými dátovými sadami. Každý záznam môže mať rozdielnu sadu stĺpcov a môže mať miliardy stĺpcov, napr. Cassandra 4
5 5
6 MongoDB v praxi Skúsenosť z konkrétnej firmy, ktorá vytvára web portály, hlavne e-shopy Ešte donedávna používali PostgreSQL V poslednej dobe používajú MongoDB a rozhodli sa používať ho pre všetky nové projekty. Hlavné dôvody: je rýchlejšie nie je potrebné meniť DB štruktúry pri zmenách 6
7 Kto používa MongoDB 7
8 Pojmy SQL vs MongoDB SQL Terms/Concepts database table row column index table joins primary key MongoDB Terms/Concepts database collection kolekcia - zbierka document or BSON document field položka index embedded documents and linking primary key automatically set to the _id field 8
9 Pojmy JSON, BSON JSON - JavaScript Object Notation JavaScript objektový zápis ľudsky-čitateľný textový formát pre zápis dát, napr.: { id: 1, user_id: "abc123", status: 'A' } BSON Binary JSON binárna reprezentácia JSON-u formát používaný na uloženie dokumentov v MongoDB viac typovo bohatý formát ako JSON (obrázky, PDF,...) 9
10 Inštalácia a spustenie MongoDB stiahnuť inštalačný súbor z spustiť, preklikať a výsledkom je: 1 adresár vo Windows-e c:\program Files\MongoDB\ DB nevytvorená, nič nebeží vytvoriť adresár pre dáta (štandardné umiestnenie) v cmd: mkdir \data\db štart MongoDB servera - mongod.exe v cmd: v c:\program Files\MongoDB\Server\3.2\bin> spustiť mongod.exe zastavenie DB: Ctrl-C automatické spúšťanie cez Win service (viď. manuál) 10
11 Pripojenie a práca s MongoDB mongo shell pripojenie do DB cez štandardný mongo shell v cmd: mongo.exe pripojí sa štandardne na localhost a DB test základne príkazy: help - základná nápoveda show dbs zoznam databáz use <db_name> - nastaví aktuálnu DB db vypíše aktuálnu DB show collections vypíše zoznam kolekcií z akt. DB exit ukončenie shell-u 11
12 Pripojenie a práca s MongoDB Robomongo nástroj Robomongo od inej firmy - robomongo.org grafické rozhranie pre prácu z MongoDB potrebné stiahnuť a nainštalovať verzia pre Windows, Linux, Mac OS X free and open source, forever! 12
13 CREATE TABLE - SQL vs NoSQL create table users ( id int primary key, user_id varchar2 (30), age number, status varchar2 (1) ) db.users.insert( { user_id: "abc123", age: 55, status: "A" } ) kolekcia je automaticky vytvorená pri prvej insert() operácii primárny kľúč _id je automatický pridaný ak _id položka nie je špecifikovaná avšak je možné si kolekciu vytvoriť sám: db.createcollection("users") 13
14 ALTER TABLE - SQL vs NoSQL alter table users add join_date date db.users.update( { }, { $set: { join_date: new Date() } }, { multi: true } ) kolekcie nepopisujú ani nevynucujú štruktúru ich dokumentov avšak, na dokumentovej úrovni update() operácia môže pridať položky do existujúcich dokumentov použitím $set operátora 14
15 CREATE INDEX - SQL vs NoSQL create index idx_user_id on users (user_id) db.users.createindex( { user_id: 1 } ) dajú sa vytvoriť aj unique indexy null povolí len pre jeden dokument (záznam) zrušenie indexu: db.users.dropindex( { user_id: 1} ) 15
16 DROP TABLE - SQL vs NoSQL drop table users db.users.drop() operácia tiež odstráni indexy priradené ku kolekcii 16
17 INSERT - SQL vs NoSQL insert into users (user_id, age, status) values ("bcd001", 45, "a") db.users.insert( { user_id: "bcd001", age: 45, status: "A" } ) v jednej operácii je možné vložiť aj viac dokumentov, vo forme pola použítím [ ] ak neuvedieme _id, bude vyplnené automaticky 17
18 SELECT - SQL vs NoSQL select * from users db.users.find() select user_id, status from users where status = "a" db.users.find( { status: B }, { user_id: 1, status: 1, _id: 0 } ) ak _id neuvedieme, vypíše sa vždy automaticky, čiže ak ho nechceme, musíme ho uviesť s 0 alebo false 18
19 UPDATE - SQL vs NoSQL update users set status = "c" where age > 25 db.users.update( { age: { $gt: 25 } }, { $set: { status: "C" } }, { multi: true } ) operátor $gt - znamienko > (greater) operátor $set nastavenie hodnoty parameter multi voliteľný: true aktualizuje viac dokumentov spĺňajúcich kritéria false aktualizuje jeden dokument (default) 19
20 DELETE - SQL vs NoSQL delete from users where status = c" db.users.remove( { status: C" } ) delete from users db.users.remove({}) 20
21 Hlavné výhody MongoDB rýchle aj pri väčšom množstve dát jednoduché JSON objektový formát: JavaScript prirodzený pre WEB mapovanie do DB je prirodzené Objektové jazyky - Objektová DB schema-free alebo schemaless database výhoda pre vývoj aj nasadzovanie MongoDB Community Edition - free zadarmo MongoDB Enterprise komerčná edícia 21
22 Použitá literatúra a zdroje informácií db-engines.com robomongo.org
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